Diş Hekimliği Perspektifinden Uyku Bozuklukları
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 11 - 18, 01.06.2021
Süleyman Hakan Tuna
,
Esin Kozak
Öz
Beden ve ruh sağlığı için çok önemli olan, sayısız nörokimyasal ve fizyolojik olayların meydana geldiği uyku yaşamın olmazsa olmazlarından biridir. Gece uykuları kaçıran, uyku düzenini bozan ve daha sonra da gergin günler geçirilmesine neden olan ağız, diş hastalıklarının tedavi edilmesi ile birlikte diş hekimin uyku üzerindeki rolü başlamış olur. Ancak rutin diş hekimliği tedavilerinin yanında, obstruktif uyku apnesi ve uyku bruksizmi diş hekimliğinin özel ilgi alanları arasında yer alır. Obstruktif uyku apnesi ve uyku bruksizminin teşhis ve tedavisi multidisipliner yaklaşımla takım çalışması ile gerçekleştirmektedir ve diş hekimleri bu takımın önemli üyelerindendir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi
Kaynakça
- 1. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med, 1993: 328: 1230-35.
- 2. Berry RB, Budhiraja R, Gottlieb DJ, Gozal D, Iber C, Kapur VK, Marcus CL, Mehra R, Parthasarathy S, Quan SF, et al. 2012. Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 8(5):597–619.
- 3. Mansukhani MP, Kolla BP, Wang Z, Morgenthaler TI. 2019. Effect of varying definitions of hypopnea on the diagnosis and clinical outcomes of sleep disordered breathing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 15(5):687–696.
- 4. Randerath W, Verbraecken J, Andreas S, et al. Definition, discrimination, diagnosis and treatment of central breathing disturbances during sleep. Eur Respir J. 2017; 49.
- 5. Marshansky S, Mayer P, Rizzo D, Baltzan M, Denis R, Lavigne GJ. 2018. Sleep, chronic pain, and opioid risk for apnea. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 87:234–244.
- 6. Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-Rodriguez F, Dempsey JA, Khayat R, Javaheri S, Malhotra A, Martinez-Garcia MA, Mehra R, Pack AI, et al. 2017. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Cardiol. 69(7):841–858.
- 7. Lisan Q, Van Sloten T, Marques Vidal P, Haba Rubio J, Heinzer R, Empana JP. 2019. Association of positive airway pressure prescription with mortality in patients with obesity and severe obstructive sleep apnea: The Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 145(6):509–515.
- 8. Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, Gozal D, Halbower AC, Jones J, Schechter MS, Ward SD, Sheldon SH, Shiffman RN, et al. 2012. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 130(3): e714–e755.
- 9. Jung Y, Junna MR, Mandrekar JN, Morgenthaler TI. 2017. The National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project sleep health surveillance questionnaire as an obstructive sleep apnea surveillance tool. J Clin Sleep Med. 13(9):1067– 1074.
- 10. Vgontzas AN, Li Y, He F, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Gaines J, Liao D, Basta M, Bixler EO. 2019. Mild-to-moderate sleep apnea is associated with incident hypertension: age effect. Sleep. 42(4):265.
- 11. Tuna SH, Öztürk Ö, Türkkahraman MH, ALKIŞ H, Balcıoğlu HA, Akkaya A. Evaluation of the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity and cephalometric and clinical variables.Turk J Med Sci. 2012; 42 (6): 987-998.
- 12. Strobel RJ, Rosen RC. Obesity and weight loss in obstructive sleep apnea: a critical review. Sleep, 1996: 19: 104-15.
- 13. Ryan CF, Love LL. Mechanical properties of the velopharynx in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 806-12.
- 14. Richard W, Kox D, den Herder C, Laman M, van Tinteren H, de Vries N. The role of sleep position in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2006: 263: 946-50.
- 15. Wetter DW, Young TB, Bidwell TR, Badr MS, Palta M. Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med, 1994: 154: 2219-24.
