MEDICINAL PLANTS ALSO USED IN ANIMAL HEALTHCARE WHICH HAVE INTERACTION POTENTIALS WITH DRUGS
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 13 - 26, 08.05.2020
Mustafa Yipel
,
Aysun İlhan
,
İbrahim Ozan Tekeli
,
Fatma Ceren Kırgız
,
Erdinç Türk
,
Sara Buşra Emiroğlu
Öz
Plants have been used for thousands of years to increase production, preventing and treatment of diseases in animals. Plants; used simultaneously with conventional drugs in prevention and treatment have the potential to interact with drugs at a pharmacokinetic (Absorption: transporters, complex formation, gastrointestinal motility and pH; Distribution: binding to plasma proteins; Metabolism: Phases I and II reactions; Excretion: urine pH and modulation of transporters) and pharmacodynamic (antagonism, synergism and additive effects) level due to secondary compounds (alkaloids, glycosides, resins, etc.) they have. Although some interactions occur in the form of increased drug efficacy or reduced potential side effects, plant-drug interactions often occur as unwanted effects. These unwanted effects can occur as changes in pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, and AUC etc.), drug efficacy and toxicity. In this review, it is aimed to give information about medicinal plants, also used in animal health, which have unwanted interaction potential when used with medicines and changes that may occur as a result of the interaction.
Kaynakça
- Altınok Yipel, F., Yipel, M. Etnoveteriner Hekimlik (EVH). (2014). Türk Veteriner Hekimleri Birliği Dergisi. 14(1-2): 79-82.
- Asdaq, S. M., & Inamdar, M. N. (2010). Potential of garlic and its active constituent, S-allyl cysteine, as antihypertensive and cardioprotective in presence of captopril. Phytomedicine, 17(13), 1016-1026.
- Bagdonaitė, E., Mártonfi, P., Repčák, M., & Labokas, J. (2012). Variation in concentrations of major bioactive compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. from Lithuania. Industrial Crops and Products, 35(1), 302-308.
- Bakırel, T. (1998). Veteriner Toksikoloji Yönünden Trakya Bölgesi'nin Zehirli Bitkileri Üzerine Çalışmaları. Trakya Bölgesindeki Zehirli Bitki Türlerinin Yöredeki Yayılışları ile İçerdikleri Etken Maddelerin Kalitatif Yönden Saptanması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 125-142.
- Baxter, K., & Preston, C. L. (Eds.). (2010). Stockley's drug interactions (Vol. 495). London: Pharmaceutical Press.
- Baydar, H. (2009). Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Bilimi ve Teknolojisi (Genişletilmiş 3. Baskı). SDÜ Yayınları, (51), 194-212.
- Baytop, T. (2015). Türkçe bitki adları sözlüğü. Turk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
- Bressler, R. (2006). Grapefruit juice and prescription drug interactions. Geriatrics, 61(11).
- Burris, K. P., Harte, F. M., Davidson, P. M., Stewart Jr, C. N., & Zivanovic, S. (2012). Composition and bioactive properties of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): a review. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 72(2), 268.
- Butterweck, V., & Derendorf, H. (2008). Potential of pharmacokinetic profiling for detecting herbal interactions with drugs. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 47(6), 383-397.
- Calvo, M. I. (2006). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the topical preparation of Verbena officinalis L. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 107(3), 380-382.
- Chavez, M. L., Jordan, M. A., & Chavez, P. I. (2006). Evidence-based drug–herbal interactions. Life sciences, 78(18), 2146-2157.
- Chen, X. W., B Sneed, K., Pan, S. Y., Cao, C., R Kanwar, J., Chew, H., & Zhou, S. F. (2012). Herb-drug interactions and mechanistic and clinical considerations. Current drug metabolism, 13(5), 640-651.
- Cuciureanu, M., Vlase, L., Muntean, D., Varlan, I., & Cuciureanu, R. (2010). Grapefruit Juice Drug Interactions: Importance For Pharmacotherapy. The Medical-Surgical Journal, 114(3), 885-891.
- de Santos Galíndez, J., Díaz Lanza, A., & Fernandez Matellano, L. (2002). Biologically active substances from the genus Scrophularia. Pharmaceutical biology, 40(1), 45-59.
