From toxic cadavers to biosafe specimens: a brief history of plastination in veterinary anatomy

Yıl 2022, , 158 - 165, 15.06.2022

Hasen Awel Yunus , Okan Ekim , Caner Bakıcı , Barış Batur Ahmet Çakır

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.998978

Cited By: 2

Öz

The teaching of veterinary anatomy was started in line with the establishment of the first veterinary school in Lyon in 1762. During this time fewer tools and techniques were available for displaying and visualization of organs in order to teach anatomy. Over the years, many methods, tools, and techniques that are essential for veterinary students and anatomists were developed. Teaching materials like cadaver which preserved by formalin has being using for a long time. Instead of preserved cadavers, various teaching materials have also been using in different parts of the world. These alternative techniques were not hopeful to meet the professional challenges in the medical and veterinary sciences. In 1977, Dr. Gunther von Hagens came up with an exclusive method, for the preservation of biological materials, called plastination. In the process of plastination body fluids and lipids in biological tissues replace with epoxy silicone and polyester polymers. Plastinated specimens are an excellent alternative to formalin-fixed specimens. Plastination brings not only three-dimensional and cross-sectional specimens for teaching and research, but also durable, clean, non-toxic materials for students. Plastinates are also convenient to handle, transport, and store. Three major methods used in plastination are silicone, sheet plastination with epoxy method and sheet plastination with polyester method. Silicone plastination is the most adaptable technique for cadavers, whole body or organ slices. Relative to the other plastination methods, it is widely used for teaching veterinary anatomy. Sheet plastination with polyester resin has been used for the production of opaque brain slices, while sheet plastination with epoxy resins are used for transparent body or organ slices. Using of anatomic specimens after plastination can be quite efficient for both theoretical and practical courses.

Anahtar Kelimeler

history, plastination, veterinary anatomy

Toksik kadavralardan, biyolojik güvenli örneklere plastinasyonun veteriner anatomideki kısa tarihçesi

Öz

Veteriner anatomi eğitimi, 1762 yılında Lyon’da ilk veteriner okulunun kurulması ile başladı. O dönemlerde anatomi öğretimi için organların sergilenmesi ve görülmesi amacıyla oldukça sınırlı yöntemler ve teknikler bulunmaktaydı. Yıllar içerisinde, veteriner hekimliği öğrencileri ve anatomistler için vazgeçilmez olan birçok yöntem teknik ve ekipman geliştirildi. Kadavralar gibi formalin ile hazırlanmış eğitim materyalleri çok uzun zaman kullanıldı. Dünyanın farklı yerlerinde kadavraların muhafaza edilmesi yerine çeşitli öğretim materyalleri de kullanılmaktadır. Bu alternatif teknikler bile, tıp ve veteriner hekimlik bilimlerindeki mesleki zorluklarla başetme konusunda çok umut vaad etmiyordu. 1977'de Dr. Gunther von Hagens; biyolojik materyallerin korunması için plastinasyon adı verilen özel bir yöntem geliştirdi. Plastinasyon sürecinde, biyolojik dokulardaki vücut sıvıları ve lipidlerin, epoksi silikon ve polyester polimerler ile değiştirmesi sağlanmaktadır. Plastine edilmiş örnekler, formalinle tespit edilmiş numunelere göre mükemmel bir alternative olarak görülmektedir. Plastinasyon, sadece öğretim ve araştırma için üç boyutlu ve kesit örnekler değil, aynı zamanda öğrenciler için dayanıklı, temiz, toksik olmayan materyaller de sağlar. Plastinatların işlenmesi, taşınması ve depolanması da oldukça kolaydır. Plastinasyonda kullanılan başlıca üç yöntem; silikon, epoksi yöntemiyle kesitsel plastinasyon ve polyester yöntemiyle kesitsel plastinasyondur. Silikon plastinasyonu; kadavra, tüm vücut veya organ kesitleri için en uygun tekniktir. Diğer plastinasyon yöntemlerine göre veteriner anatomi öğretiminde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Opak beyin dilimlerinin üretiminde polyester polimer ile kesit plastinasyonu, şeffaf gövde veya organ dilimleri için de epoksi resinlerle kesit plastinasyonu kullanılabilmektedir. Anatomik örneklerin plastine edildikten sonra kullanılması; hem teorik hem de uygulamalı dersler için oldukça verimli olabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

