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Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 427 - 465 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
https://izlik.org/JA49YG53SW

Öz

1912-1913 Balkan Savaşları, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun çöküş sürecini hızlandıran ve Avrupa kamuoyunun Doğu’ya dair algılarını derinden etkileyen kritik bir döneme işaret eder. Bu çalışma, söz konusu savaşların Alman mizah ve karikatür basınında nasıl temsil edildiğini incelemektedir. Simplicissimus, Der Wahre Jacob, Jugend ve Kladderadatsch gibi dönemin önde gelen dergilerinde yayımlanan karikatürler yalnızca mizahi ürünler değil politik ve ideolojik anlam taşıyan görsel söylemler olarak da değerlendirilmiştir. Görsel söylem analizi ve Edward Said’in oryantalizm kuramı çerçevesinde yapılan inceleme, Osmanlı’nın genellikle çökmüş, edilgen, pasif ve irrasyonel bir figür olarak temsil edildiğini; Balkan halklarının ise barbarlık ve şiddetle özdeşleştirildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Batı ise bu görsellerde çoğunlukla düzen kurucu, akılcı ve medeni bir özne olarak konumlanmıştır. Bu temsiller, yalnızca savaşın görselleştirilmiş bir yorumu değil; Batı’nın Doğu’ya dair kültürel üstünlük söylemlerini pekiştiren ideolojik inşalardır. Sonuç olarak Alman karikatür basını Balkan Savaşları sırasında Osmanlı ve Balkan coğrafyasını ötekileştiren, oryantalist bir çerçevede yeniden üreten önemli bir ideolojik alan işlevi görmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Der Wahre Jacob. „Vom Balkan.“ Karikatür. Nr. 706, 9. August 1913. Stuttgart: Verlag von J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH. Digital erişim: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wj1913/0253
  • Jugend, „Der neue Balkanbundgenosse.“ Karikatür: E. Wilke. 8. Dezember 1912, Nr. 50. München: G. Hirth’s Verlag.
  • Kladderadatsch. „Der vierköpfige Balk-Hahn oder Der Hahnenkampf.“ Karikatür: A. Johnson. Nr. 43, Berlin: Verlag von Kladderadatsch.
  • Simplicissimus. „Am Balkan.“ Karikatür: Wilhelm Schulz. 26. August 1912, Nr. 22, 17. Jahrgang. München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Simplicissimus. „Schluß!“ Karikatür. 30. Juni 1913, Nr. 14, München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Arıca, Ferit Arda, ve Caner Çakı. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Macaristan Mizah Dergisi Wiener Caricaturen’de Türklerin Propaganda Amaçlı Sunumu.” Journal of Communication Studies 3, no. 11, 2025: 1-12.
  • Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. London: Fontana Press, 1977.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.
  • Demski, Dariusz, Agnieszka J. Cieślikowa, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, eds. Images of the Other in Ethnic Caricatures of Central and Eastern Europe. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, 2013.
  • Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.
  • Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Gülada, Mehmet Ozan. “Avusturya Siyasi Mizah Dergilerinin Balkan Savaşlarını Sunumu.” Belgi Dergisi 29 (2025): ): 61-84.
  • Halaçoğlu, Ahmet. “Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913).” Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 13, Ankara; Yeni Türkiye Yay., 2002.
  • Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Hayta, Necdet, and Seçkin Birbudak. Balkan Savaşlarında Edirne. Ankara: ATASE Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2010.
  • Heinzelmann, Tobias. Die Balkankrise in der osmanischen Karikatur: Die Satirezeitschriften Karagöz, Kalem und Cem 1908–1914. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. Balkan Tarihi 2: 20. Yüzyıl. Çev. Zehra Savan and Hatice Uğur. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2017.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Parusheva, Dobrinka. “Bulgarians Gazing at the Balkans: Neighboring People in Bulgarian Political Caricature at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 418–37. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Pitsos, Nicolas. Marianne face aux Balkans en feu: perceptions des guerres balkaniques de 1912–1913 dans l’espace médiatique français. PhD diss., Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), 2014.
  • Mazower, Mark. The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2000.
  • Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1907.
  • Moeller, Susan. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
  • Müller, Dietmar. “Die Balkankriege und der Carnegie-Bericht. Historiographie und völkerrechtliche Bedeutung.” In Der "Carnegie Report on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars 1912/13". Wirkungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte im Völkerrecht und in der Historiographie, edited by Dietmar Müller and Stefan Troebst, Comparativ 24, no. 6 (2014): 7-24. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2015.
  • Rose, Gillian. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2016.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
  • Schütz, Hans J. Der Wahre Jacob, Ein Halbes Jahrhundert in Fakesmiles. Berlin: [Yayınevi belirtilmemiş], 1977.
  • Schütze, Christian, ed. Das Beste aus dem Simplicissimus. Frankfurt: Büchergilde Gutenberg, 1976.
  • Tamás, Ágnes. “From Allies to Enemies: The Two Balkan Wars (1912–1913) in Caricatures.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 278–302. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. “Jugend – Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (1896–1940).” Heidelberg University Library. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2025).

