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METABOLIC SYNDROME

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 79 - 87, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1295473

Öz

Metabolic syndrome is a common health problem, is an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Metabolic syndrome is a type of disorder that occurs as a result of the coexistence of insulin resistance and obesity-like findings, hipertriglisemi, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, stress, low HDL, hyperglycemia, inflammation, adipocyte-derived aldosterone-releasing factors, sleep apnea, etc. The same criteria and symptoms are valid for the disease in animals, and similar definitions are made for animals. In recent years, interest in metabolic syndrome, its causes and consequences has increased in veterinary medicine as well as in human medicine. In the formation of the disease, with the development of industry and technology, besides genetic factors urbanization, sedentary life, fast and high-calorie food consumption and many environmental factors such as smoking and alcohol use play role. In addition to this, many situations are shown in animals such as breed, neutralism, relationship with the owner, ration content, loss of hunter, catcher, etc. characteristics by assimilating to today's conditions. Many internationally recognized institutions such as the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) ATPIII, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Turkish Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism have made definitions for metabolic syndrome. In this article, metabolic syndrome, which has a significant impact on human and animal life, is examined in general terms.

Kaynakça

  • Acierno, M. J., Brown, S., Coleman, A. E., Jepson, R. E., Papich, M., Stepien, R. L. & Syme, H. M. (2020). ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Nephrology and Urology Society, 12 (1), 30-49.
  • Akan, G. (2012). Investigation of 11β HSD-1 and PAI-1 gene expressions in liver and visceral adipose tissues of rats with metabolic syndrome. Master’s thesis, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul.
  • Akyol, A. D. (2006). Metabolic syndrome. Journal of Ege University Faculty of Nursing, 23 (2), 173-182.
  • Aronov, D. M. (2012). Statins–the basic medicine for a real decline in mortality from CHD. Russkij medicinskij zhurnal–Russian Medical Journal, 4, 1-7.
  • Ata, A. Y. & Ergün, A. T. D. (2007). The role of cytokines in obesity and metabolic syndrome (Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology).
  • Ayinapudi, K., Singh, T., Motwani, A., Le Jemtel, T. H. & Oparil, S. (2018). Obesity and pulmonary hypertension. Current Reports of Hypertension, 20 (12), 1-8.
  • Barros, D. & García-Río, F. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea and dyslipidemia: from animal models to clinical evidence. Sleep, 42 (3), 236.
  • Blouin, K., Boivin, A. & Tchernof, A. (2008). Androgens and body fat distribution. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 108 (3-5), 272-280.
  • Chait, A. & Den Hartigh, L. J. (2020). Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and metabolic consequences including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Boundaries in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7, 22.
  • Cornier, M. A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R. & Eckel, R. H. (2008). The metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Reviews, 29 (7), 777-822.
  • Daradics, Z., Crecan, C. M., Russian, M. A., Morar, I. A., Mircean, M. V., Cătoi, A. F & Cătoi, C. (2021). Obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in dairy cows and horses: comparison with human metabolic syndrome. Life, 11 (12), 1406.
  • Durham, A. E., Frank, N., McGowan, C. M., Menzies-Gow, N. J., Roelfsema, E., Vervuert, I. & Fey, K. (2019). ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33 (2), 335-349.
  • Elitok, G. K., Duru, N. S., Elevli, M., Aydan, Z. & Karşıdağ, K. (2019). Evaluation of metabolic syndrome prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome in secondary school children. Şişli Etfal Hospital Type Bulletin, 53 (4), 403-408.
  • Fan, Z., Bian, Z., Huang, H., Liu, T., Ren, R., Chen, X. & Zhang, L. (2023). Nutritional Strategies for Reducing Stress in Pet Dogs and Cats. Antioxidants, 12 (3), 545.
  • Frank, N., Geor, R. J., Bailey, S. R., Durham, A. E. & Johnson, P. J. (2010). Equine metabolic syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24 (3), 467-475.
  • Fujita, T. (2010). Mineralocorticoid receptors, salt-sensitive hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Hypertension, 55 (4), 813-818.
  • German, A. J. (2006). Increasing obesity problem in dogs and cats. Journal of Nutrition, 136 (7), 1940S-1946S. Giugliano, D., Ceriello, A. & Esposito, K. (2008). Glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87 (1), 217S-222S.
  • Guyton, A. C. & Hall, J. E. (2007). Medical physiology textbook. EGC.
  • Gündoğan, K., Bayram, F., Gedik, V., Kaya, A., Karaman, A., Demir, O. & Coşkun, R. (2013). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to ATP III and IDF criteria and related factors in Turkish adults. Medical science archives: AMS, 9 (2), 243.
