Compassion Investigation in Nursıng in Turkey: Implications of International Research Study

Öz

The study aimed to determine how nurses in Turkey define the concept of compassion, their views on compassion and how they show it in the fields of application. A part of a large-scale international study, the study was designed and conducted as an online survey. It was carried out with the participation of nurses from 15 different countries, after receiving research ethics committee approvals from Middlesex University in England. Turkey forms the main database through the nurse samples (n = 96) data are used in this study. In collection of the data a survey which was developed by Irena Papadopolos and tested for content validity by each country, was used. In this study the data was collected by focusing on the answers of the nurses working in Turkey to the survey. In collection of the data the open-ended questions were analyzed using content analysis, while the multiple-choice questions were analyzed as number and percentage. The study revealed that nurses in Turkey attach importance to giving compassionate care to patients, their families and community. Also the study found that compassion can be taught and yet it is not taught adequately. The qualitative data acquired was classified as touching, listening and understanding, communication and empathy, easing the pains and establishing affiliation. The nurses in Turkey stated that compassion is an important concept in the recovery of patients and the increase of care quality and it should be reflected on behaviors for the patients to feel it.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• nursing
• compassion
• caring
• nurse-patient relationship
• touch

Türkiye’deki Hemşirelerde Merhametin Araştırılması: Uluslararası Araştırma Sonuçları

Öz

Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de hemşirelerin merhamet kavramını nasıl tanımladıkları, görüşleri ve deneyimlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma geniş çaplı uluslararası bir çalışmanın parçası olarak online anket şeklinde tasarlanıp uygulanmıştır. İngiltere’de Middlesex University’den etik kurul izinleri alındıktan sonra, 15 farklı ülkeden hemşirelerin katılımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ana veri tabanı içinden Türkiye örneklemini oluşturan hemşirelerin (n=96) verileri bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında, Irena Papadopolos tarafından geliştirilen ve her ülke tarafından içerik geçerliliği yapılan anket kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma ise, Türkiye’de çalışan hemşirelerin ankete verdikleri cevaplara odaklanarak yapılmıştır. Veriler, açık uçlu sorular içerik analizi kullanılarak, çoktan seçmeli sorular ise sayı ve yüzdelik olarak çözümlenmiştir. Türkiye’deki hemşirelerin hastalara, ailelerine ve topluma karşı merhametli bir bakım vermeyi önemsediklerini ortaya koymuştur. Aynı zamanda merhametin öğretilebileceği ancak yeterince öğretilmediği belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen nitel veriler; dokunmak, dinlemek ve anlamak, iletişim ve empati, acılarını hafifletmek, yakın ilişki kurmak olarak sınıflanmıştır. Türkiye’de hemşireler merhametli olmanın hastanın iyileşmesinde ve bakım kalitesinin artmasında önemli bir kavram olduğunu ve bunun davranışlara yansıtılarak gösterilmesi ve hastalara hissettirilmesi gerektiğini ifade ederek inançlarını belirtmişlerdir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• hemşirelik
• merhamet
• bakım
• hasta hemşire ilişkisi

Kaynakça

1. Goetz JL, Keltner D, Simon-Thomas E. Compassion: an evolutionary analysis and empirical review. Psychological Bulletin 2010;136(3):351–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018807.
2. Schantz ML. Compassion: a concept analysis. Nursing Forum 2007;42(2):48-55 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2007.00067.x
3. Von Dietze E, Orb A. Compassionate care: a moral dimension of nursing. Nursing Inquiry 2000;7(3):166-174 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1800.2000.00065.x
4. Van Der Cingel M. Compassion and professional care: exploring the domain. Nursing Philosophy 2009;10(2):124-136 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-769X.2009.00397.x
5. Scott PA. Emotion, moral perception, and nursing practice. Nursing Philosophy 2000;1(2):123-133 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-769x.2000.00023.x
6. Dewar B, Pullin S, Tocheris R. Valuing compassion through definition and measurement. Nursing Management 2011;17(9):32-37 doi: 10.7748/nm2011.02.17.9.32.c8301
7. Larson M. Cultural immersion and compassionate care in a study abroad course: the Greek Connection. Journal of Compassionate Health Care 2014;1(8). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40639-014-0008-6
8. Attree M. Patients’ and relatives’ experiences and perspectives of ‘good’and ‘not so good’quality care. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2001;33(4):456-466. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01689.x