Representations of the Ottoman Empire in the German Satirical Press in the Context of the Balkan Wars: An Analysis through Orientalism and Visual Discourse

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 427 - 465 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
https://izlik.org/JA49YG53SW

Öz

The Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 mark a critical period that accelerated the decline of the Ottoman Empire and profoundly shaped European public perceptions of the East. This study examines how these wars were represented in the German satirical and cartoon press. Caricatures published in prominent journals of the period such as Simplicissimus, Der Wahre Jacob, Jugend, and Kladderadatsch are regarded not merely as humorous products, but as visual discourses carrying political and ideological significance. Within the framework of visual discourse analysis and Edward Said’s theory of Orientalism, the study reveals that the Ottoman Empire was commonly depicted as a declining, passive, irrational, and impotent figure, while the Balkan peoples were associated with barbarism and violence. The West, by contrast, was predominantly portrayed as a rational, civilizing, and order-establishing subject. These representations served not only as visual interpretations of the war but also as ideological constructs reinforcing Western narratives of cultural superiority over the East. In conclusion, the German cartoon press functioned during the Balkan Wars as an important ideological medium that othered the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans, reproducing them within an orientalist framework.

Kaynakça

  • Der Wahre Jacob. „Vom Balkan.“ Karikatür. Nr. 706, 9. August 1913. Stuttgart: Verlag von J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH. Digital erişim: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wj1913/0253
  • Jugend, „Der neue Balkanbundgenosse.“ Karikatür: E. Wilke. 8. Dezember 1912, Nr. 50. München: G. Hirth’s Verlag.
  • Kladderadatsch. „Der vierköpfige Balk-Hahn oder Der Hahnenkampf.“ Karikatür: A. Johnson. Nr. 43, Berlin: Verlag von Kladderadatsch.
  • Simplicissimus. „Am Balkan.“ Karikatür: Wilhelm Schulz. 26. August 1912, Nr. 22, 17. Jahrgang. München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Simplicissimus. „Schluß!“ Karikatür. 30. Juni 1913, Nr. 14, München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Arıca, Ferit Arda, ve Caner Çakı. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Macaristan Mizah Dergisi Wiener Caricaturen’de Türklerin Propaganda Amaçlı Sunumu.” Journal of Communication Studies 3, no. 11, 2025: 1-12.
  • Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. London: Fontana Press, 1977.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.
  • Demski, Dariusz, Agnieszka J. Cieślikowa, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, eds. Images of the Other in Ethnic Caricatures of Central and Eastern Europe. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, 2013.
  • Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.
  • Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Gülada, Mehmet Ozan. “Avusturya Siyasi Mizah Dergilerinin Balkan Savaşlarını Sunumu.” Belgi Dergisi 29 (2025): ): 61-84.
  • Halaçoğlu, Ahmet. “Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913).” Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 13, Ankara; Yeni Türkiye Yay., 2002.
  • Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Hayta, Necdet, and Seçkin Birbudak. Balkan Savaşlarında Edirne. Ankara: ATASE Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2010.
  • Heinzelmann, Tobias. Die Balkankrise in der osmanischen Karikatur: Die Satirezeitschriften Karagöz, Kalem und Cem 1908–1914. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. Balkan Tarihi 2: 20. Yüzyıl. Çev. Zehra Savan and Hatice Uğur. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2017.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Parusheva, Dobrinka. “Bulgarians Gazing at the Balkans: Neighboring People in Bulgarian Political Caricature at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 418–37. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Pitsos, Nicolas. Marianne face aux Balkans en feu: perceptions des guerres balkaniques de 1912–1913 dans l’espace médiatique français. PhD diss., Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), 2014.
  • Mazower, Mark. The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2000.
  • Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1907.
  • Moeller, Susan. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
  • Müller, Dietmar. “Die Balkankriege und der Carnegie-Bericht. Historiographie und völkerrechtliche Bedeutung.” In Der "Carnegie Report on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars 1912/13". Wirkungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte im Völkerrecht und in der Historiographie, edited by Dietmar Müller and Stefan Troebst, Comparativ 24, no. 6 (2014): 7-24. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2015.
  • Rose, Gillian. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2016.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
  • Schütz, Hans J. Der Wahre Jacob, Ein Halbes Jahrhundert in Fakesmiles. Berlin: [Yayınevi belirtilmemiş], 1977.
  • Schütze, Christian, ed. Das Beste aus dem Simplicissimus. Frankfurt: Büchergilde Gutenberg, 1976.
  • Tamás, Ágnes. “From Allies to Enemies: The Two Balkan Wars (1912–1913) in Caricatures.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 278–302. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. “Jugend – Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (1896–1940).” Heidelberg University Library. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2025).