plastinasyon, tarihçe, veteriner anatomi

Kaynakça

• 1. AE (Animal Ethics). The use of animals in primary and secondary education [Online]. Available from: https://www.animal-ethics.org/use-animals-primary-secondary-education/[accessed April. 2021]
• 2. Akgün RO, Ekim O, Bakıcı C, İnsal B, Ayvalı M, Orhan İÖ, Oto Ç, Atanasoff A. Preparation of Internal Genital Organs of Adult Cows by S10B Silicone Plastination Method. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet. Bil. Derg., 2019; 14 (2): 137-141.
• 3. Ameko E, Achio S, Alhassan S, Adasu C, Dzagbletey ET, Abbey PR (). Plastination of Some Cow and Ram Organs in Ghana for Use as Teaching Aids. IJPAST, 2012; 8: 57-68.
• 4. Bakici C, Akgun RO, Ekim O, Insal B, Kaya U, Bilgili H, Bumin A, Cakir A. Differentiation of Anatomic Entities in The Dog Stifle Joint Following S10b Plastination: Comparative Colorimetric And Radiological Investigations. Acta Vet., 2019; 69 (4): 391-401
• 5. Barber-Lomax JW. Claude Bourgelat. Small Anim Pract, 1964; 5: 3-4.
• 6. Bickley HC. Plastination: A new technique for anatomic pathology and forensic science. Pathology Update Series, 1984; 2: 2-8.
• 7. Bin P, Conti A, Buccelli C, Addeo G, Capasso E, Piras M. Plastination: ethical and medico-legal considerations. Open Med., 2016; 11: 584-586.
• 8. Daniell WE, Claypoole KH, Checkoway H, Smith-Weller T, Dager SR, Townes BD, Rosenstock L. Neuropsychological function in retired workers with previous long-term occupational exposure to solvents. Occup Environ Med, 1999; 56 (2): 93-105.
• 9. Dejong K, Henry RW. Silicone plastination of biological tissue: Cold-temperature technique BiodurTM S10/S15 technique and products. J. Plast, 2007; 22: 2–14.
• 10. Dent BB, Forbes SL, Stuart BH. Review of human decomposition processes in soil. Environ, 2004; 45: 576-585.
• 11. Dibal NI, Garba SH. and Jacks TW. Plastinates: Possible tool for medical education in the near future: mini review. rdme, 2018; 7 (1): 3-7.
• 12. Diz A, García-Monterde J, Agüera E, Vivo J, Morales JL, Navas-Lloret JM. The plastination Biodur S10 technique applied in teaching the male genital organs in veterinary anatomy. DJ. Plast 2008; 23:40-64.
• 13. Donoso SE, Sora MC, Probst A, Budras KD, König HE. Mesoscopic structures of the equine toe demonstrated by using thin slice plastination (E12). Vet Med Int, 2009; 96: 286 – 291.
• 14. Ekim O. Efficiency evaluation of different silicone plastination protocols applied to domestic avian specimens. Vet Hekim Der Derg, 2018; 89: 74-84.
• 15. Entius CAS, Rijn VRR, Zwambor AW, Kleinrensink GJ, Robben SGF. Influence of Formaldehyde/Phenol fixation on MRI of the stifle joint and correlation with plastinated slices. J. Plast, 2004; 19: 26-32.
• 16. Fisher MH. The Toxic Effects of Formaldehyde and Formalin. J Exp Med 1916; 6: 487–517.
• 17. Fruhstorfer BH, Palmer J, Brydges S, Abrahams PH. The use of plastinated prosections for teaching anatomy-The view of medical students on the value of this learning resource. Clin Anat, 2011; 24: 246-252.
• 18. Ganguly S, Kumar V, Kumari FN, Para PA. Preservation of Biological Specimen by Plastination Technique, Latest Trends in Zoology and Entomology Sciences. 1stEd. 2018, Chapter: 3, Publisher: Delhi, India: AkiNik Publications; 2018.
• 19. Gao H, Liu J, Yu S, Sui H. A New Polyester Technique for Sheet Plastination. J. Plast, 2006; 21: 7-10.