  • Hiding, M. G. (2018). The Global Outbreak of Metabolic Syndrome. Current Hypertension Reports, 20 (2), 12.
  • Işıldak, M., Güven, G.S. & Gürlek, A. (2004). Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance. Hacettepe Medical Journal, 35, 96-99.
  • Johnson, P. J. (2002). Equine metabolic syndrome: Peripheral Cushing’s syndrome. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice, 18 (2), 271-293.
  • Johnson, P. J., Wiedmeyer, C. E., LaCarrubba, A., Ganjam, V. S. & Messer, N. T. (2012). Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in equines. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 6 (3), 534-540.
  • Kozan, O., Oğuz, A., Abacı, A., Erol, C., Öngen, Z., Temizhan, A. & Çelik, S. (2007). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Turkish adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61 (4), 548-553.
  • Miceli, D. D., Guevara, J. M., Ferraris, S., Pignataro, O. P. & Gallelli, M. F. (2022). Treatment of feline secondary hypertriglyceridemia with fenofibrate. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 24 (8), e251-e257.
  • Nader, N., Chrousos, G. P. & Kino, T. (2010). Interactions of the circadian CLOCK system and the HPA axis. Endocrinology and Metabolism Trends, 21 (5), 277-286.
  • National Diabetes Consensus Group (2019). Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Diabetes Foundation of Turkey. Erişim Adresi: https://www.turkdiab.org/admin/PICS/ files/Diyabet_Tani_ve_Tedavi_Rehberi_2019.pdf.
  • Nelson, R. W. & Reusch, C. E. (2014). Animal disease models: classification and etiology of diabetes in dogs and cats. Journal of Endocrinology, 222 (3), T1-T9.
  • Niaz, K., Maqbool, F., Khan, F., Hassan, F. I., Momtaz, S. & Abdollahi, M. (2018). Comparative occurrence of diabetes in dogs, cats and several wild animals and their association with pancreatic diseases and ketoacidosis with therapeutic approach. Veterinary World, 11 (4), 410.
  • Nizamlıoğlu, M. (1998). Lipids. Biochemistry Book, p: 174-212.
  • Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M. & Arai, T. (2017). Comparison of visceral fat deposition and metabolome markers among cats with variable BCS and new classification of feline obesity and metabolic syndrome. Boundaries in Veterinary Science, 4, 17.
  • Onat, A., Ceyhan, K., Sansoy, V., Keleş, I., Erer, B. & Uysal, Ö. (2001). Classification of Turkish Adults Based on Dyslipidemia and on Lipoprotein Phenotype. Turkish Society of Cardiology Archive, 29 (5), 274-285.
  • Radin, M. J., Sharkey, L. C. & Holycross, B. J. (2009). Adipokines: a review of biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats and horses. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 38 (2), 136-156.
  • Ribeiro, R. M., Ribeiro, D. D. S. F., Cota, L. O., Carvalho, A. M., de Oliveira Gobesso, A. A. & Faleiros, R. R. (2023). Comparison of Friedewald Formula with Direct Method for Determination of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Serum Levels in Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 122, 104230.
  • Stewart, P. M., Boulton, A., Kumar, S., Clark, P. M. & Shackleton, C. H. (1999). Cortisol metabolism in human obesity: impaired cortisone, cortisol conversion in individuals with central adiposity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84 (3), 1022-1027.
  • Şenol, E. (2009). The relationship between metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria and hormone profile in postmenopausal women and cardiovascular risk. Specialization thesis, T.C. Ministry of Health Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul.
  • Tumpa, A. & Barić, R. R. (2019). Metabolic disorders and inflammation in obese dogs, cats, horses and cattle. Veterinarska Stanica, 50 (5), 481-494.
  • Turkish Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2018). Obesity Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Erişim Adresi: https://temd.org.tr/admin/uploads/tbl_kilavuz/ 20190506163904-2019tbl_kilavuz5ccdcb9e5d.pdf.
  • Vgontzas, A. N., Papanicolaou, D. A., Bixler, E. O., Hopper, K., Lotsikas, A., Lin, H. M. & Chrousos, G. P. (2000). Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: association with visceral obesity, insulin resistance and hypertostocinemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85 (3), 1151-1158.
  • Waitt, L. H. & Cebra, C. K. (2009). Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to insulin therapy in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995–2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234 (7), 915-919.
  • Ward, E., German, A. J., Churchill, J. A. (2019). Global pet obesity initiative position statement. Pet Obesity Prevention Association.
  • Yang, Y. M., Fukui, M., Wang, Z., Miao, F., Karriker, M. J. & Seki, E. (2018). Interventional potential of recombinant feline hepatocyte growth factor in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 378.
  • Yuan, G., Al-Shali, K. Z. & Hegele, R. A. (2007). Hypertriglyceridemia: etiology, effects and treatment. CMAJ, 176 (8), 1113–1120.