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 427 - 465 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
https://izlik.org/JA49YG53SW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Der Wahre Jacob. „Vom Balkan.“ Karikatür. Nr. 706, 9. August 1913. Stuttgart: Verlag von J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH. Digital erişim: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wj1913/0253
  • Jugend, „Der neue Balkanbundgenosse.“ Karikatür: E. Wilke. 8. Dezember 1912, Nr. 50. München: G. Hirth’s Verlag.
  • Kladderadatsch. „Der vierköpfige Balk-Hahn oder Der Hahnenkampf.“ Karikatür: A. Johnson. Nr. 43, Berlin: Verlag von Kladderadatsch.
  • Simplicissimus. „Am Balkan.“ Karikatür: Wilhelm Schulz. 26. August 1912, Nr. 22, 17. Jahrgang. München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Simplicissimus. „Schluß!“ Karikatür. 30. Juni 1913, Nr. 14, München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Arıca, Ferit Arda, ve Caner Çakı. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Macaristan Mizah Dergisi Wiener Caricaturen’de Türklerin Propaganda Amaçlı Sunumu.” Journal of Communication Studies 3, no. 11, 2025: 1-12.
  • Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. London: Fontana Press, 1977.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.
  • Demski, Dariusz, Agnieszka J. Cieślikowa, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, eds. Images of the Other in Ethnic Caricatures of Central and Eastern Europe. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, 2013.
  • Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.
  • Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Gülada, Mehmet Ozan. “Avusturya Siyasi Mizah Dergilerinin Balkan Savaşlarını Sunumu.” Belgi Dergisi 29 (2025): ): 61-84.
  • Halaçoğlu, Ahmet. “Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913).” Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 13, Ankara; Yeni Türkiye Yay., 2002.
  • Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Hayta, Necdet, and Seçkin Birbudak. Balkan Savaşlarında Edirne. Ankara: ATASE Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2010.
  • Heinzelmann, Tobias. Die Balkankrise in der osmanischen Karikatur: Die Satirezeitschriften Karagöz, Kalem und Cem 1908–1914. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. Balkan Tarihi 2: 20. Yüzyıl. Çev. Zehra Savan and Hatice Uğur. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2017.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Parusheva, Dobrinka. “Bulgarians Gazing at the Balkans: Neighboring People in Bulgarian Political Caricature at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 418–37. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Pitsos, Nicolas. Marianne face aux Balkans en feu: perceptions des guerres balkaniques de 1912–1913 dans l’espace médiatique français. PhD diss., Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), 2014.
  • Mazower, Mark. The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2000.
  • Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1907.
  • Moeller, Susan. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
  • Müller, Dietmar. “Die Balkankriege und der Carnegie-Bericht. Historiographie und völkerrechtliche Bedeutung.” In Der "Carnegie Report on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars 1912/13". Wirkungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte im Völkerrecht und in der Historiographie, edited by Dietmar Müller and Stefan Troebst, Comparativ 24, no. 6 (2014): 7-24. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2015.
  • Rose, Gillian. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2016.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
  • Schütz, Hans J. Der Wahre Jacob, Ein Halbes Jahrhundert in Fakesmiles. Berlin: [Yayınevi belirtilmemiş], 1977.
  • Schütze, Christian, ed. Das Beste aus dem Simplicissimus. Frankfurt: Büchergilde Gutenberg, 1976.
  • Tamás, Ágnes. “From Allies to Enemies: The Two Balkan Wars (1912–1913) in Caricatures.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 278–302. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. “Jugend – Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (1896–1940).” Heidelberg University Library. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2025).