• 20. Ghosh SK. Human cadaveric dissection: a historical account from ancient Greece to the modern era. Anat Cell Biol, 2015; 48: 153–169.
• 21. Henry RW, Janick L, Henry C. Specimen preparation for silicone Plastination. J. Plast, 1997; 12: 13-17.
• 22. Henry RW. Silicone plastination of biological tissue: cold-temperature technique North Carolina technique and products. J. Plast, 2007; 22: 15-19.
• 23. Jadhav A, Kulkarni PR, Chakre G. Plastination: A novel way of preserving tissues. Al Ameen J Med Sci, 2016; 9: 212-214.
• 24. Jain M, Kasetty S, Sudheendra US. Plastination: An Intricate and Real Display of Oral Hard and Soft Tissues Specimens. Dent, 2014; 2014: 1-6.
• 25. Janaway RC, Percival SL, Wilson AS. Decomposition of human remains. In Microbiology and Aging, edited by Percival, S.L. New York: The Humana Press. pp. 313-334; 2009.
• 26. Jones DG, Whitaker MI. Engaging with plastination and the Body Worlds phenomenon: A cultural and intellectual challenge for anatomists. Clinical Anatomy 2009; 22: 770-776.
• 27. Khan IA, Daya SK, Gowda RM. Evolution of the theory of circulation. Int. J. Cardiol, 2005; 98: 519-521.
• 28. Knight A. The Effectiveness of Humane Teaching Methods in Veterinary Education. Altex 2007; 24: 91-109.
• 29. Kuhnel W. Statement by the Anatomische Gesellschaft on the Infamous Body-World Show of Dr Gunther von Hagens. Plexus: Newsletter of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists, [Online] Dec 2004. Available from: http://www.ifaa.net/PLEX- US_december_2004-final.pdf [accessed April, 2021].
• 30. Kumar N, Das B, Solanki JB, Jadav MM, Menaka R. Plastination of macroparasites: An eco-friendly method of long-term preservation. Vet. World, 2017; 10: 1394-1400.
• 31. Laskar BA, Grayu T, Konwar A. Biological specimen preservation. Curr. Sci. 2009; 97: 5–6.
• 32. Latorre R, Arencibia A, Gil F, Rivero M, Remirez G, Vaquez-auton JM, Henry RW. Sheet plastination with polyester: An alternative for all tissues. J. Plast, 2004; 19: 33–39.
• 33. Latorre R, Henry RW. Polyester plastination of biological tissue: P40 technique for body slices. J. Plast, 2007; 22: 69–77.
• 34. Menaka R, Chaurasia S. Utilization of Formalin Embalmed Specimens Under Eco-Friendly Conditions by Advanced Plastination Technique. Int J Anat Res, 2015; 3 (2): 1111-1113.
• 35. Menaka R, Chaurasia S. Plastination of Internal Organs as Teaching/Anatomical Museum Models. Int. J. Livest. Res, 2015; 3 (1): 25-27.
• 36. Mohamed R, John R. Production and use of plastinated anatomical specimens as teaching and learning tools in veterinary gross anatomy in the Caribbean. J Adv Vet Anim Res, 2018; 5: 44-52.
• 37. NTP (National Toxicology Program) [Online] (2016). Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. 2016 Nov 03 [cited 2021 June 21]Available from: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/go/roc12.
• 38. Ogaili R, Baker SSM, Sui H. Using of Polyester P45 Plastinated Sheet specimens in Teaching Anatomy, Pathology and Radiology Courses. Int. J. Chemtech Res, 2018; 11: 393-398.
• 39. Ottone NE, Cirigliano V, Lewicki M, Bianchi HF, Aja-guardiola S, Algieri RD, Cantin M, Fuentes R. Plastination technique in laboratory rats: An alternative resource for teaching, surgical training and research development. J. Morphol, 2014; 32: 1430-1435.