- 16. Nakai T, Matsuo A, Takata Y, Usui Y, Kitamura K, Chikazu D. 2018. Role of dental sleep medicine in management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea disorders using a team approach. Acta Odontol Scand. 76(8):605– 611.
- 17. McArdle N, Devereux G, Heidarnejad H, Engleman HM, Mackay TW, Douglas NJ. Long-term use of CPAP therapy for sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999: 159: 1108-14.
- 18. Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LR, Smith PL, Schwartz AR, Schubert NM, Redline S, Henry JN, Getsy JE, Dinges DF. Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1993: 147: 887-95.
- 19. Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances. American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep, 1995: 18: 511-13.
- 20. Hoekema A. Efficacy and comorbidity of oral appliances in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea: a systematic review and preliminary results of a randomized trial. Sleep Breath, 2006: 10: 102-3.
- 21. Chan AS, Lee RW, Cistulli PA. Dental appliance treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 2007: 132: 693-99.
- 22. Cistulli PA, Gotsopoulos H, Marklund M ve Lowe AA. Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with mandibular repositioning appliances. Sleep Med Rev, 2004: 8: 443-57.
- 23. Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. 2013. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 177(9):1006–1014.
- 24. Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques-Vidal P, Marti-Soler H, Andries D, Tobback N, Mooser V, Preisig M, Malhotra A, Waeber G, et al. 2015. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the hypnolaus study. Lancet Respir Med. 3(4):310–318.
- 25. Schwartz M, Acosta L, Hung YL, Padilla M, Enciso R. 2018. Effects of CPAP and mandibular advancement device treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. 22(3):555– 568.
- 26. Sarkissian L, Kitipornchai L, Cistulli P, Mackay SG. 2019. An update on the current management of adult obstructive sleep apnoea. Aust J Gen Pract. 48(4):182–186.
- 27. Bader G, Lavigne G. Sleep bruxism; an overview of an oromandibular sleep movement disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2000; 4: 27-43.
- 28. Frohman B.S. The aplication of psychotherapy to dental problems, Dent Cosmos, 1931; 73:1117.
- 29. Sjöholm, T., Lehtinen, I., Helenius, H., Masseter muscle activity in diagnosed sleep bruxist compared with nonsymptomatic controls, J Sleep Res, 1995; 4:48-55.
- 30. Lavigne GJ, Rompre PH, Montplaisir JY. Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 546-52.
- 31. Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil, 35: 476–494, 2008.
- 32. Okeson JP. American Orofacial Pain. Guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and management. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co., 1996.
- 33. Lobbezoo F, Van Selms MK, et all. Masticatory muscle pain and disordered jaw motor behavior. Literature review over the past decade. Arch oral Biol. 2006; 51(9):713- 72.
- 34. Lobbezoo F, Van Der Zaag J, Naeıje M. Bruxism: its multiple causes and its effects on dental implants- an updated review. J Oral Rehabil 2006; 33: 293-300.
- 35. Lobbezoo F, Naeije M. Bruxism is mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally. J Oral Rehabil 2001; 28:1085-91.
- 36. Ramjford SP. Bruxism a clinic and electromiyographic study. Am Dent Assoc. 1961; 62:21-44.
- 37. Lavigne GJ, Huynh N, et all. Genesis of sleep bruxism: motor and autonomic cardiac interactions. Arch Oral Biol. 2007; 52:381-4.
- 38. Carra MC, Ropre PH, et all. Sleep bruxism and sleep arousal: an experimental challenge to assess the role of cylic alternating pattern. J Oral Rehabil. 2011.
- 39. Magee KR. Bruxisma related to levodopa therapy. JAMA, 214: 147, 1970.
- 40. Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ, Tanguay R, Montplaisir JY. The effect of catecholamine precursor L-dopa on sleep bruxism: a controlled clinical trial. Mov Disord. 1997 Jan;12(1):73–8.
- 41. Lobbezoo F, Denderen RJA, et all. Reports of SSRI- associated bruxism in the family physician’s office. J Orofac Pain. 2001; 15:340-346.
