Samsun ve çevresinde evcil hayvanlarda görülen zehirlenme vakalarının sistematik toksikolojik analiz prensipleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 92 Sayı: 2, 111 - 120, 15.06.2021

Orhan Tokur Özge Marangoz Zeyno Nuhoğlu , Saima Mushtaq Aylin Pehlivan Oğuzhan Yavuz

https://doi.org/10.33188/vetheder.874904

Öz

Hayvanlarda zehirlenmeye neden olan ilaçlar, pestisitler, mikotoksinler gibi fizikokimyasal olarak farklı çok sayıda madde bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, zehirlenme şüpheli örneklerin toksikolojik analizleri zorlu ve karmaşık süreçtir. Zehirli maddelerin çeşitli örneklerde belirli bir protokol içerisinde taranması işlemi olan sistematik toksikolojik analiz (STA) ile bu karmaşa giderilmekte, doğru ve hızlı teşhis sağlanabilmektedir. STA protokolü, numunenin alınması, örnek hazırlama, ön ve ana tarama testleri, miktar tayini, verilerin değerlendirilmesi ve sonuçların raporlanması basamaklarını kapsamaktadır. Toksikoloji laboratuvarının hizmet verdiği bölgelerde sıklıkla meydana gelen zehirlenmeleri bilmesi ise STA protokolünü bir adım ileri taşımakta ve doğru teşhis oranını artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Samsun ve çevresinde hayvanlarda meydana gelen zehirlenme vakalarının ve sıklıkla zehirlenmeye neden olan maddelerin belirlenmesi, böylece toksikoloji laboratuvarında kullanılan STA protokolünün geliştirilmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla Samsun ilinde görev yapan 40 veteriner hekime (38 erkek, 2 kadın), sıklıkla karşılaştıkları zehirlenme vakaları ile ilgili anket uygulaması gerçekleştirildi. Anket sonucunda Samsun ilinde hayvanlarda son beş yılda en fazla görülen zehirlenme nedenlerinin sırasıyla pestisitler, bitkisel zehirler ve ilaçlar olduğu belirlendi. Zehirlenme şüpheli vaka sayısı hayvan türlerine göre köpek (131), sığır (109), koyun (76), kedi (22), kanatlı hayvanlar (22) ve at (2) olarak tespit edildi. Katılımcıların % 65’inin (n=26) zehirlenme şüphesi ile son beş yıl içerisinde laboratuvara hiç numune göndermediği tespit edildi. Elde edilen veriler ve güncel literatürlerin incelenmesi neticesinde, STA’nın zehirlenme vakalarının doğru teşhis protokollerinin oluşturulmasında hızlı, güvenli ve etkili bir süreç olduğu sonucuna varıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sistematik toksikolojik analiz, Veteriner, Zehirlenme

Destekleyen Kurum

Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

PYO.VET.1901.19.001

Evaluation of poisoning cases in domestic animals in the Samsun province within the frame of systematic toxicological analysis principles

Öz

There are several physicochemically distinct substances that cause poisoning in animals, such as drugs, pesticides, mycotoxins. Therefore, toxicological analysis of suspected poisoning samples is a difficult and complex process. Systematic Toxicological Analysis (STA), which is an operation protocol used to scan toxic substances in different samples, eliminates this confusion and provides a precise and rapid diagnosis. The STA protocol covers the steps of sampling, sample preparation, screening tests, quantitation, data evaluation and reporting of the results. The fact that the toxicology laboratory is aware of the common causes of poisonings in the regions it serves, adds one step further to the STA protocol and increases the rate of correct diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify common animal poisonings and common toxic substances in Samsun, thereby improving the STA protocol used in the toxicology laboratory. For this purpose, a questionnaire regarding the frequently encountered poisoning cases was conducted to 40 veterinarians (38 males, 2 females) working in Samsun province. As a result of the survey, it was found that the most common causes of poisonings in animals in the last five years were pesticides, herbal poisons and drugs, respectively. The numbers of suspected cases of poisoning by animal species were determined as dogs (131), cattle (109), sheep (76), cats (22), poultry (22) and horses (2). It was determined that 65% of the participants (n = 26) did not send any poisoning suspected samples to the laboratory. Based on the obtained results and current literature data, it was concluded that STA is a fast, accurate and effective process for establishing correct diagnostic protocols for poisoning cases.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Systematic toxicological analysis, Veterinary, Poisoning