- Dueñas, M., Hernández, T., Lamparski, G., Estrella, I., & Muñoz, R. (2012). Bioactive phenolic compounds of soybean (Glycine max cv. Merit): modifications by different microbiological fermentations. Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences, 62(4), 241-250.
- George, P. (2011). Concerns regarding the safety and toxicity of medicinal plants-An overview. Journal of applied pharmaceutical science, 1(6), 40-44.
- Gezmen Karadağ, M., Türközü, D., & Topağaç Kapucu, D. (2013). Bitkiler ve ilaç etkileşimleri. Medeniyet Medical Journal, 28(4), 164-170
- Gharagozloo, M., Moayedi, B., Zakerinia, M., Hamidi, M., Karimi, M., Maracy, M., & Amirghofran, Z. (2009). Combined therapy of silymarin and desferrioxamine in patients with β‐thalassemia major: a randomized double‐blind clinical trial. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 23(3), 359-365.
- Greenblatt, D. J. (2009). Analysis of drug interactions involving fruit beverages and organic anion‐transporting polypeptides. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 49(12), 1403-1407.
- Gupta, R. C., Srivastava, A., & Lall, R. (Eds.). (2019). Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. Springer.
- Gurib-Fakim, A. (2006). Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Molecular aspects of Medicine, 27(1), 1-93.
- Hanley, M. J., Cancalon, P., Widmer, W. W., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2011). The effect of grapefruit juice on drug disposition. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 7(3), 267-286.
- Hervert-Hernández, D., Sáyago-Ayerdi, S. G., & GONi, I. S. A. B. E. L. (2010). Bioactive compounds of four hot pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.), antioxidant capacity, and intestinal bioaccessibility. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(6), 3399-3406
- Honda, Y., Ushigome, F., Koyabu, N., Morimoto, S., Shoyama, Y., Uchiumi, T., ... & Sawada, Y. (2004). Effects of grapefruit juice and orange juice components on P‐glycoprotein‐and MRP2‐mediated drug efflux. British journal of pharmacology, 143(7), 856-864.
- Huang, Y., Jiang, B., Nuntanakorn, P., Kennelly, E. J., Shord, S., Lawal, T. O., ... & Mahady, G. B. (2010). Fukinolic acid derivatives and triterpene glycosides from black cohosh inhibit CYP isozymes, but are not cytotoxic to Hep-G2 cells in vitro. Current drug safety, 5(2), 118-124.
- Isanga, J., & Zhang, G. N. (2008). Soybean bioactive components and their implications to health—a review. Food reviews international, 24(2), 252-276.
- Kaya, S. (2007). Veteriner Farmakoloji, Ed; Sezai Kaya, 2. Cilt, 4. Baskı. Medisan Yayın Serisi, Ankara, 731-782. Kaya, S. (2008). Tıbbi Botanik ve Tıbbi Bitkiler. Medisan Yayınevi. Ankara
- Kaya, S., Ünsal, A. (2006). Veteriner Farmakoloji, Ed; Sezai Kaya, 1. Cilt, 4. Baskı. Medisan Yayın Serisi, Ankara, 108-121.
- Kaya,S. 2011. Tıbbi Bitkiler ve Bitkisel Maddelerle Tedavi. Vet.Farmakol.Toksikol.Derneği Bült. 4: 3-7.
- Kim, H., Yoon, Y. J., Shon, J. H., Cha, I. J., Shin, J. G., & Liu, K. H. (2006). Inhibitory effects of fruit juices on CYP3A activity. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 34(4), 521-523.
- Konishi, T., Satsu, H., Hatsugai, Y., Aizawa, K., Inakuma, T., Nagata, S., ... & Shimizu, M. (2004). Inhibitory effect of a bitter melon extract on the P‐glycoprotein activity in intestinal Caco‐2 cells. British journal of pharmacology, 143(3), 379-387.
- Luís, Â., Domingues, F., Gil, C., & Duarte, A. P. (2009). Antioxidant activity of extracts of Portuguese shrubs: Pterospartum tridentatum, Cytisus scoparius and Erica spp. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(11), 886-893.
