Anzak Günü ve Anma Törenlerinin Avustralya’daki Tarihi Gelişimi

Öz

İtilaf devletleriyle birlikte Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na katılan Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda Kolordusu (Anzak), 25 Nisan 1915’te Gelibolu’ya çıkarma yapmıştır. Savaşta ölen ve gazi askerleri hatırlamak için ilk defa 13 Ekim 1915’te Güney Avustralya’nın Adelaide şehrinde bir anma töreni yapılmış ve 1916’dan itibaren Avustralya’nın pek çok eyaletinde çıkarmanın yapıldığı 25 Nisan günü, anma törenlerinin yapıldığı gün olmuştur. Çıkarma gününün ilk anıldığı 1916’da güçlü bir millî anlam kazanan Anzak Günü, 1916’dan sonra Avustralyalılar için önemli bir gün olmaya devam etmiştir. 1920’lerde Avustralya’nın her eyaletinde resmî tatil olarak anılan Anzak Günü, zamanla kendine has ritüelleri oluşturarak kurumsallaşmıştır. Anzak Günü, 1994’te Avustralya Parlamentosunda yasalaşarak ulusal alanda resmî bir tanım kazanmıştır. Çalışmada, Çanakkale Savaşı’yla ortaya çıkan Anzak kavramı temelinde Avustralya’da Anzak Günü’nün tarihi gelişimi incelemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çanakkale Savaşı,
• Anzak,
• Avustralya,
• Anzak Günü.

Historical Development of the Anzac Day and Commemorations in Australia

Öz

The Australian and New Zealand Corps (Anzac), which participated in the First World War with the Allied Powers, landed on Gelibolu on April 25, 1915. A commemoration ceremony was held for the first time on 13 October 1915 in Adelaide, South Australia, to remember the soldiers who died and veterans of the war, and from 1916 onwards, 25 April, the day of the landing, became the day of commemoration in many states of Australia. Anzac Day, which gained a strong national significance in 1916 when the landing day was first commemorated, continued to be an important day for Australians in the 1920s, Anzac Day has become institutionalized by creating its own rituals over time. Anzac Day was enacted in the Australian Parliament in 1994 and gained formal recognition in the national arena. In the study, the historical development of Anzac Day in Australia is analyzed on the basis of the Anzac concept that emerged with the Dardanelles War.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dardanelles War, Anzac,
• Australia,
• Anzac Day.

Kaynakça

1. Australian War Memorial PO4497.004. “The First Anzac Day”, https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/first-anzac-day (Erişim Tarihi:22.12.2022).
2. Sermons and Addresses, Anzac Commemoration 1921, Compiled by H.J. Diddams, H.J. Diddams & Co. Brisbane, 1921.
3. Citizen’s Celebration Programme, Exhibition Hall, Tuesday, April 25, 1916, A.J. Cumming, Government Printer, Brisbane Queensland.
4. Anzac Day Bill 1994, Department of the Parliamentary Library, Parliamentary Research Service, Parliment of the Commonwealth of Australia, No.19, 1995.
5. “1916 First Anzac Day Marked”, The Press, 25 May, 2021.
6. “Anzac Day”, Warwick Examiner and Times, 8 March 1916.
7. “Anzac Day”, Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, 24 April 1916.
8. Andrews, E. M., The Anzac Illusion: Anglo-Australian Relations During World War 1, Cambridge University Press, 1993.