METABOLİK SENDROM

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 79 - 87, 01.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1295473

Öz

Dünyada sıkça görülen sağlık problemlerinden biri olan metabolik sendrom önemli bir mortalite ve morbidite nedenidir. Metabolik sendrom obezite ve insülin direnci, tip2 diyabetes mellitus, hipertriglisemi, hiperglisemi, hipertansiyon, dislipidemi, non-alkolik yağlı karaciğer hastalığı, HDL düşüklüğü, inflamasyon, adiposit türevli aldosteron salgılayıcı faktörler, stres, uyku apnesi vb. klinik belirtilerinin bir arada gelişmesiyle ortaya çıkmaktadır. Hayvanlarda benzer tanı kriterleri gözlemlenmiş ve metabolik sendrom tanımlanmıştır. Son yıllarda, insan hekimliğinde olduğu gibi veteriner hekimliğinde de metabolik sendroma, nedenlerine ve sonuçlarına ilgi artmıştır. Hastalığın oluşmasında sanayinin ve teknolojinin gelişmesiyle birlikte kentleşme, hareketsiz yaşam, hızlı ve kalorisi yüksek gıda tüketimi, sigara ve alkol kullanımı gibi pek çok çevresel etmenlerin yanında, kalıtımsal nedenler de rol oynamaktadır. Hayvanlarda buna ek olarak cins, kısırlaştırma, sahibiyle olan ilişkisi, rasyon içeriği, günümüz koşullarına asimile olarak avcı, yakalayıcı vb. özelliklerini yitirmesi gibi pek çok durum gösterilmektedir. Metabolik sendrom için Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO), Uluslararası Diyabet Federasyonu (IDF), Ulusal Kolesterol Eğitim Programı (NCEP) ATPIII, Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği gibi çok sayıda uluslararası geçerliliği olan kurumlar tanımlamalarda bulunmuştur. Bu derlemede amaç insan ve hayvan yaşamı üzerinde kritik etkisi olan metabolik sendromu genel hatlarıyla anlatmak ve önemini vurgulamaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Acierno, M. J., Brown, S., Coleman, A. E., Jepson, R. E., Papich, M., Stepien, R. L. & Syme, H. M. (2020). ACVIM consensus statement: guidelines for the identification, evaluation, and management of systemic hypertension in dogs and cats. Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Nephrology and Urology Society, 12 (1), 30-49.
  • Akan, G. (2012). Investigation of 11β HSD-1 and PAI-1 gene expressions in liver and visceral adipose tissues of rats with metabolic syndrome. Master’s thesis, Istanbul Bilim University, Istanbul.
  • Akyol, A. D. (2006). Metabolic syndrome. Journal of Ege University Faculty of Nursing, 23 (2), 173-182.
  • Aronov, D. M. (2012). Statins–the basic medicine for a real decline in mortality from CHD. Russkij medicinskij zhurnal–Russian Medical Journal, 4, 1-7.
  • Ata, A. Y. & Ergün, A. T. D. (2007). The role of cytokines in obesity and metabolic syndrome (Doctoral dissertation, Ankara University Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology).
  • Ayinapudi, K., Singh, T., Motwani, A., Le Jemtel, T. H. & Oparil, S. (2018). Obesity and pulmonary hypertension. Current Reports of Hypertension, 20 (12), 1-8.
  • Barros, D. & García-Río, F. (2019). Obstructive sleep apnea and dyslipidemia: from animal models to clinical evidence. Sleep, 42 (3), 236.
  • Blouin, K., Boivin, A. & Tchernof, A. (2008). Androgens and body fat distribution. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 108 (3-5), 272-280.
  • Chait, A. & Den Hartigh, L. J. (2020). Adipose tissue distribution, inflammation and metabolic consequences including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Boundaries in Cardiovascular Medicine, 7, 22.
  • Cornier, M. A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R. & Eckel, R. H. (2008). The metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Reviews, 29 (7), 777-822.