- Mertens‐Talcott, S. U., Zadezensky, I., De Castro, W. V., Derendorf, H., & Butterweck, V. (2006). Grapefruit‐drug interactions: can interactions with drugs be avoided?. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 46(12), 1390-1416.
- Pang, X., Cheng, J., Krausz, K. W., Guo, D. A., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2011). Pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of Cyp3a by black cohosh. Xenobiotica, 41(2), 112-123.
- Poppenga, R. H. (2002). Herbal medicine: potential for intoxication and interactions with conventional drugs. Clinical techniques in small animal practice, 17(1), 6-18.
- Prokop, P., & Fančovičová, J. (2019). The perception of toxic and non-toxic plants by children and adolescents with regard to gender: implications for teaching botany. Journal of Biological Education, 53(4), 463-473.
- Rajput, S. B., Tonge, M. B., & Karuppayil, S. M. (2014). An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn.(Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine, 21(3), 268-276.
- Rebey, I. B., Wannes, W. A., Kaab, S. B., Bourgou, S., Tounsi, M. S., Ksouri, R., & Fauconnier, M. L. (2019). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Pimpinella anisum L. accessions at different ripening stages. Scientia horticulturae, 246, 453-461.
- Rodríguez‐Fragoso, L., Martínez‐Arismendi, J. L., Orozco‐Bustos, D., Reyes‐Esparza, J., Torres, E., & Burchiel, S. W. (2011). Potential risks resulting from fruit/vegetable–drug interactions: effects on drug‐metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Journal of food science, 76(4), R112-R124.
- Satoh, H., Yamashita, F., Tsujimoto, M., Murakami, H., Koyabu, N., Ohtani, H., & Sawada, Y. (2005). Citrus juices inhibit the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug metabolism and disposition, 33(4), 518-523.
- Sellami, I. H., Bettaieb, I., Bourgou, S., Dahmani, R., Limam, F., & Marzouk, B. (2012). Essential oil and aroma composition of leaves, stalks and roots of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) from Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24(6), 513-521.
- Shi, S., & Klotz, U. (2012). Drug interactions with herbal medicines. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 51(2), 77-104.
- Shord, S. S., Shah, K., & Lukose, A. (2009). Drug—Botanical Interactions: A Review of the Laboratory, Animal, and Human Data for 8 Common Botanicals. Integrative cancer therapies, 8(3), 208-227.
- Şenkul, Ç., & Kaya, S. (2017). Türkiye endemik bitkilerinin coğrafi dağılışı. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (69), 109-120.
- Tarirai, C., Viljoen, A. M., & Hamman, J. H. (2010). Herb–drug pharmacokinetic interactions reviewed. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 6(12), 1515-1538.
- Unger, M. (2010). Pharmacokinetic drug interactions by herbal drugs: Critical evaluation and clinical relevance. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 160(21-22), 571-577.
- Van Wyk, B. E., & Wink, M. (2018). Medicinal plants of the world. CABI.
- WHO (World Health Organization). (1999). WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol. 1). World Health Organization.
- Williamson, E. M. (2003). Drug interactions between herbal and prescription medicines. Drug safety, 26(15), 1075-1092.
- World Health Organization. (1999). WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol. 2). World Health Organization.
- Wynn, S. G., & Fougere, B. (2006). Veterinary herbal medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences.
- Xia, Y. G., Li, G. Y., Liang, J., Yang, B. Y., Lü, S. W., & Kuang, H. X. (2014). Genus caulophyllum: an overview of chemistry and bioactivity. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2014.
- Xie, H. (2011). Toxicity of Chinese Veterinary Herbal Medicines. American Journal of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, 6(2).
- Yang, X. X., Hu, Z. P., Duan, W., Zhu, Y. Z., & Zhou, S. F. (2006). Drug-herb interactions: eliminating toxicity with hard drug design. Current pharmaceutical design, 12(35), 4649-4664.
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- Yoo, H. H., Lee, M., Chung, H. J., Lee, S. K., & Kim, D. H. (2007). Effects of diosmin, a flavonoid glycoside in citrus fruits, on P-glycoprotein-mediated drug efflux in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(18), 7620-7625.