- 42. Milosevic A, Agrawal N, et all. The occurrence of toothwear in users of extasy. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999; 27:283-7.
- 43. Lavigne GJ, Manzini C, Kato T. Sleep bruxism: Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 2005, 4th ed. Phidelphia: Elsevier Saunders pp: 946-959.
- 44. Winocur E, Gavish A, et all. Drugs and bruxism: critical review. J Orofac Pain 2003; 17(2):99-111.
- 45. Kato T, Thie NM, et all. Topical review: sleep bruxism and the role of peripheral sensory influences. J Orofac Pain. 2003; 17(3):191-213.
- 46. Glaros, A. G., & Rao, S. M. (1977). Bruxism: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 767–781.
- 47. Ikeda, T., Nishigawa, K., Konda, K., Takeuchi, H., Clark, G.T., Criteria for the detection of sleep-associated bruxism in humans, J Orofac Pain, 1996; 10:270-282.
- 48. Okeson JP. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 3rd ed. Florida, USA: Mosby; 1992.
- 49. Goulet JP, Lund JP, Montplaisir J. Daily clenching, nocturnal bruxism, and stress and their association with TMD symptoms. J Orofacial Pain 1993; 7:120.
- 50. Allen JD, Rivera-Morales WC, Zwemer JD. The occurrence of temporomandibular disorder symptoms in healthy young adults with and without evidence of bruxism. J Craniomandib Pract 1990; 8:312-8.
- 51. Christensen LV. Facial pain and internal pressure of masseter in experimental bruxism in man. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16:1021-31.
- 52. Bowley JF, Gale EN. Experimental masticatory muscle pain. JDentRes1987;66:1765-9.
- 53. Da Silva K, Mandel L. Bilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;102: e1–3.
- 54. Pintado, M. R., Anderson, G. C., Delong, R. and Douglas, W. H. Variation in tooth wear in young adults over a two-year period. J. Prosthet. Dent., 1997, 77: 313–320.
- 55. Rispoli DZ, Camargo PM, Pires JL, Jr, et al. Benign masseter muscle hypertrophy. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 74:790–3.
- 56. Sannomya EK, Gonçalves M, Cavalcanti MP. Masseter muscle hypertrophy: case report. Braz Dent J 2006; 17:347–50.
- 57. Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. A Textbook of Oral Pathology; Diseases of the Nerve and Muscles. Fourth edition Noida: Saunders; 2003:875.
- 58. Som PM, Curtin HD. Head and Neck Imaging, Fourth edition Vol. 2; St Louis: Mosby; 2003:1991.
- 59. Abe, S., Yamaguchi, T., Rompre, P. H., De Grandmont, P., Chen, Y. J. and Lavigne, G. J. Tooth wear in young subjects: a discriminator between sleep bruxers and
controls? Int. J. Prosthodont., 2009, 22: 342–350.
- 60. Menapace, S. E., Rinchuse, D. J., Zullo, T., Pierce, C. J. and Shnorhokian, H. The dentofacial morphology of bruxers versus non-bruxers. Angle Orthod., 1994, 64: 43–52.
- 61. Lobbezoo F, Zaag J, Selms MKA, Hamburger HL, Naeije M. Principles for the management of bruxism. J Oral Rehabil 2008; 35: 509-523.
- 62. Gümüş HÖ, Kılınç Hİ, Tuna SH, Ozcan N. Computerized analysis of occlusal contacts in bruxism patients treated with occlusal splint therapy. J Adv Prosthodont. 2013 Aug;5(3):256-61.
- 63. Aarab G, Lobbezoo F. 2018. Dental sleep medicine redefined. Sleep Breath. 22(4):1233.
- 64. Essick GK. 2019. Commentary on “A new definition of dental sleep medicine.” J Dent Sleep Med. 6(1).
