Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Tarihinde 1818-1858 Soykırımı Seminole Kabileleri

Yıl 2020, , 611 - 684, 30.09.2020

Haydar Çoruh

https://doi.org/10.24186/vakanuvis.781730

Öz

Amerika’nın Florida Eyaleti’nde 1817-1858 yılları arasında Seminole Kabilesi ile ABD’liler arasında üç ayrı savaş yapılmıştır. Bu savaşların ilki 1818 yılında Seminole Kabilesi’ni asimilasyonu amacıyla başlatılmıştır. Savaştan sonra imzalanan 1823 Moultrie Creek Antlaşması ile ABD, Seminoleler ile akrabaları Creeklerin yollarını ayırmanın yanısıra, kendilerine sığınmış köleleri de geri göndermeyi kabule zorlanmıştır. 1830’da imza edilen Yerlileri Kaldırma Yasası (Indian Removal Act) ise Seminole Kabilesi’ni yer değiştirmeye zorlamak için kullanılmıştır. Bu yasa ile Florida’daki bütün yerliler Mississipi Nehri'nin batısındaki Oklahoma’ya taşınmaya mecbur edilmiştir. Bunun üzerine İkinci Seminole Savaşı (1835-1842) yaşanmıştır. Bu savaşta 100'den fazla Amerikan askeri yok edilmiştir. Savaş 1842 yılında sona ermekle beraber Seminolelerin çoğu ya öldürülmüş ya da esir alınarak batıdaki yerli topraklarına gönderilmiştir. Yerlilerden sadece birkaç yüz kişi güney Florida'daki Everglades'e sığınabilmiştir.
İşgalci ABD, Filorida’yı 3 Mart 1845'te 27. devlet olarak birliğe katmıştır. Bu ilhak Üçüncü Seminole Savaşı (1855-1858)’nı başlatmıştır. Üstün ABD ordusu, ilkel koşullarda ve gerilla savaşına yönelen yerlileri tamamen yok etmiştir.
1818’de başlayan ve 1858 yılında biten Seminole Savaşları ABD’nin kanlı yüzünü gösteren eşitsizler savaşı olarak da anılmaktadır. Büyük bir soykırımın yaşandığı bu savaşlarda teknoloji ile çaresizlik karşı karşıya gelmiştir. Ancak ABD bu savaşları sanki eşitler arasında yapılmış gibi göstererek kendi kahramanlarını yüceltmenin yollarını aramaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Amerika,, ABD,, Seminole,, Kızılderili,, Florida,, Sömürge

1818-1858 Genocide in the History of the United States Semınole Trıbes

Öz

Three separate wars were fought between the Seminole Tribe and the Americans between 1817-1858 in the Florida State of America. The first of these wars was started in 1818 for the assimilation of the Seminole Tribe. With the Moultrie Creek Treaty of 1823, signed after the war, the US was forced to divide the Seminoles and their relatives, the Creek, as well as return the slaves who took refuge in them. The Indian Removal Act, signed in 1830, was used to force the Seminole Tribe to relocate. With this law, all natives of Florida were forced to move to Oklahoma, west of the Mississippi River. Thereupon, the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) took place. More than 100 American soldiers were destroyed in this war. Although the war ended in 1842, most of the Seminoles were either killed or captured and sent to their native lands in the west. Only a few hundred locals have made refuge in the Everglades in southern Florida.
The occupying USA joined Filorida as the 27th state on March 3, 1845. This annexation started the Third Seminole War (1855-1858). The superior US military completely destroyed the indigenous peoples who went to guerrilla war in primitive conditions.
The Seminole Wars, which started in 1818 and ended in 1858, are also known as the war of inequalities, showing the bloody face of the USA. Technology and despair faced in these wars where a great genocide took place. However, the USA is looking for ways to glorify its own heroes by showing these wars as if they were fought between equals.