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İLAÇLARLA ETKİLEŞİM POTANSİYELİNE SAHİP HAYVAN SAĞLIĞINDA DA KULLANILAN TIBBİ BİTKİLER
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 13 - 26, 08.05.2020
Mustafa Yipel
,
Aysun İlhan
,
İbrahim Ozan Tekeli
,
Fatma Ceren Kırgız
,
Erdinç Türk
,
Sara Buşra Emiroğlu
Öz
Bitkiler, binlerce yıldır hayvanlarda verimin artırılması, hastalıklardan korunma ve tedavi amacıyla kullanılmaktadır. Korunma ve tedavide konvansiyonel ilaçlarla eş zamanlı olarak kullanılan bitkiler, sahip oldukları ikincil bileşikler (alkaloidler, glikozitler, reçineler gibi) nedeniyle ilaçlarla aralarında farmakokinetik (Emilim: taşıyıcılar, kompleks oluşumu, gastrointestinal motilite ve pH; Dağılım: plazma proteinlerine bağlanma; Biyotransformasyon: Faz I ve II tepkimeleri; Atılım: idrar pH'sı ve taşıyıcıların modülasyonu) ve farmakodinamik (antagonizma, sinerjizma ve ilave etki) düzeyde etkileşme potansiyeline sahiplerdir. Bazı etkileşimler ilaç etkinliğinin artması veya potansiyel yan etkilerinin azalması şeklinde ortaya çıksa da bitki-ilaç etkileşimleri çoğunlukla istenmeyen etkiler şeklinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu istenmeyen etkiler farmakokinetik parametrelerde (Ydoruk, Cdoruk, EAA gibi), ilaç etkinliğinde ve toksisite düzeyinde değişiklikler şeklinde meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu derlemede ilaçlarla beraber kullanıldıklarında istenmeyen etkileşim potansiyellerine sahip hayvan sağlığında da kullanılan tıbbi bitkiler ve etkileşim sonucu meydana gelebilecek değişiklikler hakkında bilgi vermek amaçlanmıştır.
Kaynakça
- Altınok Yipel, F., Yipel, M. Etnoveteriner Hekimlik (EVH). (2014). Türk Veteriner Hekimleri Birliği Dergisi. 14(1-2): 79-82.
- Asdaq, S. M., & Inamdar, M. N. (2010). Potential of garlic and its active constituent, S-allyl cysteine, as antihypertensive and cardioprotective in presence of captopril. Phytomedicine, 17(13), 1016-1026.
- Bagdonaitė, E., Mártonfi, P., Repčák, M., & Labokas, J. (2012). Variation in concentrations of major bioactive compounds in Hypericum perforatum L. from Lithuania. Industrial Crops and Products, 35(1), 302-308.
- Bakırel, T. (1998). Veteriner Toksikoloji Yönünden Trakya Bölgesi'nin Zehirli Bitkileri Üzerine Çalışmaları. Trakya Bölgesindeki Zehirli Bitki Türlerinin Yöredeki Yayılışları ile İçerdikleri Etken Maddelerin Kalitatif Yönden Saptanması. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 125-142.
- Baxter, K., & Preston, C. L. (Eds.). (2010). Stockley's drug interactions (Vol. 495). London: Pharmaceutical Press.
- Baydar, H. (2009). Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Bilimi ve Teknolojisi (Genişletilmiş 3. Baskı). SDÜ Yayınları, (51), 194-212.
- Baytop, T. (2015). Türkçe bitki adları sözlüğü. Turk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
- Bressler, R. (2006). Grapefruit juice and prescription drug interactions. Geriatrics, 61(11).
- Burris, K. P., Harte, F. M., Davidson, P. M., Stewart Jr, C. N., & Zivanovic, S. (2012). Composition and bioactive properties of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.): a review. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 72(2), 268.
- Butterweck, V., & Derendorf, H. (2008). Potential of pharmacokinetic profiling for detecting herbal interactions with drugs. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 47(6), 383-397.
- Calvo, M. I. (2006). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of the topical preparation of Verbena officinalis L. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 107(3), 380-382.
- Chavez, M. L., Jordan, M. A., & Chavez, P. I. (2006). Evidence-based drug–herbal interactions. Life sciences, 78(18), 2146-2157.