Sleep Disorders From a Dental Perspective
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 11 - 18, 01.06.2021
Süleyman Hakan Tuna
,
Esin Kozak
Öz
Sleep is an essential part of life where numerous neurochemical and physiological events occur and it is very important for body and mental health. The role of the dentist on sleep begins with the treatment of oral and dental diseases that disrupt the sleep pattern at during night and later cause stressful days. However, besides routine dental treatments, obstructive sleep apnea and sleep bruxism are among the special interests of dentistry. Diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and sleep bruxism is carried out by teamwork with a multidisciplinary approach that dentists are among the crucial members of this team.
Kaynakça
- 1. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med, 1993: 328: 1230-35.
- 2. Berry RB, Budhiraja R, Gottlieb DJ, Gozal D, Iber C, Kapur VK, Marcus CL, Mehra R, Parthasarathy S, Quan SF, et al. 2012. Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 8(5):597–619.
- 3. Mansukhani MP, Kolla BP, Wang Z, Morgenthaler TI. 2019. Effect of varying definitions of hypopnea on the diagnosis and clinical outcomes of sleep disordered breathing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 15(5):687–696.
- 4. Randerath W, Verbraecken J, Andreas S, et al. Definition, discrimination, diagnosis and treatment of central breathing disturbances during sleep. Eur Respir J. 2017; 49.
- 5. Marshansky S, Mayer P, Rizzo D, Baltzan M, Denis R, Lavigne GJ. 2018. Sleep, chronic pain, and opioid risk for apnea. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 87:234–244.
- 6. Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-Rodriguez F, Dempsey JA, Khayat R, Javaheri S, Malhotra A, Martinez-Garcia MA, Mehra R, Pack AI, et al. 2017. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Cardiol. 69(7):841–858.
- 7. Lisan Q, Van Sloten T, Marques Vidal P, Haba Rubio J, Heinzer R, Empana JP. 2019. Association of positive airway pressure prescription with mortality in patients with obesity and severe obstructive sleep apnea: The Sleep Heart Health Study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 145(6):509–515.
- 8. Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KA, Gozal D, Halbower AC, Jones J, Schechter MS, Ward SD, Sheldon SH, Shiffman RN, et al. 2012. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 130(3): e714–e755.
- 9. Jung Y, Junna MR, Mandrekar JN, Morgenthaler TI. 2017. The National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project sleep health surveillance questionnaire as an obstructive sleep apnea surveillance tool. J Clin Sleep Med. 13(9):1067– 1074.
- 10. Vgontzas AN, Li Y, He F, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Gaines J, Liao D, Basta M, Bixler EO. 2019. Mild-to-moderate sleep apnea is associated with incident hypertension: age effect. Sleep. 42(4):265.
- 11. Tuna SH, Öztürk Ö, Türkkahraman MH, ALKIŞ H, Balcıoğlu HA, Akkaya A. Evaluation of the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome severity and cephalometric and clinical variables.Turk J Med Sci. 2012; 42 (6): 987-998.
- 12. Strobel RJ, Rosen RC. Obesity and weight loss in obstructive sleep apnea: a critical review. Sleep, 1996: 19: 104-15.
- 13. Ryan CF, Love LL. Mechanical properties of the velopharynx in obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 806-12.
- 14. Richard W, Kox D, den Herder C, Laman M, van Tinteren H, de Vries N. The role of sleep position in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2006: 263: 946-50.
- 15. Wetter DW, Young TB, Bidwell TR, Badr MS, Palta M. Smoking as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med, 1994: 154: 2219-24.
- 16. Nakai T, Matsuo A, Takata Y, Usui Y, Kitamura K, Chikazu D. 2018. Role of dental sleep medicine in management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea disorders using a team approach. Acta Odontol Scand. 76(8):605– 611.
- 17. McArdle N, Devereux G, Heidarnejad H, Engleman HM, Mackay TW, Douglas NJ. Long-term use of CPAP therapy for sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1999: 159: 1108-14.
- 18. Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LR, Smith PL, Schwartz AR, Schubert NM, Redline S, Henry JN, Getsy JE, Dinges DF. Objective measurement of patterns of nasal CPAP use by patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis, 1993: 147: 887-95.