Anahtar Kelimeler

America,, USA,, Seminole,, Native American,, Florida,, Colonial

Kaynakça

• Anderson, Captain Michael G., Staff Ride Handbook for Dade’s Battle, Florida, 28 December 1835: A Study of Leadership in Irregular Conflict, Kansas 1984.
• Anderson, Roger Wendell, Andrew Jackson's Semınole Campaign of 1818: A Study in Historiography, (Master Thesis), Montana State University 1956.
• Archer, Layla Renee', Seminole Dolls, Seminole Life: An Exploration of Tourism and Culture, (Master Thesis, Florida State University, Department of Anthropology), Florida 2005.
• Beatty, Bob, “Tracks to Freedom: Central Florida and the Under Ground Railroad”, Reflections, Volume: 3, Number: 1, January 2005, pp. 12-14.
• Bennett, Bradley C., “An Introduction to the Seminole People of South Florida and Their Plants (Part I: History and Ethnology)”, The Palmetto, Summer 1997, pp. 20-21.
• Blakney-Bailey, Jane Anne, An Analysis Of Historic Creek And Seminole Settlement Patterns, Town Design, And Architecture: The Paynes Town Seminole Site (8al366), A Case Study, (Doctora, University of Florida), 2007.
• Brands, Henry William, “The United States in the World: A History of American Foreign Policy”, Volume: 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company), 1994, pp.73-82.
• Covington, James W., The Seminoles of Florida, Florida 2017.
• Dixon, Anthony E., Black Seminole Involvement And Leadership During The Second Seminole War, 1835-1842, (Doctora Thesis, İndiana University), 2007.
• Files, Douglas S., “Fort New Smyrna and the Second Seminole War in East Florida”, Florida Postal History Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3, October 2014, pp.3-20.
• Florida Seminole Wars: Heritage Trail, Ed. John and Mary Lou Missal, Florida 2015.
• Foreman, Carolyn Thomas, “Billy Bowlegs”, Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume: 33, Number: 4, pp. 512-532.
• Haney, John, “The Seminole Way: The Path To The 2011 Reestablishment of The Seminole Nation of Oklahoma Tribal Court System”, Tribal Law Journal, Volume: 15, 2015, p.1-29.
• Hobbs, Major Luster R., The Second Seminole War: Establishing Favorable Conditions For Conflict Resolution, (School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth), Kansas 2013.
• Hudson, Linda, Mistress of Manifest Destiny: A Biography of Jane McManus Storm Cazneau (Austin, TX: Texas State Historical Association), Texas 2001.
• Jackson, Andrew, John Spencer Bassett, David Maydole Matteson, Correspondence of Andrewn Jackson, Washington: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1926.
• Jamison, Ryan, “The Seminole Wars”, https://nhdinwi.weebly.com/uploads/2/8/9/9/28997259 minole.pdf
• Kasee, Cynthia, “Patchwork and PR: Seminole-Constructed P u blic Image”, Ethnic Studies Review, Volume: 23, 30 June 2020, pp.123-139.
• Knetsch, Joe, "The Hardships and Inconveniences: The Manatee River Forts during the Seminole Wars", Sunland Tribune, Volume: 25, Article: 7, 1999, p. 1-11.
• Knetsch, Joe, John Missall&Mary Lou Missall, History Of The Third Seminole War 1849-1858, Oxford 2018.
• Leon, Yolanda Ponce De, “Okeechobee Battlefield Festival Draws Attention To Saving Site”, The Seminole Tribune, Volume: XXII, Number: 4, 23 Mart 2001, pp. 8.
• Locks, Catherine, Sarah Mergel, Pamela Roseman, Tamara Spike and Marie Lasseter, History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877, Georgia/USA 2013.
• MacCauley, Clay, "The Seminole Indians of Florida", Fifth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1883-'84, published by the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1887, pp. 469-532.
• Mahon, John, “Two Seminole Treaties: Payne’s Landing, 1832, and Ft. Gibson,1833,” Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume:41, Number: 1 (Julay 1962), 1-21.
• Neumann, Claus-Peter, “The Complex Web of Othernesses in Marcus Gardley’s Play The Road Weeps, theWell Runs Dry”, Societies, Volume: 8, Number: 104, 2018, pp. 1-7.
• O'Callaghan, Bryn An Illustrated History of The Usa, Harlow 1990.
• Opala, Joseph A., The Gullah: Rice, Slavery and the Sierra Leone-American Connection, USİS 1987.
• Phelan, Steve, "Song of Wekiva: Florida’s Wild River and its Democratic Vista" (2010). Faculty Publications. 31. http://scholarship.rollins.edu/as_facpub/31).
• Remini, Robert V., A Short History of the United States, New York 2009.
• Rivers, Larry E., “The İndispensable Man”: John Horse and Florida’s Second Seminole War”, Journal of The Gah, Volume: XVIII, 1997, pp. 1-23.
• Scallet, Daniel, "This Inglorious War: The Second Seminole War, the Ad Hoc Origins of American Imperialism, and the Silence of Slavery, (Doctora Thesis, Washington University in St. Louis), Missouri 2011.
• Smith, John, “Heaven and Earth never agreed better to frame a place for man’s habitation”, Outline of U.S. History, Bureau Of International Information Programs U.S. Department of State 2011.
• Watts, Jill M., "We Do Not Live For Ourselves Only" Seminole Black Perceptions and the Second Seminole War”, UCLA Historical Journal, Volume: 7, İssue: 0, University of California 1986, pp. 5-28.
• Weisman, Brent R., “Newman’s Garden (8ci206): A Seminole Indian Site near Lake Tsala Apopka”, The Florida Anthropologist, 39(3), Filorida 1986, pp. 208-220.
• Wendt, John C., Marauders, Mud, And Money:The Mısapplıcatıon, Development, And Exploıtatıon Of Logıstıcs Durıng The Second Semınole War, 1835-1839, (Master Thesis, History Department at Texas A&M University), Texas 2018.
• White, John C., Jr., American Military Strategy During The Second Seminole War, (Masters of Science of Military Studies), USA 1995.
• Woods, Rebecca M., The Calusa and Seminole Indians: Before, During, and After Colonialism, (Thesis, Antropolog, Northern Illinoıs University), DeKalb, Illinois August 2006.