- Chen, X. W., B Sneed, K., Pan, S. Y., Cao, C., R Kanwar, J., Chew, H., & Zhou, S. F. (2012). Herb-drug interactions and mechanistic and clinical considerations. Current drug metabolism, 13(5), 640-651.
- Cuciureanu, M., Vlase, L., Muntean, D., Varlan, I., & Cuciureanu, R. (2010). Grapefruit Juice Drug Interactions: Importance For Pharmacotherapy. The Medical-Surgical Journal, 114(3), 885-891.
- de Santos Galíndez, J., Díaz Lanza, A., & Fernandez Matellano, L. (2002). Biologically active substances from the genus Scrophularia. Pharmaceutical biology, 40(1), 45-59.
- Dueñas, M., Hernández, T., Lamparski, G., Estrella, I., & Muñoz, R. (2012). Bioactive phenolic compounds of soybean (Glycine max cv. Merit): modifications by different microbiological fermentations. Polish journal of food and nutrition sciences, 62(4), 241-250.
- George, P. (2011). Concerns regarding the safety and toxicity of medicinal plants-An overview. Journal of applied pharmaceutical science, 1(6), 40-44.
- Gezmen Karadağ, M., Türközü, D., & Topağaç Kapucu, D. (2013). Bitkiler ve ilaç etkileşimleri. Medeniyet Medical Journal, 28(4), 164-170
- Gharagozloo, M., Moayedi, B., Zakerinia, M., Hamidi, M., Karimi, M., Maracy, M., & Amirghofran, Z. (2009). Combined therapy of silymarin and desferrioxamine in patients with β‐thalassemia major: a randomized double‐blind clinical trial. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 23(3), 359-365.
- Greenblatt, D. J. (2009). Analysis of drug interactions involving fruit beverages and organic anion‐transporting polypeptides. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 49(12), 1403-1407.
- Gupta, R. C., Srivastava, A., & Lall, R. (Eds.). (2019). Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. Springer.
- Gurib-Fakim, A. (2006). Medicinal plants: traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Molecular aspects of Medicine, 27(1), 1-93.
- Hanley, M. J., Cancalon, P., Widmer, W. W., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2011). The effect of grapefruit juice on drug disposition. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 7(3), 267-286.
- Hervert-Hernández, D., Sáyago-Ayerdi, S. G., & GONi, I. S. A. B. E. L. (2010). Bioactive compounds of four hot pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L.), antioxidant capacity, and intestinal bioaccessibility. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(6), 3399-3406
- Honda, Y., Ushigome, F., Koyabu, N., Morimoto, S., Shoyama, Y., Uchiumi, T., ... & Sawada, Y. (2004). Effects of grapefruit juice and orange juice components on P‐glycoprotein‐and MRP2‐mediated drug efflux. British journal of pharmacology, 143(7), 856-864.
- Huang, Y., Jiang, B., Nuntanakorn, P., Kennelly, E. J., Shord, S., Lawal, T. O., ... & Mahady, G. B. (2010). Fukinolic acid derivatives and triterpene glycosides from black cohosh inhibit CYP isozymes, but are not cytotoxic to Hep-G2 cells in vitro. Current drug safety, 5(2), 118-124.
- Isanga, J., & Zhang, G. N. (2008). Soybean bioactive components and their implications to health—a review. Food reviews international, 24(2), 252-276.
- Kaya, S. (2007). Veteriner Farmakoloji, Ed; Sezai Kaya, 2. Cilt, 4. Baskı. Medisan Yayın Serisi, Ankara, 731-782. Kaya, S. (2008). Tıbbi Botanik ve Tıbbi Bitkiler. Medisan Yayınevi. Ankara
- Kaya, S., Ünsal, A. (2006). Veteriner Farmakoloji, Ed; Sezai Kaya, 1. Cilt, 4. Baskı. Medisan Yayın Serisi, Ankara, 108-121.
- Kaya,S. 2011. Tıbbi Bitkiler ve Bitkisel Maddelerle Tedavi. Vet.Farmakol.Toksikol.Derneği Bült. 4: 3-7.