Proje Numarası

PYO.VET.1901.19.001

Kaynakça

• Alihosseini H, Özkaptan İ, Dedecanoğlu E (2015): Golden retriever ırkı bir köpekte metaldehyde toksikasyonun (salyangoz ilacı zehirlenmesi) başarılı tedavisi ve yönetimi. 1. Küçük Hayvan Veteriner Hekimleri Derneği Sürekli Eğitim Kongresi. İstanbul.
• Allkämper S, Kösters S, Campe A, Kietzmann M, Kreienbrock L (2018): Cases of suspected poisoning in small animal practice-a retrospective and prospective survey. Tierarztl Prax, 46(3), 145-155.
• Aytekin İ, Altuğ N, Öztürk HO (2011): Bir köpekte amitraz toksikasyonu. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet Bil Derg, 6(2).
• Balabanlı C, Albayrak S, Türk M, Yüksel O (2006): Türkiye çayır-meralarında bulunan bazı zararlı bitkiler ve hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 7(2), 89-96.
• Bates N (2017): Acute poisoning in horses: part 1. Livestock, 22(2), 105-109.
• Berny P, Caloni F, Croubels S, Sachana M, Vandenbroucke V, Davanzo F, Guitart R (2010): Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 2: companion animals. Vet J, 183(3), 255-259.
• Berny P, Velardo J, Pulce C, D'amico A, Kammerer M, Lasseur R (2010): Prevalence of anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in humans and animals in France and substances involved. J Clin Toxicol, 48(9), 935-941.
• Bertero A, Chiari M, Vitale N, Zanoni M, Faggionato E, Biancardi A, Caloni F (2020): Types of pesticides involved in domestic and wild animal poisoning in Italy. Sci Total Environ, 707, 136129.
• Bolon I, Finat M, Herrera M, Nickerson A, Grace D, Schütte S, Martins SB, de Castañeda RR (2019): Snakebite in domestic animals: First global scoping review. Prev Vet Med, 170, 104729.
• Boyle JS, Bechtel LK, Holstege CP (2009): Management of the critically poisoned patient. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Vet, 17(1), 1-11.
• Broecker S, Herre S, Wüst B, Zweigenbaum J, Pragst F (2011): Development and practical application of a library of CID accurate mass spectra of more than 2,500 toxic compounds for systematic toxicological analysis by LC–QTOF-MS with data-dependent acquisition. Anal Bioanal Chem, 400(1), 101-117.
• Caloni F, Cortinovis C, Rivolta M, Davanzo F (2012): Animal poisoning in Italy: 10 years of epidemiological data from the Poison Control Centre of Milan. Vet Rec, 170(16), 415-415.
• Caloni F, Cortinovis C, Rivolta M, Davanzo F (2016): Suspected poisoning of domestic animals by pesticides. Sci Total Environ, 539, 331-336.
• Choubisa SL, Choubisa D (2016): Status of industrial fluoride pollution and its diverse adverse health effects in man and domestic animals in India. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 23(8), 7244-7254.
• Cortinovis C, Pizzo F, Caloni F (2015): Poisoning of dogs and cats by drugs intended for human use. Vet J, 203(1), 52-58.
• Curti R, Kupper J, Kupferschmidt H, Naegeli H (2009): A retrospective study of animal poisoning reports to the Swiss Toxicological Information Centre (1997-2006). Schweiz Arch, 151(6), 265-273.
• Demir AÖ, Kor D, Çelen AE (2010): Türkiye'de mera koşullarında beslenen küçükbaş hayvanların karşılaşması olası bazı zehirli bitkilerin ve zehirlenme belirtileri. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(1), 54-58.
• Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos J (2002): Postmortem drug analysis: analytical and toxicological aspects. Ther Drug Monit, 24(2), 199-209.
• Ferrara DS, Tedeschi L, Frison G, Brusini G (1998): Quality control in toxicological analysis. J Chromatogr B, 713(1), 227-243.
• Gergov M, Boucher B, Ojanperä I, Vuori E (2001): Toxicological screening of urine for drugs by liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry with automated target library search based on elemental formulas. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom, 15(8), 521-526.
• Guitart R, Croubels S, Caloni F, Sachana M, Davanzo F, Vandenbroucke V, Berny P (2010): Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 1: Farm livestock and poultry. Vet J, 183(3), 249-254.
• Guitart R, Sachana M, Caloni F, Croubels S, Vandenbroucke V, Berny P (2010): Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 3: wildlife. Vet J, 183(3), 260-265.
• Gwaltney-Brant SM (2016): Veterinary forensic toxicology. Vet Pathol, 53(5), 1067-1077.
• Gwaltney‐Brant SM (2007): Epidemiology of animal poisonings. 67-73. In: R. Gupta (Ed), Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles. Academic Press, USA.