  • Daradics, Z., Crecan, C. M., Russian, M. A., Morar, I. A., Mircean, M. V., Cătoi, A. F & Cătoi, C. (2021). Obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in dairy cows and horses: comparison with human metabolic syndrome. Life, 11 (12), 1406.
  • Durham, A. E., Frank, N., McGowan, C. M., Menzies-Gow, N. J., Roelfsema, E., Vervuert, I. & Fey, K. (2019). ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 33 (2), 335-349.
  • Elitok, G. K., Duru, N. S., Elevli, M., Aydan, Z. & Karşıdağ, K. (2019). Evaluation of metabolic syndrome prevalence and components of metabolic syndrome in secondary school children. Şişli Etfal Hospital Type Bulletin, 53 (4), 403-408.
  • Fan, Z., Bian, Z., Huang, H., Liu, T., Ren, R., Chen, X. & Zhang, L. (2023). Nutritional Strategies for Reducing Stress in Pet Dogs and Cats. Antioxidants, 12 (3), 545.
  • Frank, N., Geor, R. J., Bailey, S. R., Durham, A. E. & Johnson, P. J. (2010). Equine metabolic syndrome. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24 (3), 467-475.
  • Fujita, T. (2010). Mineralocorticoid receptors, salt-sensitive hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Hypertension, 55 (4), 813-818.
  • German, A. J. (2006). Increasing obesity problem in dogs and cats. Journal of Nutrition, 136 (7), 1940S-1946S. Giugliano, D., Ceriello, A. & Esposito, K. (2008). Glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87 (1), 217S-222S.
  • Guyton, A. C. & Hall, J. E. (2007). Medical physiology textbook. EGC.
  • Gündoğan, K., Bayram, F., Gedik, V., Kaya, A., Karaman, A., Demir, O. & Coşkun, R. (2013). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to ATP III and IDF criteria and related factors in Turkish adults. Medical science archives: AMS, 9 (2), 243.
  • Hiding, M. G. (2018). The Global Outbreak of Metabolic Syndrome. Current Hypertension Reports, 20 (2), 12.
  • Işıldak, M., Güven, G.S. & Gürlek, A. (2004). Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance. Hacettepe Medical Journal, 35, 96-99.
  • Johnson, P. J. (2002). Equine metabolic syndrome: Peripheral Cushing’s syndrome. Veterinary Clinics: Equine Practice, 18 (2), 271-293.
  • Johnson, P. J., Wiedmeyer, C. E., LaCarrubba, A., Ganjam, V. S. & Messer, N. T. (2012). Diabetes, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome in equines. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 6 (3), 534-540.
  • Kozan, O., Oğuz, A., Abacı, A., Erol, C., Öngen, Z., Temizhan, A. & Çelik, S. (2007). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Turkish adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61 (4), 548-553.
  • Miceli, D. D., Guevara, J. M., Ferraris, S., Pignataro, O. P. & Gallelli, M. F. (2022). Treatment of feline secondary hypertriglyceridemia with fenofibrate. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 24 (8), e251-e257.
  • Nader, N., Chrousos, G. P. & Kino, T. (2010). Interactions of the circadian CLOCK system and the HPA axis. Endocrinology and Metabolism Trends, 21 (5), 277-286.
  • National Diabetes Consensus Group (2019). Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Diabetes Foundation of Turkey. Erişim Adresi: https://www.turkdiab.org/admin/PICS/ files/Diyabet_Tani_ve_Tedavi_Rehberi_2019.pdf.
  • Nelson, R. W. & Reusch, C. E. (2014). Animal disease models: classification and etiology of diabetes in dogs and cats. Journal of Endocrinology, 222 (3), T1-T9.
  • Niaz, K., Maqbool, F., Khan, F., Hassan, F. I., Momtaz, S. & Abdollahi, M. (2018). Comparative occurrence of diabetes in dogs, cats and several wild animals and their association with pancreatic diseases and ketoacidosis with therapeutic approach. Veterinary World, 11 (4), 410.
