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İMPLANTASYON PENCERESİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 108 - 117, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1294795

Öz

İmplantasyon, gebelikte embriyo ile endometriyum epiteli arasında sürekli olarak temasın sağlanmasıdır. Endometriyumun implantasyona açık olduğu dönem, implantasyon penceresi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İmplantasyon penceresi döneminde birçok molekül etkili olmaktadır. Hormonlar, sitokinler, kemokinler, adezyon molekülleri, büyüme faktörleri ve çeşitli genlerin etkisi ile bu süreç koordineli bir şekilde yönetilmektedir. İmplantasyon bu faktörlerin etkisi ile sırasıyla apozisyon, adezyon ve invazyon aşamalarından oluşmaktadır. Bu aşamalar sadece implantasyon penceresinde gerçekleşebilmektedir.
Başarılı bir implantasyon olmadan, embriyonun gebeliğin diğer dönemlerine geçişi mümkün değildir ve gebelik erken embriyonik ölümle sonuçlanmaktadır. Bu açıdan multifaktöriyel birçok molekülün koordinasyonuyla meydana gelen implantasyonda, implantasyon penceresi zaman aralığı gebelik sürecindeki kritik noktalardan biridir. Bu derlemede sağlıklı bir gebeliğin oluşabilmesi için gerekli olan başarılı bir implantasyon ve implantasyon penceresi hakkında bilgi verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Fakat bilinmelidir ki, implantasyon mekanizmaları tüm bilinenlere rağmen hala tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abd-Elnaeim, M., Pfarrer, C., Saber, A., Abou-Elmagd, A., Jones, C. & Leiser, R. (1999). Fetomaternal attachment and anchorage in the early diffuse epitheliochorial placenta of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Cells Tissues Organs, 164, 141-154.
  • Abd ElFattah, L. I. (2012). Pinopodes. Egyptian Journal of Histology, 35, 633-639.
  • Achache, H., Revel, A., (2006). Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation. Human Reproduction Update, 12, 731-46.
  • Aitken, R. (1975). Ultrastructure of the blastocyst and endometrium of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) during delayed implantation. Journal of Anatomy, 119, 369.
  • Aplin, J. D. (2000). The cell biological basis of human implantation. Best Practice ve Research Clinical Obstetrics ve Gynaecology, 14, 757-764.
  • Bagot, C. N., Kliman, H. J. &Taylor, H. S. (2001). Maternal Hoxa10 is required for pinopod formation in the development of mouse uterine receptivity to embryo implantation. Developmental Dynamics: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists, 222, 538-544.
  • Bahar, L., Kahraman, S., Akkuş, M. & Baykal, T. (2012). Fine structure and immunohistochemical evaluation of endometrium in fertile and infertile women with implantation failure. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 39, 269-275. Barnea, E. R. (2004). Insight into early pregnancy events: the emerging role of the embryo. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 51, 319-322.
  • Bentin-Ley, U., Sjögren, A., Nilsson, L., Hamberger, L., Larsen, J. & Horn, T. (1999). Presence of uterine pinopodes at the embryo–endometrial interface during human implantation in vitro. Human Reproduction, 14, 515-520.
  • Bhartiya, D. & Bajpai, V. K. (1995). Cyclic alterations in rhesus monkey endometrium by scanning electron microscopy. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 7, 1199-1207.
  • Blankenship, T. N., Given, R. L. & Parkening, T. A. (1990). Blastocyst implantation in the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). American Journal of Anatomy, 187, 137-157.
  • Carosella, E., Dausset, J. & Rouas-Freiss, N. (1999). Immunotolerant functions of HLA-G. CMLS, 55, 327-333. Carson, D. D., Bagchi, I., Dey, S. K., Enders, A. C., Fazleabas, A. T., Lessey, B. A. & Yoshinaga, K. (2000). Embryo implantation. Developmental Biology, 223, 217-237.
  • Carson, D. D., Tang, J.-P. & Julian, J. (1993). Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) expression by mouse embryos during acquisition of attachment competence. Developmental Biology, 155, 97-106.