• Irak K, Yılmaz O (2014): A retrospective evaluation of intoxication cases in animals of four different provinces between the years 2000 and 2004. YYU Vet Fak Derg, 25(2), 27-30.
• İssi M, Baykalır BG, Gül Y (2014): Bir köpekte saptanan akut sipermetrin intoksikasyonu. YYU Vet Fak Derg, 25(1), 19-21.
• İssi M, Gül Y, Başbuğ O (2010): Bir atta akut levamizol zehirlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Sağlık Bliimleri Veteriner Dergisi, 24(1), 47-50.
• Kofod DH, Jørs E, Varma A, Bhatta S, Thomsen JF (2016): The use of self-reported symptoms as a proxy for acute organophosphate poisoning after exposure to chlorpyrifos 50% plus cypermethrin 5% among Nepali farmers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Environ Health, 15(1), 122.
• Lahmar R, Berny P, Mahjoub T, Youssef SB (2019): Animal pesticide poisoning in Tunisia. Front Vet Sci, 6.
• López-Perea JJ, Mateo R (2018): Secondary exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides and effects on predators. 159-193. In, Anticoagulant rodenticides and wildlife. Springer, USA.
• McLean MK, Hansen SR (2012): An overview of trends in animal poisoning cases in the United States: 2002–2010. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 42(2), 219-228.
• Means C, Wismer T (2018): An overview of trends in animal poisoning cases in the United States: 2011 to 2017. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 48(6), 899-907.
• Mirtschin P, Masci P, Paton D, Kuchel T (1998): Snake bites recorded by veterinary practices in Australia. Aust Vet J, 76(3), 195-198.
• Moffat AC, Osselton MD, Widdop B, Watts J (2011): Clarke's analysis of drugs and poisons. Pharmaceutical press, London.
• Murphy MJ, Talcott PA (2013): Anticoagulant Rodenticides. 435-445. In, Small Animal Toxicology. Saunders, USA.
• Özdemir Ö, Ateş MB, Ortatatli M, Terzi F, Tülay A, Hatipoglu F, Ciftci MK (2019): Dog massacre with pesticide for theft: methomyl poisoning. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25(5).
• Peters FT, Steuer AE (2019): Antemortem and postmortem influences on drug concentrations and metabolite patterns in postmortem specimens. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Forensic Science, 1(1), e1297.
• Pfister JA, Provenza FD, Panter KE, Stegelmeier BL, Launchbaugh KL (2002): Risk management to reduce livestock losses from toxic plants. J Range Manag, 55(3), 291-300.
• Samanidou V, Kovatsi L, Fragou D, Rentifis K (2011): Novel strategies for sample preparation in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis, 3(17), 2019-2046.
• Sánchez-Barbudo IS, Camarero PR, Mateo R (2012): Primary and secondary poisoning by anticoagulant rodenticides of non-target animals in Spain. Sci Total Environ, 420, 280-288.
• Sell B, Sniegocki T, Zmudzki J, Posyniak A (2018): Development of an analytical procedure for the determination of multiclass compounds for forensic veterinary toxicology. J Anal Toxicol, 42(3), 183-191.
• Sharaf S, Khan M-u-R, Aslam A, Rabbani M (2020): Comparative study of heavy metals residues and histopathological alterations in large ruminants from selected areas around ındustrial waste drain. Pak Vet J, 40(1).
• Tokarnia CH, Döbereiner J, Peixoto PV (2002): Poisonous plants affecting livestock in Brazil. Toxicon, 40(12), 1635-1660.
• Tokur O, Aksoy A (2018): Hayvanlarda rodentisitler nedeniyle oluşan ikincil zehirlenmeler. IV. Ulusal Vektör Mücadelesi Sempozyumu. Antalya.
• Töngel MÖ, Ayan İ (2005): Samsun ili çayır ve meralarında yetişen bazı zararlı bitkiler ve hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 84-93.
• Valchev I, Binev R, Yordanova V, Nikolov Y (2008): Anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in animals–a review. Turk J Vet Anim Sci, 32(4), 237-243.
• Van den Brink NW, Elliott JE, Shore RF, Rattner BA (2018): Anticoagulant rodenticides and wildlife. Springer, USA.
• Varol K, Ekinci G, Güneş V, Keleş İ, Onmaz AC (2019): Chocolate intoxication in a budgerigar. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg, 16(1), 73-76.
• Wang Y, Kruzik P, Helsberg A, Helsberg I, Rausch W-D (2007): Pesticide poisoning in domestic animals and livestock in Austria: a 6 years retrospective study. Forensic Sci Int, 169(2-3), 157-160.
• Yipel FA, Yipel M, Acar A (2013): Bir kedide sümüklü böcek ilacı (metaldehit) zehirlenmesi. Afyon Kocatepe Veteriner Dergisi, 6(2), 71-74.