- Kim, H., Yoon, Y. J., Shon, J. H., Cha, I. J., Shin, J. G., & Liu, K. H. (2006). Inhibitory effects of fruit juices on CYP3A activity. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 34(4), 521-523.
- Konishi, T., Satsu, H., Hatsugai, Y., Aizawa, K., Inakuma, T., Nagata, S., ... & Shimizu, M. (2004). Inhibitory effect of a bitter melon extract on the P‐glycoprotein activity in intestinal Caco‐2 cells. British journal of pharmacology, 143(3), 379-387.
- Luís, Â., Domingues, F., Gil, C., & Duarte, A. P. (2009). Antioxidant activity of extracts of Portuguese shrubs: Pterospartum tridentatum, Cytisus scoparius and Erica spp. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(11), 886-893.
- Mertens‐Talcott, S. U., Zadezensky, I., De Castro, W. V., Derendorf, H., & Butterweck, V. (2006). Grapefruit‐drug interactions: can interactions with drugs be avoided?. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 46(12), 1390-1416.
- Pang, X., Cheng, J., Krausz, K. W., Guo, D. A., & Gonzalez, F. J. (2011). Pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of Cyp3a by black cohosh. Xenobiotica, 41(2), 112-123.
- Poppenga, R. H. (2002). Herbal medicine: potential for intoxication and interactions with conventional drugs. Clinical techniques in small animal practice, 17(1), 6-18.
- Prokop, P., & Fančovičová, J. (2019). The perception of toxic and non-toxic plants by children and adolescents with regard to gender: implications for teaching botany. Journal of Biological Education, 53(4), 463-473.
- Rajput, S. B., Tonge, M. B., & Karuppayil, S. M. (2014). An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn.(Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. Phytomedicine, 21(3), 268-276.
- Rebey, I. B., Wannes, W. A., Kaab, S. B., Bourgou, S., Tounsi, M. S., Ksouri, R., & Fauconnier, M. L. (2019). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Pimpinella anisum L. accessions at different ripening stages. Scientia horticulturae, 246, 453-461.
- Rodríguez‐Fragoso, L., Martínez‐Arismendi, J. L., Orozco‐Bustos, D., Reyes‐Esparza, J., Torres, E., & Burchiel, S. W. (2011). Potential risks resulting from fruit/vegetable–drug interactions: effects on drug‐metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Journal of food science, 76(4), R112-R124.
- Satoh, H., Yamashita, F., Tsujimoto, M., Murakami, H., Koyabu, N., Ohtani, H., & Sawada, Y. (2005). Citrus juices inhibit the function of human organic anion-transporting polypeptide OATP-B. Drug metabolism and disposition, 33(4), 518-523.
- Sellami, I. H., Bettaieb, I., Bourgou, S., Dahmani, R., Limam, F., & Marzouk, B. (2012). Essential oil and aroma composition of leaves, stalks and roots of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) from Tunisia. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 24(6), 513-521.
- Shi, S., & Klotz, U. (2012). Drug interactions with herbal medicines. Clinical pharmacokinetics, 51(2), 77-104.
- Shord, S. S., Shah, K., & Lukose, A. (2009). Drug—Botanical Interactions: A Review of the Laboratory, Animal, and Human Data for 8 Common Botanicals. Integrative cancer therapies, 8(3), 208-227.
- Şenkul, Ç., & Kaya, S. (2017). Türkiye endemik bitkilerinin coğrafi dağılışı. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (69), 109-120.
- Tarirai, C., Viljoen, A. M., & Hamman, J. H. (2010). Herb–drug pharmacokinetic interactions reviewed. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 6(12), 1515-1538.
- Unger, M. (2010). Pharmacokinetic drug interactions by herbal drugs: Critical evaluation and clinical relevance. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 160(21-22), 571-577.
- Van Wyk, B. E., & Wink, M. (2018). Medicinal plants of the world. CABI.
- WHO (World Health Organization). (1999). WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol. 1). World Health Organization.
- Williamson, E. M. (2003). Drug interactions between herbal and prescription medicines. Drug safety, 26(15), 1075-1092.
- World Health Organization. (1999). WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants (Vol. 2). World Health Organization.
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