- 19. Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with oral appliances. American Sleep Disorders Association. Sleep, 1995: 18: 511-13.
- 20. Hoekema A. Efficacy and comorbidity of oral appliances in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea: a systematic review and preliminary results of a randomized trial. Sleep Breath, 2006: 10: 102-3.
- 21. Chan AS, Lee RW, Cistulli PA. Dental appliance treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 2007: 132: 693-99.
- 22. Cistulli PA, Gotsopoulos H, Marklund M ve Lowe AA. Treatment of snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with mandibular repositioning appliances. Sleep Med Rev, 2004: 8: 443-57.
- 23. Peppard PE, Young T, Barnet JH, Palta M, Hagen EW, Hla KM. 2013. Increased prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in adults. Am J Epidemiol. 177(9):1006–1014.
- 24. Heinzer R, Vat S, Marques-Vidal P, Marti-Soler H, Andries D, Tobback N, Mooser V, Preisig M, Malhotra A, Waeber G, et al. 2015. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: the hypnolaus study. Lancet Respir Med. 3(4):310–318.
- 25. Schwartz M, Acosta L, Hung YL, Padilla M, Enciso R. 2018. Effects of CPAP and mandibular advancement device treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. 22(3):555– 568.
- 26. Sarkissian L, Kitipornchai L, Cistulli P, Mackay SG. 2019. An update on the current management of adult obstructive sleep apnoea. Aust J Gen Pract. 48(4):182–186.
- 27. Bader G, Lavigne G. Sleep bruxism; an overview of an oromandibular sleep movement disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2000; 4: 27-43.
- 28. Frohman B.S. The aplication of psychotherapy to dental problems, Dent Cosmos, 1931; 73:1117.
- 29. Sjöholm, T., Lehtinen, I., Helenius, H., Masseter muscle activity in diagnosed sleep bruxist compared with nonsymptomatic controls, J Sleep Res, 1995; 4:48-55.
- 30. Lavigne GJ, Rompre PH, Montplaisir JY. Sleep bruxism: validity of clinical research diagnostic criteria in a controlled polysomnographic study. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 546-52.
- 31. Lavigne GJ, Khoury S, Abe S, Yamaguchi T, Raphael K. Bruxism physiology and pathology: an overview for clinicians. J Oral Rehabil, 35: 476–494, 2008.
- 32. Okeson JP. American Orofacial Pain. Guidelines for assessment, diagnosis, and management. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co., 1996.
- 33. Lobbezoo F, Van Selms MK, et all. Masticatory muscle pain and disordered jaw motor behavior. Literature review over the past decade. Arch oral Biol. 2006; 51(9):713- 72.
- 34. Lobbezoo F, Van Der Zaag J, Naeıje M. Bruxism: its multiple causes and its effects on dental implants- an updated review. J Oral Rehabil 2006; 33: 293-300.
- 35. Lobbezoo F, Naeije M. Bruxism is mainly regulated centrally, not peripherally. J Oral Rehabil 2001; 28:1085-91.
- 36. Ramjford SP. Bruxism a clinic and electromiyographic study. Am Dent Assoc. 1961; 62:21-44.
- 37. Lavigne GJ, Huynh N, et all. Genesis of sleep bruxism: motor and autonomic cardiac interactions. Arch Oral Biol. 2007; 52:381-4.
- 38. Carra MC, Ropre PH, et all. Sleep bruxism and sleep arousal: an experimental challenge to assess the role of cylic alternating pattern. J Oral Rehabil. 2011.
- 39. Magee KR. Bruxisma related to levodopa therapy. JAMA, 214: 147, 1970.
- 40. Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ, Tanguay R, Montplaisir JY. The effect of catecholamine precursor L-dopa on sleep bruxism: a controlled clinical trial. Mov Disord. 1997 Jan;12(1):73–8.
- 41. Lobbezoo F, Denderen RJA, et all. Reports of SSRI- associated bruxism in the family physician’s office. J Orofac Pain. 2001; 15:340-346.