  • Chegini, N., Rao, C. V., Wakim, N. & Sanfilippo, J. (1986). Binding of 125I-epidermal growth factor in human uterus. Cell and Tissue Research, 246, 543-548.
  • Cork, B., Tuckerman, E., Li, T. & Laird, S. (2002). Expression of interleukin (IL)-11 receptor by the human endometrium in vivo and effects of IL-11, IL-6 and LIF on the production of MMP and cytokines by human endometrial cells in vitro. Molecular Human Reproduction, 8, 841-848.
  • De Lemos, M. A. (2003). How your mother tolerated you for nine months. BioTeach J, 1, 27-29.
  • De los Santos, M., Mercader, A., Galan, A., Albert, C., Romero, J. & Pellicer, A. (2003). Implantation rates after two, three, or five days of embryo culture. Placenta, 24, S13-S19.
  • Dedeoğlu, E. (2020). RNA based biomarkers for prediction of the endometrial window of implantation. Bilkent University.
  • Dey, S., Lim, H., Das, S. K., Reese, J., Paria, B., Daikoku, T. & Wang, H., (2004). Molecular cues to implantation. Endocrine Reviews, 25, 341-73.
  • Dimitriadis, E., White, C., Jones, R. & Salamonsen, L. (2005). Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in endometrium related to implantation. Human Reproduction Update, 11, 613-630.
  • Dominguez, F., Gadea, B., Mercader, A., Esteban, F. J., Pellicer, A. & Simón, C. (2010). Embryologic outcome and secretome profile of implanted blastocysts obtained after coculture in human endometrial epithelial cells versus the sequential system. Fertility and Sterility, 93, 774-782.
  • Egashira, M. & Hirota, Y. (2013). Uterine receptivity and embryo–uterine interactions in embryo implantation: lessons from mice. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 12, 127-132.
  • Emiliani, S., Delbaere, A., Devreker, F. & Englert, Y. (2005). Embryo–maternal interactive factors regulating the implantation process: implications in assisted reproductive treatment. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 10, 527-540.
  • Ender, A. C. & Nelson, D. M. (1973). Pinocytotic activity of the uterus of the rat. Am J Anat, 138, 277-299.
  • Foulk, R. A., Zdravkovic, T., Genbacev, O. & Prakobphol, A. (2007). Expression of L-selectin ligand MECA-79 as a predictive marker of human uterine receptivity. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 24, 316-21.
  • Gao, Y., Duran, S., Lydon, J. P., DeMayo, F. J., Burghardt, R. C., Bayless, K. J., Bartholin, L. & Li, Q. (2015). Constitutive activation of transforming growth factor Beta receptor 1 in the mouse uterus impairs uterine morphology and function. Biology of Reproduction, 92, 34.
  • Garcia-Ispierto, I., Lopez-Gatius, F., Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J. L., Nogareda, C., Lopez-Bejar, M. & De Rensis, F. (2006). Relationship between heat stress during the peri-implantation period and early fetal loss in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 65, 799-807.
  • Gardner, D., Weissman, A., Howles, C. & Shoham, Z. (2010). Yardımla üreme teknikleri temel kitabı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Geisert, R. D., Johnson, G. A. & Burghardt, R. C. (2015). Implantation and establishment of pregnancy in the pig. Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals: Tribute to 45 Year Anniversary of Roger V. Short's. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, 137-63.
  • Gökçimen, A. & Temel, S. (2004). İmplantasyon ve moleküler etkileşimler. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 11. Guillomot, M., Flechon, J. & Wintenberger-Torres, S. (1981). Conceptus attachment in the ewe: an ultrastructural study. Placenta, 2, 169-182.
  • Hafez, E. S. E. (1962). Reproduction in Farms Animals (E. S. E. Hafez Ed.). Sayfa 573.