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 427 - 465 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
https://izlik.org/JA49YG53SW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Der Wahre Jacob. „Vom Balkan.“ Karikatür. Nr. 706, 9. August 1913. Stuttgart: Verlag von J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH. Digital erişim: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wj1913/0253
  • Jugend, „Der neue Balkanbundgenosse.“ Karikatür: E. Wilke. 8. Dezember 1912, Nr. 50. München: G. Hirth’s Verlag.
  • Kladderadatsch. „Der vierköpfige Balk-Hahn oder Der Hahnenkampf.“ Karikatür: A. Johnson. Nr. 43, Berlin: Verlag von Kladderadatsch.
  • Simplicissimus. „Am Balkan.“ Karikatür: Wilhelm Schulz. 26. August 1912, Nr. 22, 17. Jahrgang. München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Simplicissimus. „Schluß!“ Karikatür. 30. Juni 1913, Nr. 14, München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Arıca, Ferit Arda, ve Caner Çakı. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Macaristan Mizah Dergisi Wiener Caricaturen’de Türklerin Propaganda Amaçlı Sunumu.” Journal of Communication Studies 3, no. 11, 2025: 1-12.
  • Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. London: Fontana Press, 1977.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.
  • Demski, Dariusz, Agnieszka J. Cieślikowa, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, eds. Images of the Other in Ethnic Caricatures of Central and Eastern Europe. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, 2013.
  • Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.
  • Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Gülada, Mehmet Ozan. “Avusturya Siyasi Mizah Dergilerinin Balkan Savaşlarını Sunumu.” Belgi Dergisi 29 (2025): ): 61-84.
  • Halaçoğlu, Ahmet. “Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913).” Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 13, Ankara; Yeni Türkiye Yay., 2002.
  • Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Hayta, Necdet, and Seçkin Birbudak. Balkan Savaşlarında Edirne. Ankara: ATASE Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2010.
  • Heinzelmann, Tobias. Die Balkankrise in der osmanischen Karikatur: Die Satirezeitschriften Karagöz, Kalem und Cem 1908–1914. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. Balkan Tarihi 2: 20. Yüzyıl. Çev. Zehra Savan and Hatice Uğur. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2017.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Parusheva, Dobrinka. “Bulgarians Gazing at the Balkans: Neighboring People in Bulgarian Political Caricature at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 418–37. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Pitsos, Nicolas. Marianne face aux Balkans en feu: perceptions des guerres balkaniques de 1912–1913 dans l’espace médiatique français. PhD diss., Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), 2014.
  • Mazower, Mark. The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2000.
  • Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1907.
  • Moeller, Susan. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
  • Müller, Dietmar. “Die Balkankriege und der Carnegie-Bericht. Historiographie und völkerrechtliche Bedeutung.” In Der "Carnegie Report on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars 1912/13". Wirkungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte im Völkerrecht und in der Historiographie, edited by Dietmar Müller and Stefan Troebst, Comparativ 24, no. 6 (2014): 7-24. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2015.
  • Rose, Gillian. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2016.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
  • Schütz, Hans J. Der Wahre Jacob, Ein Halbes Jahrhundert in Fakesmiles. Berlin: [Yayınevi belirtilmemiş], 1977.
  • Schütze, Christian, ed. Das Beste aus dem Simplicissimus. Frankfurt: Büchergilde Gutenberg, 1976.
  • Tamás, Ágnes. “From Allies to Enemies: The Two Balkan Wars (1912–1913) in Caricatures.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 278–302. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. “Jugend – Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (1896–1940).” Heidelberg University Library. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2025).