- 42. Milosevic A, Agrawal N, et all. The occurrence of toothwear in users of extasy. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1999; 27:283-7.
- 43. Lavigne GJ, Manzini C, Kato T. Sleep bruxism: Principles and practice of sleep medicine. 2005, 4th ed. Phidelphia: Elsevier Saunders pp: 946-959.
- 44. Winocur E, Gavish A, et all. Drugs and bruxism: critical review. J Orofac Pain 2003; 17(2):99-111.
- 45. Kato T, Thie NM, et all. Topical review: sleep bruxism and the role of peripheral sensory influences. J Orofac Pain. 2003; 17(3):191-213.
- 46. Glaros, A. G., & Rao, S. M. (1977). Bruxism: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 767–781.
- 47. Ikeda, T., Nishigawa, K., Konda, K., Takeuchi, H., Clark, G.T., Criteria for the detection of sleep-associated bruxism in humans, J Orofac Pain, 1996; 10:270-282.
- 48. Okeson JP. Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion. 3rd ed. Florida, USA: Mosby; 1992.
- 49. Goulet JP, Lund JP, Montplaisir J. Daily clenching, nocturnal bruxism, and stress and their association with TMD symptoms. J Orofacial Pain 1993; 7:120.
- 50. Allen JD, Rivera-Morales WC, Zwemer JD. The occurrence of temporomandibular disorder symptoms in healthy young adults with and without evidence of bruxism. J Craniomandib Pract 1990; 8:312-8.
- 51. Christensen LV. Facial pain and internal pressure of masseter in experimental bruxism in man. Arch Oral Biol 1971; 16:1021-31.
- 52. Bowley JF, Gale EN. Experimental masticatory muscle pain. JDentRes1987;66:1765-9.
- 53. Da Silva K, Mandel L. Bilateral temporalis muscle hypertrophy: a case report. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2006;102: e1–3.
- 54. Pintado, M. R., Anderson, G. C., Delong, R. and Douglas, W. H. Variation in tooth wear in young adults over a two-year period. J. Prosthet. Dent., 1997, 77: 313–320.
- 55. Rispoli DZ, Camargo PM, Pires JL, Jr, et al. Benign masseter muscle hypertrophy. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 74:790–3.
- 56. Sannomya EK, Gonçalves M, Cavalcanti MP. Masseter muscle hypertrophy: case report. Braz Dent J 2006; 17:347–50.
- 57. Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. A Textbook of Oral Pathology; Diseases of the Nerve and Muscles. Fourth edition Noida: Saunders; 2003:875.
- 58. Som PM, Curtin HD. Head and Neck Imaging, Fourth edition Vol. 2; St Louis: Mosby; 2003:1991.
- 59. Abe, S., Yamaguchi, T., Rompre, P. H., De Grandmont, P., Chen, Y. J. and Lavigne, G. J. Tooth wear in young subjects: a discriminator between sleep bruxers and
controls? Int. J. Prosthodont., 2009, 22: 342–350.
- 60. Menapace, S. E., Rinchuse, D. J., Zullo, T., Pierce, C. J. and Shnorhokian, H. The dentofacial morphology of bruxers versus non-bruxers. Angle Orthod., 1994, 64: 43–52.
- 61. Lobbezoo F, Zaag J, Selms MKA, Hamburger HL, Naeije M. Principles for the management of bruxism. J Oral Rehabil 2008; 35: 509-523.
- 62. Gümüş HÖ, Kılınç Hİ, Tuna SH, Ozcan N. Computerized analysis of occlusal contacts in bruxism patients treated with occlusal splint therapy. J Adv Prosthodont. 2013 Aug;5(3):256-61.
- 63. Aarab G, Lobbezoo F. 2018. Dental sleep medicine redefined. Sleep Breath. 22(4):1233.
- 64. Essick GK. 2019. Commentary on “A new definition of dental sleep medicine.” J Dent Sleep Med. 6(1).