  • Hamatani, T., Daikoku, T., Wang, H., Matsumoto, H., Carter, M. G., Ko, M. S. & Dey, S. K. (2004). Global gene expression analysis identifies molecular pathways distinguishing blastocyst dormancy and activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 10326-10331.
  • Hannan, N. J. & Salamonsen, L. A. (2007). Role of chemokines in the endometrium and in embryo implantation. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 19, 266-72.
  • Harem, İ. Ş. (2016). Desidual Hücreler. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 5, 202-207.
  • Harvey, M., Leco, K., Arcellana-Panlilio, M., Zhang, X., Edwards, D. & Schultz, G. (1995). Proteinase expression in early mouse embryos is regulated by leukaemia inhibitory factor and epidermal growth factor. Development, 121, 1005-1014.
  • Holst, P. A. & Phemister, R.D. (1971). The prenatal development of the dog: Preimplantation event. Biology of Reproduction, 5, 194-206.
  • Hosie, M. J., Adams, S. M., Thompson, M. B. & Murphy, C. R. (2003). Viviparous lizard, Eulamprus tympanum, shows changes in the uterine surface epithelium during early pregnancy that are similar to the plasma membrane transformation of mammals. Journal of Morphology, 258, 346-357.
  • Huet-hudson, Y. M., Andrews, G. K. & Dey, S. K. (1989). Cell type-specific localization of c-myc protein in the mouse uterus: modulation by steroid hormones and analysis of the periimplantation period. Endocrinology, 125, 1683-1690.
  • Hunt, J. S. (2006). Stranger in a strange land. Immunological Reviews, 213, 36-47.
  • Hunt, J. S., Petroff, M. G., McIntire, R. H. & Ober, C. (2005). HLA‐G and immune tolerance in pregnancy. The FASEB Journal, 19, 681-693.
  • Inyawilert, W., Fu, T. Y., Lin, C. T. & Tang, P. C. (2014). MicroRNA-199a mediates mucin 1 expression in mouse uterus during implantation. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 26, 653-64.
  • Inyawilert, W., Fu, T. Y., Lin, C. T. & Tang, P. C. (2015). Let-7-mediated suppression of mucin 1 expression in the mouse uterus during embryo implantation. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 2014-2106.
  • Jabbour, H. N., Kelly, R. W., Fraser, H. M. & Critchley, H. O. (2006). Endocrine regulation of menstruation. Endocrine Reviews, 27, 17-46.
  • Jana, S. K., Banerjee, P., Mukherjee, R., Chakravarty, B. & Chaudhury, K. (2013). HOXA-11 mediated dysregulation of matrix remodeling during implantation window in women with endometriosis. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 30, 1505-12.
  • Keys, J. & King, G. (1990). Microscopic examination of porcine conceptus‐maternal interface between days 10 and 19 of pregnancy. American Journal of Anatomy, 188, 221-238.
  • Kimber, S. J. (2000). Molecular interactions at the maternal-embryonic interface during the early phase of implantation. Paper presented at the Seminars in reproductive medicine.
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WINDOW of IMPLANTATION

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 108 - 117, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1294795

Öz

Implantation is the establishment of continuous contact between the embryo and the endometrial epithelium of the uterus. The period when the endometrium is open to implantation; known as the implantation window. Many molecules are effective during the implantation window period. This process is managed with the effect of hormones, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors and various genes. Implantation consists of apposition, adhesion and invasion stages, respectively, with the effect of these factors. These stages can only be performed in the implantation window.
Without successful implantation, transition of the embryo to other stages of pregnancy is not possible and pregnancy results in early embryonic death. In this respect, implantation is one of the most critical moments in the reproductive process. In this review, it has been tried to give in-depth information about a successful implantation, which is necessary for a healthy pregnancy. However, it should be known that the mechanisms of implantation are still not fully elucidated despite all the known ones.

Kaynakça

  • Abd-Elnaeim, M., Pfarrer, C., Saber, A., Abou-Elmagd, A., Jones, C. & Leiser, R. (1999). Fetomaternal attachment and anchorage in the early diffuse epitheliochorial placenta of the camel (Camelus dromedarius). Cells Tissues Organs, 164, 141-154.
