Araştırma Makalesi
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Investigation of the Corpus Callosum Index to Detect Atrophy and Hydrocephalus Patients in the Pediatric Age Group: Retrospective MRI Study

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 49 Sayı: 1, 77 - 87, 09.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1253773

Öz

Brain development and various pathological conditions affect corpus callosum (CC) morphology. Recent studies have suggested the CC index (CCI) as a marker for brain atrophy. In this study, we investigated the ability of linear measurements of CC, regional ratios, and normative data of CCI to discriminate between patients with atrophy and hydrocephalus in the pediatric period. For this retrospective study, we included patients aged 0-18 who underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging between 2012 and 2020 with a three-dimensional T1-weighted sequence. We included 722 individuals (340 females) with normal radiological anatomy for normal CC data, 30 patients for atrophy, and 25 for hydrocephalus. We measured the anteroposterior (AP) distance of the CC and the genu, truncus, and splenium thicknesses with 3D Slicer. We calculated regional CC ratios and CCI by dividing CC thicknesses by AP distance and analyzed the results with SPSS (ver.28). In the 0-18 age group, the normal mean CCI was 0.40. However, the CCI was between 0.29 and 0.39 in the first 30 months of life when brain development is sensitive. In the pediatric period, the cut-off value of CCI for brain atrophy was 0.37, while it was 0.29 for hydrocephalus. The fastest growth of regional CC thicknesses was between 7-18 months. Although the genu and truncus had similar developmental periods, the splenium had a different developmental period during adolescence. We think that our study's normative CC data and cut-off values before volumetric evaluation, which is complex and time-consuming in patients with brain atrophy and hydrocephalus, are instructive.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Raybaud C. The corpus callosum, the other great forebrain commissures, and the septum pellucidum: Anatomy, development, and malformation. Neuroradiology 2010;52:447–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00234-010-0696-3/FIGURES/20.
  • 2. Mooshagian E. Anatomy of the Corpus Callosum Reveals Its Function. J Neurosci 2008;28:1535–6. https://doi.org/10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.5426-07.2008.
  • 3. Sullivan E V., Pfefferbaum A, Adalsteinsson E, Swan GE, Carmelli D. Differential Rates of Regional Brain Change in Callosal and Ventricular Size: a 4-Year Longitudinal MRI Study of Elderly Men. Cereb Cortex 2002;12:438–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/CERCOR/12.4.438.
  • 4. Hofer S, Frahm J. Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited—Comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2006;32:989–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2006.05.044.
  • 5. Aboitiz F, Scheibel AB, Fisher RS, Zaidel E. Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Res 1992;598:143–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90178-C.
  • 6. Isiklar S, Ozdemir ST, Ozkaya G, Ozpar R. Three Dimensional Development and Asymmetry of the Corpus Callosum in the 0-18 Age Group: A Retrospective MRI Study. Clin Anat 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/CA.23996.
  • 7. Garel C, Cont I, Alberti C, Josserand E, Moutard ML, Ducou Le Pointe H. Biometry of the corpus callosum in children: MR imaging reference data. Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1436–43. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2542.
  • 8. Giedd JN, Rumsey JM, Castellanos FX, et al. A quantitative MRI study of the corpus callosum in children and adolescents. Dev Brain Res 1996;91:274–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(95)00193-X.
  • 9. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, et al. Development of the human corpus callosum during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 1999;23:571–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00017-2.
  • 10. Tanaka-Arakawa MM, Matsui M, Tanaka C, et al. Developmental changes in the corpus callosum from infancy to early adulthood: A structural magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One 2015;10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0118760.
  • 11. Vannucci RC, Barron TF, Vannucci SJ. Development of the Corpus Callosum: An MRI Study. Dev Neurosci 2017;39:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453031.
  • 12. Andronikou S, Pillay T, Gabuza L, et al. Corpus callosum thickness in children: an MR pattern-recognition approach on the midsagittal image. Pediatr Radiol 2015;45:258–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00247-014-2998-9/FIGURES/27.
  • 13. Unterberger I, Bauer R, Walser G, Bauer G. Corpus callosum and epilepsies. Seizure 2016;37:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEIZURE.2016.02.012.
  • 14. McLeod NA, Williams JP, Machen B, Lum GB. Normal and abnormal morphology of the corpus callosum. Neurology 1987;37:1240–2. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.37.7.1240.