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1 , 427 - 465 , 31.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
https://izlik.org/JA49YG53SW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Der Wahre Jacob. „Vom Balkan.“ Karikatür. Nr. 706, 9. August 1913. Stuttgart: Verlag von J. H. W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH. Digital erişim: Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/wj1913/0253
  • Jugend, „Der neue Balkanbundgenosse.“ Karikatür: E. Wilke. 8. Dezember 1912, Nr. 50. München: G. Hirth’s Verlag.
  • Kladderadatsch. „Der vierköpfige Balk-Hahn oder Der Hahnenkampf.“ Karikatür: A. Johnson. Nr. 43, Berlin: Verlag von Kladderadatsch.
  • Simplicissimus. „Am Balkan.“ Karikatür: Wilhelm Schulz. 26. August 1912, Nr. 22, 17. Jahrgang. München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Simplicissimus. „Schluß!“ Karikatür. 30. Juni 1913, Nr. 14, München: Simplicissimus-Verlag.
  • Arıca, Ferit Arda, ve Caner Çakı. “Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Avusturya-Macaristan Mizah Dergisi Wiener Caricaturen’de Türklerin Propaganda Amaçlı Sunumu.” Journal of Communication Studies 3, no. 11, 2025: 1-12.
  • Barthes, Roland. Image, Music, Text. Translated by Stephen Heath. London: Fontana Press, 1977.
  • Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. New York: Hill and Wang, 1977.
  • Demski, Dariusz, Agnieszka J. Cieślikowa, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, eds. Images of the Other in Ethnic Caricatures of Central and Eastern Europe. Warszawa: Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN, 2013.
  • Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1975.
  • Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Gülada, Mehmet Ozan. “Avusturya Siyasi Mizah Dergilerinin Balkan Savaşlarını Sunumu.” Belgi Dergisi 29 (2025): ): 61-84.
  • Halaçoğlu, Ahmet. “Balkan Savaşları (1912-1913).” Türkler Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 13, Ankara; Yeni Türkiye Yay., 2002.
  • Hall, Richard C. The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War. London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Hayta, Necdet, and Seçkin Birbudak. Balkan Savaşlarında Edirne. Ankara: ATASE Başkanlığı Yayınları, 2010.
  • Heinzelmann, Tobias. Die Balkankrise in der osmanischen Karikatur: Die Satirezeitschriften Karagöz, Kalem und Cem 1908–1914. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. Balkan Tarihi 2: 20. Yüzyıl. Çev. Zehra Savan and Hatice Uğur. İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2017.
  • Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  • Parusheva, Dobrinka. “Bulgarians Gazing at the Balkans: Neighboring People in Bulgarian Political Caricature at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 418–37. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Pitsos, Nicolas. Marianne face aux Balkans en feu: perceptions des guerres balkaniques de 1912–1913 dans l’espace médiatique français. PhD diss., Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (INALCO), 2014.
  • Mazower, Mark. The Balkans: A Short History. New York: Modern Library, 2000.
  • Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon. Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1907.
  • Moeller, Susan. Shooting War: Photography and the American Experience of Combat. New York: Basic Books, 2007.
  • Müller, Dietmar. “Die Balkankriege und der Carnegie-Bericht. Historiographie und völkerrechtliche Bedeutung.” In Der "Carnegie Report on the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars 1912/13". Wirkungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte im Völkerrecht und in der Historiographie, edited by Dietmar Müller and Stefan Troebst, Comparativ 24, no. 6 (2014): 7-24. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2015.
  • Rose, Gillian. Visual Methodologies: An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2016.
  • Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
  • Schütz, Hans J. Der Wahre Jacob, Ein Halbes Jahrhundert in Fakesmiles. Berlin: [Yayınevi belirtilmemiş], 1977.
  • Schütze, Christian, ed. Das Beste aus dem Simplicissimus. Frankfurt: Büchergilde Gutenberg, 1976.
  • Tamás, Ágnes. “From Allies to Enemies: The Two Balkan Wars (1912–1913) in Caricatures.” In Competing Eyes: Visual Encounters with Alterity in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by Diana Demski, Ildikó Sz. Kristof, and Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska, 278–302. Budapest: L’Harmattan, 2013.
  • Todorova, Maria. Imagining the Balkans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
  • Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg. “Jugend – Münchner illustrierte Wochenschrift für Kunst und Leben (1896–1940).” Heidelberg University Library. https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de (Erişim Tarihi: 11.07.2025).
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yakınçağ Balkan Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Atilla Kurnaz 0000-0002-7178-7969

Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 9 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
IZ https://izlik.org/JA49YG53SW
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kurnaz, A. (2026). Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 427-465. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
AMA 1.Kurnaz A. Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi. VAKANÜVİS. 2026;11(1):427-465. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567
Chicago Kurnaz, Atilla. 2026. “Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 (1): 427-65. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567.
EndNote Kurnaz A (01 Mart 2026) Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 1 427–465.
IEEE [1]A. Kurnaz, “Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi”, VAKANÜVİS, c. 11, sy 1, ss. 427–465, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567.
ISNAD Kurnaz, Atilla. “Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 11/1 (01 Mart 2026): 427-465. https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567.
JAMA 1.Kurnaz A. Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi. VAKANÜVİS. 2026;11:427–465.
MLA Kurnaz, Atilla. “Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi”. Vakanüvis - Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 11, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 427-65, doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567.
Vancouver 1.Atilla Kurnaz. Balkan Savaşları Bağlamında Alman Karikatür Basınında Osmanlı Temsilleri: Oryantalizm ve Görsel Söylem Analizi. VAKANÜVİS. 01 Mart 2026;11(1):427-65. doi:10.24186/vakanuvis.1794567


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