  • Abd ElFattah, L. I. (2012). Pinopodes. Egyptian Journal of Histology, 35, 633-639.
  • Achache, H., Revel, A., (2006). Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation. Human Reproduction Update, 12, 731-46.
  • Aitken, R. (1975). Ultrastructure of the blastocyst and endometrium of the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) during delayed implantation. Journal of Anatomy, 119, 369.
  • Aplin, J. D. (2000). The cell biological basis of human implantation. Best Practice ve Research Clinical Obstetrics ve Gynaecology, 14, 757-764.
  • Bagot, C. N., Kliman, H. J. &Taylor, H. S. (2001). Maternal Hoxa10 is required for pinopod formation in the development of mouse uterine receptivity to embryo implantation. Developmental Dynamics: An Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists, 222, 538-544.
  • Bahar, L., Kahraman, S., Akkuş, M. & Baykal, T. (2012). Fine structure and immunohistochemical evaluation of endometrium in fertile and infertile women with implantation failure. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 39, 269-275. Barnea, E. R. (2004). Insight into early pregnancy events: the emerging role of the embryo. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 51, 319-322.
  • Bentin-Ley, U., Sjögren, A., Nilsson, L., Hamberger, L., Larsen, J. & Horn, T. (1999). Presence of uterine pinopodes at the embryo–endometrial interface during human implantation in vitro. Human Reproduction, 14, 515-520.
  • Bhartiya, D. & Bajpai, V. K. (1995). Cyclic alterations in rhesus monkey endometrium by scanning electron microscopy. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 7, 1199-1207.
  • Blankenship, T. N., Given, R. L. & Parkening, T. A. (1990). Blastocyst implantation in the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus). American Journal of Anatomy, 187, 137-157.
  • Carosella, E., Dausset, J. & Rouas-Freiss, N. (1999). Immunotolerant functions of HLA-G. CMLS, 55, 327-333. Carson, D. D., Bagchi, I., Dey, S. K., Enders, A. C., Fazleabas, A. T., Lessey, B. A. & Yoshinaga, K. (2000). Embryo implantation. Developmental Biology, 223, 217-237.
  • Carson, D. D., Tang, J.-P. & Julian, J. (1993). Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (perlecan) expression by mouse embryos during acquisition of attachment competence. Developmental Biology, 155, 97-106.
  • Chegini, N., Rao, C. V., Wakim, N. & Sanfilippo, J. (1986). Binding of 125I-epidermal growth factor in human uterus. Cell and Tissue Research, 246, 543-548.
  • Cork, B., Tuckerman, E., Li, T. & Laird, S. (2002). Expression of interleukin (IL)-11 receptor by the human endometrium in vivo and effects of IL-11, IL-6 and LIF on the production of MMP and cytokines by human endometrial cells in vitro. Molecular Human Reproduction, 8, 841-848.
  • De Lemos, M. A. (2003). How your mother tolerated you for nine months. BioTeach J, 1, 27-29.
  • De los Santos, M., Mercader, A., Galan, A., Albert, C., Romero, J. & Pellicer, A. (2003). Implantation rates after two, three, or five days of embryo culture. Placenta, 24, S13-S19.
  • Dedeoğlu, E. (2020). RNA based biomarkers for prediction of the endometrial window of implantation. Bilkent University.
  • Dey, S., Lim, H., Das, S. K., Reese, J., Paria, B., Daikoku, T. & Wang, H., (2004). Molecular cues to implantation. Endocrine Reviews, 25, 341-73.
  • Dimitriadis, E., White, C., Jones, R. & Salamonsen, L. (2005). Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in endometrium related to implantation. Human Reproduction Update, 11, 613-630.
  • Dominguez, F., Gadea, B., Mercader, A., Esteban, F. J., Pellicer, A. & Simón, C. (2010). Embryologic outcome and secretome profile of implanted blastocysts obtained after coculture in human endometrial epithelial cells versus the sequential system. Fertility and Sterility, 93, 774-782.