• 40. Ottone NE, Vargas CA, Veuthey C, Sol MD, Fuente R. Epoxy Sheet Plastination on a Rabbit Head - New Faster Protocol with Biodur®E12/E1. J. Morphol, 2018; 36: 441-446.
• 41. Paczkowski S, Schütz S. Post-mortem volatiles of vertebrate tissue. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 2011; 91: 917-93.
• 42. Pashaei S. A brief review on the history, methods and applications of plastination. J. Morphol, 2010; 28: 1075-1079.
• 43. Pendovski L, Petkov V, Popovska-percinic F, Ilieski V. Silicone Plastination Procedure for Producing Thin, Semitransparent Tissue Slices: A Study Using the Pig Kidney. J. Plas, 2008; 23: 10-16.
• 44. Peta (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). New Indian Veterinary Education Regulations to End Calf Killing, Reduce Other Cruelty [Online] July 21, 2016 Available from: https://www.petaindia.com/blog/new-indian-veterinary-education-regulations-end-calf-killing-reduce-cruelty/[accessed April. 2019].
• 45. Prasad G, Karkera B, Pandit S, Desai D, Tonse GR. Preservation of Tissue by Plastination: A Review. Int. J. Health Sci, 2015; 1: 27-31.
• 46. Raja D, Sultana B. Potential health hazards for students exposed to formaldehyde in the gross anatomy laboratory. J. Environ. Health, 2012; 74: 36–40.
• 47. Ravi S. Plastination: A novel, innovative teaching adjunct in oral pathology. J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol, 2011; 15: 133-137.
• 48. Renukaradhya GJ, Shilpa VS, Rao RS. Plastination: Through ages. JCRI, 2018; 5: 72-74.
• 49. Rosenberger J. Harvest of shame: Dissection’s deadly toll hits frogs hardest. E Magazine, 1998; 9 (4): 26-27. 50. Sargon MF, Tatar I. Plastination: Basic principles and methodology. J. Anat., 2014; 8: 13–18.
• 51. Schill VK. General Issues of Safety in Plastination. J. Plast, 2018; 30 (1): 27-36.
• 52. Siddiquey AS, Husain SS, Laila SZH. History of anatomy. Bangladesh j. Anat., 2009; 7: 1-3. 53. Shirley NR, Wilson RJ, Jantz LM. Cadaver use at the University of Tennessee’s Anthropological Research Facility. Clin. Anat., 2011; 24: 372-380. 54. Singh O, Mishra BK, Pandit S, Maheshwar TP, Hasan S. Plastination: A Promising Method for Preserving Biological Specimens: A Review Article. IJSRP, 2013; 3: 1-4.
• 55. Singh NN, Chaudhary A, Nair S, Kumar S. Non-perishable museum specimens: redefined plastination technique. J. Plast, 2015; 27: 20-24.
• 56. Sora MC, Cook P. Epoxy Plastination of biological tissue: E12 technique. J. Plast, 2007; 22: 31-39.
• 57. Sora MC, Jilavu R, Matusz P. Computer aided three-dimensional reconstruction and modeling of the pelvis, by using plastinated cross sections, as a powerful tool for morphological investigations. Surg. Radiol. Anat., 2012; 34: 731-736.
• 58. Sui HJ, Henry RW. Polyester plastination of biological tissue: Hoffen P45 technique. J. Plast, 2007; 22: 78-81.
• 59. Tiplady C, Lloyd S., Morton J. Veterinary science student preferences for the source of dog cadavers used in anatomy teaching. Altern Lab Anim, 2011; 9 (5): 461-9.
• 60. Turney BW. Anatomy in a modern medical curriculum. Ann R Coll Surg Engl., 2007; 89:104-107.
• 61. Ulmer D. Fixation: the key to good tissue preservation. J. Plast, 1994; 8: 7–10.
• 62. Von Hagens G, Tiedemann K, Kriz W. The current potential of plastination. J. Anat. Embryol., 1987; 175: 411-21.
• 63. Von Hagens G. Impregnation of soft biological specimens with thermosetting resins and elastomers. Anat. Rec., 1979; 194: 247-255.