  • 15. Weber B, Luders E, Faber J, et al. Distinct regional atrophy in the corpus callosum of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 2007;130:3149–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm186.
  • 16. Kim H, Piao Z, Liu P, Bingaman W, Diehl B, Diehl B. Secondary white matter degeneration of the corpus callosum in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: A diffusion tensor imaging study Corpus callosum in TLE patients-DTI study. Epilepsy Res 2008;81:136–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.05.005.
  • 17. Hermann B, Hansen R, Seidenberg M, Magnotta V, O’Leary D. Neurodevelopmental vulnerability of the corpus callosum to childhood onset localization-related epilepsy. Neuroimage 2003;18:284–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00044-7.
  • 18. Evangelou N, Konz D, Esiri MM, et al. Regional axonal loss in the corpus callosum correlates with cerebral white matter lesion volume and distribution in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2000;123:1845–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/BRAIN/123.9.1845.
  • 19. Matthews PM, Roncaroli F, Waldman A, et al. A practical review of the neuropathology and neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol 2016;16:279–87. https://doi.org/10.1136/PRACTNEUROL-2016-001381.
  • 20. Figueira FFA, Dos Santos VS, Figueira GMA, Da Silva ÂCM. Corpus Callosum Index: A practical method for long-term follow-up in multiple sclerosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007;65:931–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2007000600001.
  • 21. Granberg T, Bergendal G, Shams S, et al. MRI-Defined Corpus Callosal Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Comparison of Volumetric Measurements, Corpus Callosum Area and Index. J Neuroimaging 2015;25:996–1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/ JON.12237.
  • 22. Gonçalves LI, dos Passos GR, Conzatti LP, et al. Correlation between the corpus callosum index and brain atrophy, lesion load, and cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018;20:154–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSARD.2018.01.015.
  • 23. Pérez-Martín MY, González-Platas M, Jiménez-Sosa A, Plata-Bello J, López-Segura A. Normative Data of the Corpus Callosum Index and Discriminant Validity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosci 2020;11:322. https://doi.org/10.36648/2171-6625.11.1.322.
  • 24. Akin ME, Kurt ANÇ. Corpus callosum morphology of healthy children: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study from Turkey. Eur J Anat 2020;24:467–73.
  • 25. Kapici OB, Baykan AH. Evaluation of Corpus Callosum Morphometry in Pediatric Population, is there any Difference Between Genders ? Pediatrik Popülasyonda Korpus Kallozum Morfometrisinin Değerlendirilmesi, Cinsiyetler Arasında Fark Var Mı? Med Rec 2021;3:80–6. https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.
  • 26. Isıklar S, Turan Ozdemir S, Güven Ozkaya, Rıfat Ozpar. Hypothalamic volume and asymmetry in the pediatric population: a retrospective MRI study. Brain Struct Funct 2022 2022;1:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00429-022-02542-6.
  • 27. Isıklar S, Turan Ozdemir S, Ozkaya G, Ozpar R, Parlak M. Morphological evaluation of the normal and hydrocephalic third ventricle on cranial magnetic resonance imaging in children: a retrospective study. Pediatr Radiol 2022;53:282–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00247-022-05475-8/TABLES/7.
  • 28. Luders E, Thompson PM, Toga AW. The Development of the Corpus Callosum in the Healthy Human Brain. J Neurosci 2010;30:10985–90. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5122-09.2010.
  • 29.LaMantia AS, Rakic P. Axon overproduction and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey. JNeurosci 1990;10:2156–75. https://doi.org/10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.10-07-02156.1990.
  • 30.Aubert-Broche B, Fonov V, Ghassemi R, et al. Regional brain atrophy in children with multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2011;58:409–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2011.03.025.
  • 31.Forrester MB, Coleman L, Kornberg AJ. Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood: Clinical and Radiological Features. Http://DxDoiOrg/101177/0883073808321042 2009;24:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073808321042.
  • 32.Hofmann E, Becker T, Jackel M, et al. The corpus callosum in communicating and noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Neuroradiology 1995;37:212–8.
  • 33.Arıöz Habibi H, Gül OB, Çalışkan E, Öztürk M. Morphometric Analysis of Corpus Callosum with Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children; Correlation with Age and Gender. J DrBehcet Uz Child Hosp 2021;11:277–85. https://doi.org/10.5222/BUCHD.2021.93709.
  • 34.Yaldizli Ö, Atefy R, Gass A, et al. Corpus callosum index and long-term disability in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol2010;257:1256–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00415-010-5503-X/TABLES/4.
  • 35.Guz W, Pazdan D, Stachyra S, et al. Analysis of corpus callosum size depending on age and sex. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2019;78:24–32. https://doi.org/10.5603/ FM.A2018.0061.

Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 49 Sayı: 1, 77 - 87, 09.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1253773

Öz

Beyin gelişimi ve çeşitli patolojik durumlar corpus callosum (CC) morfolojisini etkiler. Son çalışmalar, CC indeksini (CCİ) yetişkin multipl skleroz hastalarında beyin atrofisi için bir belirteç olarak önermişti. Ancak pediatrik dönemde beyin atrofisi ve hidrosefali durumunda CC’deki kantitatif veriler bildirilmemişti. Çalışmamızın amacı CC’nin doğrusal ölçümlerinin, bölgesel oranlarının ve CCİ’nin normatif verilerini oluşturup, atrofi ve hidrosefali hastalarında bu verilerdeki değişimi araştırmaktı. Bu retrospektif çalışmaya CC’nin normatif verileri için, 2012-2020 yılları arasında beyin manyetik rezonans görüntülemesi yapılan 0-18 yaş arası hastalardan üç boyutlu T1 ağırlıklı sekansı olup normal radyolojik anatomiye sahip 722 hastayı (340 [%47,09] kadın) seçtik. Patolojik CC değerlendirmesi için 30 atrofi ve 25 hidrosefali hastasını dahil ettik. CC’nin antero-posterior (AP) uzunluğunu, genu, truncus ve splenium kalınlıklarını 3D Slicer’la ölçtük. Bölgesel CC oranlarını ve CCİ’yi, CC kalınlıklarını AP uzunluğuna oranlayarak hesapladık ve sonuçları SPSS (ver.28) ile analiz ettik. 0-18 yaş grubunda normal CCİ ortalaması 0,40’dı. Ancak beyin gelişiminin hassas olduğu yaşamın ilk 30 ayında CCİ 0,29-0,39 arasındaydı. Pediatrik dönemde CCİ’nin beyin atrofisi için eşik değeri 0,37 iken, hidrosefali durumunda ise 0,29’du (p<0,001). Normal Genu/AP oranı 0,160; truncus/AP oranı 0,095; splenium/AP oranı ise 0,148’di. Bölgesel CC kalınlıklarının en hızlı büyümesi 7-18 ay arasındaydı. Genu ve truncus’un benzer gelişim dönemleri (0-6 ay, 7-18 ay, 19-48 ay, 4-18 yaş) olmasına rağmen splenium’un ergenlik döneminde ayrı bir gelişim dönemi vardı. Doğrusal CC ölçümlerinde ve indekslerinde cinsiyet faktörünün önemsiz olduğunu bulduk. Beyin atrofisi ve hidrosefali hastalarının tespitinde karmaşık ve zaman alıcı olan hacimsel değerlendirme öncesi çalışmamızın sunduğu CC normatif verilerinin ve eşik değerlerinin yol gösterici olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Raybaud C. The corpus callosum, the other great forebrain commissures, and the septum pellucidum: Anatomy, development, and malformation. Neuroradiology 2010;52:447–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00234-010-0696-3/FIGURES/20.
  • 2. Mooshagian E. Anatomy of the Corpus Callosum Reveals Its Function. J Neurosci 2008;28:1535–6. https://doi.org/10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.5426-07.2008.
  • 3. Sullivan E V., Pfefferbaum A, Adalsteinsson E, Swan GE, Carmelli D. Differential Rates of Regional Brain Change in Callosal and Ventricular Size: a 4-Year Longitudinal MRI Study of Elderly Men. Cereb Cortex 2002;12:438–45. https://doi.org/10.1093/CERCOR/12.4.438.
  • 4. Hofer S, Frahm J. Topography of the human corpus callosum revisited—Comprehensive fiber tractography using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 2006;32:989–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2006.05.044.
  • 5. Aboitiz F, Scheibel AB, Fisher RS, Zaidel E. Fiber composition of the human corpus callosum. Brain Res 1992;598:143–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)90178-C.
  • 6. Isiklar S, Ozdemir ST, Ozkaya G, Ozpar R. Three Dimensional Development and Asymmetry of the Corpus Callosum in the 0-18 Age Group: A Retrospective MRI Study. Clin Anat 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/CA.23996.
  • 7. Garel C, Cont I, Alberti C, Josserand E, Moutard ML, Ducou Le Pointe H. Biometry of the corpus callosum in children: MR imaging reference data. Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1436–43. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A2542.
  • 8. Giedd JN, Rumsey JM, Castellanos FX, et al. A quantitative MRI study of the corpus callosum in children and adolescents. Dev Brain Res 1996;91:274–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(95)00193-X.
  • 9. Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, et al. Development of the human corpus callosum during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology Biol Psychiatry 1999;23:571–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00017-2.
  • 10. Tanaka-Arakawa MM, Matsui M, Tanaka C, et al. Developmental changes in the corpus callosum from infancy to early adulthood: A structural magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS One 2015;10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone. 0118760.
  • 11. Vannucci RC, Barron TF, Vannucci SJ. Development of the Corpus Callosum: An MRI Study. Dev Neurosci 2017;39:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1159/000453031.
  • 12. Andronikou S, Pillay T, Gabuza L, et al. Corpus callosum thickness in children: an MR pattern-recognition approach on the midsagittal image. Pediatr Radiol 2015;45:258–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00247-014-2998-9/FIGURES/27.
  • 13. Unterberger I, Bauer R, Walser G, Bauer G. Corpus callosum and epilepsies. Seizure 2016;37:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SEIZURE.2016.02.012.
  • 14. McLeod NA, Williams JP, Machen B, Lum GB. Normal and abnormal morphology of the corpus callosum. Neurology 1987;37:1240–2. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.37.7.1240.