9. Papadopoulos I, Zorba A, Koulouglioti C, Ali S, Aagard M, Akman O,… et al. International study on nurses’ views and experiences of compassion. International Nursing Review 2016;63(3):395-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12298
10. Öner AH, Şengün F, Üstün B. Bakım: Kavram Analizi (Care: Concept Analyse). DEUHYO ED 2011;4(3):137-140 http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12397/4597 Erişim Tarihi: 24.0.2020
11. Gilbert P. Compassion and cruelty: a biopsychosocial approach. In P. Gilbert (Ed), Compassion: Conceptualisations, research and use in psychotherapy 2005 (pp.9-74). London, England: Routledge.
12. Sprecher S, Fehr B. Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2005;22(5):629-651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056439
13. Lee Y, Seomun G. Development And Validation Of An Instrument To Measure Nurses' Compassion Competence. Appl Nurs Res; 2016;30:76-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2015.09.007
14. Arlı ŞK, Bakan AB. The Factors Affecting Compassion and Intercultural Sensitivity among the Surgical Nurses. STED; 2018;27(4): 277-283.
15. Bloomfield J, Pegram A. Care, compassion and communication. Nursing Standard 2015;29(25):45. doi:10.7748/ns.29.25.45.e7653
16. Bray L, O'Brien MR, Kirton J, Zubairu K, Christiansen A. The role of professional education in developing compassionate practitioners: A mixed methods study exploring the perceptions xof health professionals and pre-registration students. Nurse Education Today 2014;34(3):480-486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2013.06.017
17. Berman A, Snyder SJ, Frandsen G. Kozier and Erb's. Fundamentals of Nursing Concept, Process, and Practice. 10th ed. Edinburgh, Pearson Education Limited, 2016, pp. 425-429.
18. Dewar B, Nolan M. Caring about caring: Developing a model to implement compassionate relationship centred care in an older people care setting. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2013;50(9):1247-1258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.008
19. Jo NO, Hong YS, Han SS, Eom YL. Attributes Perceived By Cancer Patients As A Good Nurse. Clinical Nursing Research 2006;11:149–162.
20. Arkan B, Yılmaz D, Düzgün F. Determination of Compassion Levels of Nurses Working at a University Hospital Journal of Religion and Health 2020;59:29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00786-x
21. Alan H. Merhamet Yorgunluğu ve Yönetici Hemşirenin Rolü. (Compassion fatigue and The Role of The Nurse Manager) Journal of Health and Nursing Management 2018;5(2):141-146. doi:10.5222/SHYD.2018.141
22. Dikmen Y, Aydın Y. Hemşirelerde Merhamet Yorgunluğu: Ne? Nasıl? Ne Yapmalı? Journal of Human Rhythm 2016;2:13–21.
23. Figley CR. Compassion Fatigue: Psychotherapists' Chronic Lack of Self Care. J Clin Psychol 2002;58:1433-1441. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10090
24. Çingöl N, Çelebi E, Zengin S, Karakaş M. Bir Sağlık Yüksekokulu Hemşirelik Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Merhamet Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2018;21:61-67. doi: 10.5505/kpd.2018.65487
25. Hacıkeleşoğlu H, Kartopu S. Merhamet ve Dindarlık: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 2017;59:203-227. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.9761/JASSS7234
26. OECD (2021), Nurses (indicator). doi: 10.1787/283e64de-en (Accessed on 13 April 2021)
27. Alison T, Carolyn M, Nick B. Nurses’ Communication Skills: An Evaluation of the, Journal of Advanced Nursing 2001;36(3):2-10.
28. Suikkala A, Leino H. Nursing Student-Patient Relationship: A Review Of the Literatüre From 1984 to 1998, Journal of Advanced Nursing 2001;33(1):42-50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01636.x