  • Egashira, M. & Hirota, Y. (2013). Uterine receptivity and embryo–uterine interactions in embryo implantation: lessons from mice. Reproductive Medicine and Biology, 12, 127-132.
  • Emiliani, S., Delbaere, A., Devreker, F. & Englert, Y. (2005). Embryo–maternal interactive factors regulating the implantation process: implications in assisted reproductive treatment. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 10, 527-540.
  • Ender, A. C. & Nelson, D. M. (1973). Pinocytotic activity of the uterus of the rat. Am J Anat, 138, 277-299.
  • Foulk, R. A., Zdravkovic, T., Genbacev, O. & Prakobphol, A. (2007). Expression of L-selectin ligand MECA-79 as a predictive marker of human uterine receptivity. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 24, 316-21.
  • Gao, Y., Duran, S., Lydon, J. P., DeMayo, F. J., Burghardt, R. C., Bayless, K. J., Bartholin, L. & Li, Q. (2015). Constitutive activation of transforming growth factor Beta receptor 1 in the mouse uterus impairs uterine morphology and function. Biology of Reproduction, 92, 34.
  • Garcia-Ispierto, I., Lopez-Gatius, F., Santolaria, P., Yaniz, J. L., Nogareda, C., Lopez-Bejar, M. & De Rensis, F. (2006). Relationship between heat stress during the peri-implantation period and early fetal loss in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 65, 799-807.
  • Gardner, D., Weissman, A., Howles, C. & Shoham, Z. (2010). Yardımla üreme teknikleri temel kitabı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Geisert, R. D., Johnson, G. A. & Burghardt, R. C. (2015). Implantation and establishment of pregnancy in the pig. Regulation of Implantation and Establishment of Pregnancy in Mammals: Tribute to 45 Year Anniversary of Roger V. Short's. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, 137-63.
  • Gökçimen, A. & Temel, S. (2004). İmplantasyon ve moleküler etkileşimler. SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 11. Guillomot, M., Flechon, J. & Wintenberger-Torres, S. (1981). Conceptus attachment in the ewe: an ultrastructural study. Placenta, 2, 169-182.
  • Hafez, E. S. E. (1962). Reproduction in Farms Animals (E. S. E. Hafez Ed.). Sayfa 573.
  • Hamatani, T., Daikoku, T., Wang, H., Matsumoto, H., Carter, M. G., Ko, M. S. & Dey, S. K. (2004). Global gene expression analysis identifies molecular pathways distinguishing blastocyst dormancy and activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101, 10326-10331.
  • Hannan, N. J. & Salamonsen, L. A. (2007). Role of chemokines in the endometrium and in embryo implantation. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 19, 266-72.
  • Harem, İ. Ş. (2016). Desidual Hücreler. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 5, 202-207.
  • Harvey, M., Leco, K., Arcellana-Panlilio, M., Zhang, X., Edwards, D. & Schultz, G. (1995). Proteinase expression in early mouse embryos is regulated by leukaemia inhibitory factor and epidermal growth factor. Development, 121, 1005-1014.
  • Holst, P. A. & Phemister, R.D. (1971). The prenatal development of the dog: Preimplantation event. Biology of Reproduction, 5, 194-206.
  • Hosie, M. J., Adams, S. M., Thompson, M. B. & Murphy, C. R. (2003). Viviparous lizard, Eulamprus tympanum, shows changes in the uterine surface epithelium during early pregnancy that are similar to the plasma membrane transformation of mammals. Journal of Morphology, 258, 346-357.
  • Huet-hudson, Y. M., Andrews, G. K. & Dey, S. K. (1989). Cell type-specific localization of c-myc protein in the mouse uterus: modulation by steroid hormones and analysis of the periimplantation period. Endocrinology, 125, 1683-1690.
  • Hunt, J. S. (2006). Stranger in a strange land. Immunological Reviews, 213, 36-47.