  • 15. Weber B, Luders E, Faber J, et al. Distinct regional atrophy in the corpus callosum of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 2007;130:3149–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm186.
  • 16. Kim H, Piao Z, Liu P, Bingaman W, Diehl B, Diehl B. Secondary white matter degeneration of the corpus callosum in patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: A diffusion tensor imaging study Corpus callosum in TLE patients-DTI study. Epilepsy Res 2008;81:136–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2008.05.005.
  • 17. Hermann B, Hansen R, Seidenberg M, Magnotta V, O’Leary D. Neurodevelopmental vulnerability of the corpus callosum to childhood onset localization-related epilepsy. Neuroimage 2003;18:284–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(02)00044-7.
  • 18. Evangelou N, Konz D, Esiri MM, et al. Regional axonal loss in the corpus callosum correlates with cerebral white matter lesion volume and distribution in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2000;123:1845–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/BRAIN/123.9.1845.
  • 19. Matthews PM, Roncaroli F, Waldman A, et al. A practical review of the neuropathology and neuroimaging of multiple sclerosis. Pract Neurol 2016;16:279–87. https://doi.org/10.1136/PRACTNEUROL-2016-001381.
  • 20. Figueira FFA, Dos Santos VS, Figueira GMA, Da Silva ÂCM. Corpus Callosum Index: A practical method for long-term follow-up in multiple sclerosis. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007;65:931–5. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2007000600001.
  • 21. Granberg T, Bergendal G, Shams S, et al. MRI-Defined Corpus Callosal Atrophy in Multiple Sclerosis: A Comparison of Volumetric Measurements, Corpus Callosum Area and Index. J Neuroimaging 2015;25:996–1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/ JON.12237.
  • 22. Gonçalves LI, dos Passos GR, Conzatti LP, et al. Correlation between the corpus callosum index and brain atrophy, lesion load, and cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018;20:154–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MSARD.2018.01.015.
  • 23. Pérez-Martín MY, González-Platas M, Jiménez-Sosa A, Plata-Bello J, López-Segura A. Normative Data of the Corpus Callosum Index and Discriminant Validity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosci 2020;11:322. https://doi.org/10.36648/2171-6625.11.1.322.
  • 24. Akin ME, Kurt ANÇ. Corpus callosum morphology of healthy children: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study from Turkey. Eur J Anat 2020;24:467–73.
  • 25. Kapici OB, Baykan AH. Evaluation of Corpus Callosum Morphometry in Pediatric Population, is there any Difference Between Genders ? Pediatrik Popülasyonda Korpus Kallozum Morfometrisinin Değerlendirilmesi, Cinsiyetler Arasında Fark Var Mı? Med Rec 2021;3:80–6. https://doi.org/10.37990/medr.
  • 26. Isıklar S, Turan Ozdemir S, Güven Ozkaya, Rıfat Ozpar. Hypothalamic volume and asymmetry in the pediatric population: a retrospective MRI study. Brain Struct Funct 2022 2022;1:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00429-022-02542-6.
  • 27. Isıklar S, Turan Ozdemir S, Ozkaya G, Ozpar R, Parlak M. Morphological evaluation of the normal and hydrocephalic third ventricle on cranial magnetic resonance imaging in children: a retrospective study. Pediatr Radiol 2022;53:282–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00247-022-05475-8/TABLES/7.
  • 28. Luders E, Thompson PM, Toga AW. The Development of the Corpus Callosum in the Healthy Human Brain. J Neurosci 2010;30:10985–90. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5122-09.2010.
  • 29.LaMantia AS, Rakic P. Axon overproduction and elimination in the corpus callosum of the developing rhesus monkey. JNeurosci 1990;10:2156–75. https://doi.org/10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.10-07-02156.1990.
  • 30.Aubert-Broche B, Fonov V, Ghassemi R, et al. Regional brain atrophy in children with multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2011;58:409–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEUROIMAGE.2011.03.025.
  • 31.Forrester MB, Coleman L, Kornberg AJ. Multiple Sclerosis in Childhood: Clinical and Radiological Features. Http://DxDoiOrg/101177/0883073808321042 2009;24:56–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073808321042.
  • 32.Hofmann E, Becker T, Jackel M, et al. The corpus callosum in communicating and noncommunicating hydrocephalus. Neuroradiology 1995;37:212–8.
  • 33.Arıöz Habibi H, Gül OB, Çalışkan E, Öztürk M. Morphometric Analysis of Corpus Callosum with Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children; Correlation with Age and Gender. J DrBehcet Uz Child Hosp 2021;11:277–85. https://doi.org/10.5222/BUCHD.2021.93709.
  • 34.Yaldizli Ö, Atefy R, Gass A, et al. Corpus callosum index and long-term disability in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol2010;257:1256–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00415-010-5503-X/TABLES/4.
  • 35.Guz W, Pazdan D, Stachyra S, et al. Analysis of corpus callosum size depending on age and sex. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2019;78:24–32. https://doi.org/10.5603/ FM.A2018.0061.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları, Radyoloji ve Organ Görüntüleme, Anatomi
Bölüm Özgün Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sefa Işıklar 0000-0002-2070-5193