9. Andrews, Michael, World War I: The Australian Experience, Trocadero Publishing, 2011.
10. Beaumont, Joan, “The Anzac Legend”, Joan Beaumont (ed.), Australia’s War: 1914-1918, Allen&Unwin, Sydney, (2013).
11. Birtane, Yasemin, “Bir Anma Ritüeli: Anzak Şafak Ayini”, Yazıt Kültür Bilimleri Dergisi, (2021), 1(1), ss.57-79.
12. Bond, Brian, The Unquiet Western Front; Britain’s Role in Literature and History, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
13. Bongiorno, Frank, Raelene Frances, Bruce Scates, “Labour and Anzac: An Introduction”, Labour History, No. 106, May (2014), pp.1-17.
14. Cameron, David W., 25 April 1915: The Day The Anzac Legend Was Born, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2007.
15. Chambers, Stephen, Arıburnu Çıkarma, Çev.: İsmail Hakkı Yılmaz, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
16. Clark, Chris Coulthard, The Encyclopaedia of Australia’s Battles, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2001.
17. Cryle, Mark Hamilton, Making ‘the One Day of the Year’: a Genealogy of Anzac Day to 1918, The University of Queensland, Thesis Doctor of Philosophy, 2015.
18. Crotty, Martin, Craig Melrose, “Anzac Day, Brisbane, Australia: Triumphalism, Mourning and Politics in Interwar Commemoration”, The Round Table, 96:393, (2007), pp.679-692.
19. Cryle, Mark, “The Tragic Pageant of War: Anzac Commemoration in 1917 and 1918”, Social Alternatives, Vol. 37, No.3, (2018).
20. Corcoran, Robert, Jackie Dickenson, A Dictionary of Australian Politics, Allen&Unwin, 2010.
21. Cultural History in Australia, Edited Hisu Ming Teo, Richard White, UNSW Press, Sydney, 2003.
22. Fedorowich, E.K., Foredoomed to Failure; The Resettlement of Ex-Servicemen in the Dominions 1914-1930, The University of London, Thesis Doctor of Philosophy, London, 1990.
23. Fedorowich, Kent “Ex-services and the Politics of Soldiers Settlement in Canada and Australia (1915-1925)”, War & Society, http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924702791201917.
24. Fleming, Robert, The Australian Army in World War I, Osprey Publishing, Editor: Martin Windrow.
25. Hall, C. Michael, “Anzac Day and Secular Pilgrimage”, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol.27, 2, 2002.
26. Hobsbawm, E. J., 1780’den Günümüze Milletler ve Milliyetçilik “Program, Mit, Gerçekler”, Çev.: Osman Akınhay, Ayrıntı, İstanbul, 2020.
27. “Garland, David John (1864-1939)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 8, (1981), By Wendy M. Mansfield, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/garland-david-john-6278 (Erişim Tarihi:26.01.2023).
28. Gammage, Bill, The Broken Years: Australian Soldiers in the Great War, ANU Press, Canberaa 1974.
29. Geleneğin İcadı, Derl.: Eric Hobsbawm, Terence Ranger, Türkçesi: Mehmet Murat Şahin, Agora Kitaplığı, 2006.
30. Grey, Jeffrey, A Military History of Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
31. Hall, C. Michael, “Anzac Day and Secular Pilgrimage”, Tourism Recreation Research, Vol.27, 2, (2002), pp.83-87.
32. Hoffenberg, Peter H., “Landscape, Memory and the Australian War Experience, 1915-18”, Journal of Contemporary History, January (2001), Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 111-131.
33. Inglis, K.S., Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape, The Miegunyah Press, Melbourne, 2008.
34. Kelly, Paul, 100 Years: The Australia Story, Allen&Unwin, NSW, 2001.
35. Kent, D.A., “The Anzac Book and the Anzac Legend: C.E.W. Bean as Editor and Image-Maker, Historical Studies, Vol. 2, No.84, April 1985.
36. Laffin, John, The Australian Army at War 1899-1975, Editor: Martin Windrow, Osprey Publishing, London, 1982.
37. Macleod, Jenny, “The Fall and Rise of Anzac Day: 1965-1990 Compared”, War&Society, 20 (1), April (2002), pp.149-168.
38. Macintyre, Stuart, A Concise History of Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2016.
39. McKane, Benjamine, Remembering the Great War in the Dominions of British Empire, Universiteit Leiden, MA Thesis, 2012.
40. Moses, John A., “Anglicanism and Anzac Observance: The Essential Contribution of Canon David John Garland, Pacifica, Vol.19, February (2006), pp.58-77.
41. Moses, John A., “Anzac Day as Australia’s ‘civil religion’?”, St Mark’s Review, No.231, April (2015), pp.23-35.
42. Oglander, C.F. Aspinall, History of the Great War: Military Operations Gallipoli, Cilt 1, Heinemann Ltd, London, 1929.
43. Palazzo, Albert, The Australian Army: A History of Its Organization 1901-2001, Oxford University Press, 2001.
44. Scates, Bruce, Rae Frances, Keir Reeves, vd., “Anzac Day at Home and Abroad: Towards a History of Australia’s National Day”, History Compass, 10/7, (2012), pp.523–536.
45. Scates, Bruce, Frank Bongiorno, vd., “Such a Great Space of Water Between Us’: Anzac Day in Britain 1916-39”, Australian Historical Studies, 45:2, (2014), pp.220-241.
46. Seal, Graham, “Anzac: The Sacred in the Secular”, Journal of Australian Studies, 31:91, pp.135-144, (2007).
47. Seal, Graham, “Anzac”, International Encyclopedia of the First World War,8 January 2017, https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/anzac_australia (Erişim Tarihi:12.12.2022).
48. Sharp, Heather, “Representing Australia’s Involvement in the First World War: Discrepancies between Public Discourses and School History Textbooks from 1916 to 1936”, Journal of Educational Media, Memory & Society, Spring (2014), Vol.6, No.1.
49. Sürmeli, Serpil, “İngiliz Savaş Muhabiri Ellis Ashmead Barlett’in Gözüyle Çanakkale Seferi Başarısızlığı ve Gelibolu’da Sıradışı Mücadelesi”, Atatürk Dergisi, Cilt:5, Sayı:1, 2006.
50. Watt, David, “Anzac Day Traditions and Rituals: A Quick Guide”, Anzac Day 2017, https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1617/Quick_Guides/TraditionsRituals (Erişim Tarihi: 2.12.2021).
51. Welsh, Frank, Great Southern Land: A New History of Australia, Allen Lane, New York, 2004.
52. West, Barbara A., Frances T. Murphey, A Brief History of Australia, Facts on File, New York, 2010.
53. Zieba, Anna, “Google Books Ngram Viewer in Socio-Cultural Research”, Research in Language, 16, 3, September (2018), pp.357-376.