  • Hunt, J. S., Petroff, M. G., McIntire, R. H. & Ober, C. (2005). HLA‐G and immune tolerance in pregnancy. The FASEB Journal, 19, 681-693.
  • Inyawilert, W., Fu, T. Y., Lin, C. T. & Tang, P. C. (2014). MicroRNA-199a mediates mucin 1 expression in mouse uterus during implantation. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 26, 653-64.
  • Inyawilert, W., Fu, T. Y., Lin, C. T. & Tang, P. C. (2015). Let-7-mediated suppression of mucin 1 expression in the mouse uterus during embryo implantation. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 2014-2106.
  • Jabbour, H. N., Kelly, R. W., Fraser, H. M. & Critchley, H. O. (2006). Endocrine regulation of menstruation. Endocrine Reviews, 27, 17-46.
  • Jana, S. K., Banerjee, P., Mukherjee, R., Chakravarty, B. & Chaudhury, K. (2013). HOXA-11 mediated dysregulation of matrix remodeling during implantation window in women with endometriosis. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 30, 1505-12.
  • Keys, J. & King, G. (1990). Microscopic examination of porcine conceptus‐maternal interface between days 10 and 19 of pregnancy. American Journal of Anatomy, 188, 221-238.
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  • Ljungkvist, I. & Nilsson, O. (1971). Ultrastructure of rat uterine luminal epithelium at functional states compatible with implantation. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, 135, 101-107.
  • Lutton, B. & Callard, I. (2006). Evolution of reproductive–immune interactions. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 46, 1060-1071.
  • Ma, W.-g., Song, H., Das, S. K., Paria, B. C. & Dey, S. K. (2003). Estrogen is a critical determinant that specifies the duration of the window of uterine receptivity for implantation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 2963-2968.
  • Mahajan, N. (2015). Endometrial receptivity array: Clinical application. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 8, 121.
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  • Spencer, T. E., Johnson, G. A., Bazer, F. W. & Burghardt, R. C. (2004). Implantation mechanisms: insights from the sheep. Reproduction, 12, 657-68.
  • Stewart, C. L., Kaspar, P., Brunet, L. J., Bhatt, H., Gadi, I., Köntgen, F. & Abbondanzo, S. J. (1992). Blastocyst implantation depends on maternal expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor. Nature, 359, 76-79. Trowsdale, J. & Betz, A. G. (2006). Mother's little helpers: mechanisms of maternal-fetal tolerance. Nature Immunology, 7, 241-246.
  • Uenoyama, Y., Inoue, N., Nakamura, S. & Tsukamura, H. (2021). Kisspeptin Neurons and Estrogen–Estrogen Receptor α Signaling: Unraveling the Mystery of Steroid Feedback System Regulating Mammalian Reproduction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 9229.
  • Xu, B., Sun, X., Li, L., Wu, L., Zhang, A. & Feng, Y. (2012). Pinopodes, leukemia inhibitory factor, integrin-β3, and mucin-1 expression in the peri-implantation endometrium of women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss. Fertility and Sterility, 98, 389-395.
  • Yarım, G. F. & KAZAK, F. (2016). Epidermal büyüme faktörü. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 9, 215-225.
  • Yılmaz, F. (2019). Sıçanlarda prenatal kafein tüketimin implantasyon üzerine etkilerinin immünohistokimyasal yöntemlerle değerlendirilmesi.
  • Yılmaz, F. & Tekmen, I. (2019). İmplantasyon Sürecinde Embriyo, Endometriyum Farklanması ve Moleküler Yolaklar. Türkiye Klinikleri Tip Bilimleri Dergisi, 39, 212-220.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Aslınur Keleş 0000-0003-3500-7942

Alev Gürol Bayraktaroğlu 0000-0001-9248-8370

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Keleş, A., & Bayraktaroğlu, A. G. (2023). İMPLANTASYON PENCERESİ. Veteriner Farmakoloji Ve Toksikoloji Derneği Bülteni, 14(3), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.38137/vftd.1294795