Rifat Özpar 0000-0001-6649-9287

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 24 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 49 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Işıklar, S., & Özpar, R. (2023). Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1253773
AMA Işıklar S, Özpar R. Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması. Uludağ Tıp Derg. Haziran 2023;49(1):77-87. doi:10.32708/uutfd.1253773
Chicago Işıklar, Sefa, ve Rifat Özpar. “Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi Ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 49, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 77-87. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1253773.
EndNote Işıklar S, Özpar R (01 Haziran 2023) Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 49 1 77–87.
IEEE S. Işıklar ve R. Özpar, “Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması”, Uludağ Tıp Derg, c. 49, sy. 1, ss. 77–87, 2023, doi: 10.32708/uutfd.1253773.
ISNAD Işıklar, Sefa - Özpar, Rifat. “Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi Ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 49/1 (Haziran 2023), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.32708/uutfd.1253773.
JAMA Işıklar S, Özpar R. Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması. Uludağ Tıp Derg. 2023;49:77–87.
MLA Işıklar, Sefa ve Rifat Özpar. “Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi Ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 49, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 77-87, doi:10.32708/uutfd.1253773.
Vancouver Işıklar S, Özpar R. Corpus Callosum İndeksinin Pediatrik Yaş Grubundaki Normatif Verilerinin Atrofi ve Hidrosefali Hastalarını Ayırt Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması: Retrospektif MRG Çalışması. Uludağ Tıp Derg. 2023;49(1):77-8.

ISSN: 1300-414X, e-ISSN: 2645-9027

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