29. Davin L, Thistlethwaite J, Bartle E, Russell K. Touch in health professional practice: a review. The Clinical Teacher 2019;16(6):559-564. https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13089
30. Kelly MA, Nixon L, McClurg C, Scherpbier A, King N, Dornan T. Experience of touch in health care: a meta-ethnography across the health care professions. Qual Health Res. 2018;28(2):200–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732317707726
31. Babaei S, Taleghani F, Kayvanara M. Compassionate behaviours of clinical nurses in Iran: an ethnographic study. International Nursing Review 2016;63(3):388-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12296
32. Jenkins C, Lapelle N, Zapka JG, Kurent JE. End-of-life care and African Americans: voices from the community. Journal of Palliative Medicine 2005;8(3):585-592. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2005.8.585
33. Kim S, Flaskerud JH. Cultivating compassion across cultures. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2007;28(8):931-934. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840701528132
34. Shipley SD. Listening: A concept analysis. In Nursing Forum. 2010;45(2):125-134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6198.2010.00174.x
35. Bloomfield J, Pegram A. Care, compassion and communication. Nursing Standard 2015;29(25):45. doi:10.7748/ns.29.25.45.e7653
36. Kagan PN. Feeling listened to: A lived experience of humanbecoming. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2008;21(1):59-67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318407310779
37. Stein-Parbury J. Communication. In Crisp J, Taylor C, Douglas C, Rebeiro G (Eds) Potter and Perry’s Fundamentals of Nursing. Fourth ANZ Edition. Mosby Elsevier, 2013, Sydney, 193-216.
38. Sinclair S, Norris JM, McConnell SJ, Chochinov HM, Hack TF, Hagen NA, et al. Compassion: a scoping review of the healthcare literature. BMC Palliat Care 2016;15(6):2-16. doi 10.1186/s12904-016-0080-0
39. Chang Y, Lin YP, Chang HJ, Lin CC. Cancer patient and staff ratings of caring behaviors: relationship to level of pain intensity. Cancer Nursing 2005;28(5):331-339.
40. Kelley KJ, Kelley MF. Teaching empathy and other compassion-based communication skills. Journal for Nurses in Professional Development 2013;29(6):321-324. doi: 10.1097/01.NND.0000436794.24434.90
41. Dean RAK, Gregory DM. Humor and laughter in palliative care: an ethnographic investigation. Palliative and Supportive Care 2004;2:139–148. doi: 10.10170S1478951504040192
42. Referans42. Baillie L. An exploration of the 6Cs as a set of values for nursing practice. British Journal of Nursing 2017;26(10):558-563. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2017.26.10.558
43. Ohlen J. Practical wisdom: Competencies required in alleviating suffering in palliative care. Journal of Palliative Care 2002;18(4):293-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/082585970201800408
44. Aagard M, Papadopoulos I, Biles J. Exploring compassion in US nurses: Results from an international research study. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 2018;23(1) doi:10.3912/OJIN.Vol23No01PPT44
45. Lewis SM. Caring as being in nursing: Unique or ubiquitous. Nursing Science Quarterly 2003;16(1):37-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894318402239065
46. Hooper C, Craig J, Janvrin DR, Wetsel MA, Reimels E. Compassion satisfaction, burnout, and compassion fatigue among emergency nurses compared with nurses in other selected inpatient specialties. Journal of Emergency Nursing 2010;36(5):420-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2009.11.027
47. Pommier EA. The compassion scale. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences 2011;72:1174.
48. Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity 2003;2(3):223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027