  • Nizamlıoğlu, M. (1998). Lipids. Biochemistry Book, p: 174-212.
  • Okada, Y., Kobayashi, M., Sawamura, M. & Arai, T. (2017). Comparison of visceral fat deposition and metabolome markers among cats with variable BCS and new classification of feline obesity and metabolic syndrome. Boundaries in Veterinary Science, 4, 17.
  • Onat, A., Ceyhan, K., Sansoy, V., Keleş, I., Erer, B. & Uysal, Ö. (2001). Classification of Turkish Adults Based on Dyslipidemia and on Lipoprotein Phenotype. Turkish Society of Cardiology Archive, 29 (5), 274-285.
  • Radin, M. J., Sharkey, L. C. & Holycross, B. J. (2009). Adipokines: a review of biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats and horses. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 38 (2), 136-156.
  • Ribeiro, R. M., Ribeiro, D. D. S. F., Cota, L. O., Carvalho, A. M., de Oliveira Gobesso, A. A. & Faleiros, R. R. (2023). Comparison of Friedewald Formula with Direct Method for Determination of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Serum Levels in Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 122, 104230.
  • Stewart, P. M., Boulton, A., Kumar, S., Clark, P. M. & Shackleton, C. H. (1999). Cortisol metabolism in human obesity: impaired cortisone, cortisol conversion in individuals with central adiposity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 84 (3), 1022-1027.
  • Şenol, E. (2009). The relationship between metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria and hormone profile in postmenopausal women and cardiovascular risk. Specialization thesis, T.C. Ministry of Health Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul.
  • Tumpa, A. & Barić, R. R. (2019). Metabolic disorders and inflammation in obese dogs, cats, horses and cattle. Veterinarska Stanica, 50 (5), 481-494.
  • Turkish Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism (2018). Obesity Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines. Erişim Adresi: https://temd.org.tr/admin/uploads/tbl_kilavuz/ 20190506163904-2019tbl_kilavuz5ccdcb9e5d.pdf.
  • Vgontzas, A. N., Papanicolaou, D. A., Bixler, E. O., Hopper, K., Lotsikas, A., Lin, H. M. & Chrousos, G. P. (2000). Sleep apnea and daytime sleepiness and fatigue: association with visceral obesity, insulin resistance and hypertostocinemia. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85 (3), 1151-1158.
  • Waitt, L. H. & Cebra, C. K. (2009). Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to insulin therapy in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995–2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 234 (7), 915-919.
  • Ward, E., German, A. J., Churchill, J. A. (2019). Global pet obesity initiative position statement. Pet Obesity Prevention Association.
  • Yang, Y. M., Fukui, M., Wang, Z., Miao, F., Karriker, M. J. & Seki, E. (2018). Interventional potential of recombinant feline hepatocyte growth factor in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 9, 378.
  • Yuan, G., Al-Shali, K. Z. & Hegele, R. A. (2007). Hypertriglyceridemia: etiology, effects and treatment. CMAJ, 176 (8), 1113–1120.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Buse Turan 0009-0002-2185-274X

Seyfullah Haliloğlu 0000-0001-8269-9668

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Turan, B., & Haliloğlu, S. (2023). METABOLIC SYNDROME. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 14(2), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1295473