Araştırma Makalesi
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Deneyime Açıklık ve Yönetim Kademelerinde Yükselme İlişkisinde Örgütün Girişimcilik Yöneliminin Rolü: Özellik Aktivasyon Perspektifi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 30. YönOrg 2022, 140 - 152, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1139041

Öz

Özellik aktivasyon kuramından yola çıkan bu araştırmanın amacı, objektif kariyer başarısının önemli göstergelerinden olan yönetim kademelerinde yükselme üzerinde bireyin deneyime açıklık özelliğinin ana etkisini ve bu etkide bağlamsal bir değişken olarak örgütün girişimcilik yöneliminin biçimlendirici etkisini incelemektir. Buna göre, deneyime açıklık özelliğinin yönetim kademelerinde yükselmeyi arttırıcı etkisinin özellikle girişimcilik yöneliminin yüksek olduğu örgütlerde görüleceği iddia edilmektedir. Hipotez testi için 202 yöneticiden çevrimiçi anket yoluyla veri toplanmıştır. Regresyon analizi sonuçları, deneyime açıklık kişilik özelliğinin fikirler alt boyutu ile yönetim kademelerinde yükselme arasında olumlu ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, deneyime açıklığın fikirler alt boyutu ile yönetim kademelerinde yükselme arasındaki ilişkinin proaktiflik yönelimi yüksek örgütlerde pozitif olduğu, ancak proaktiflik yönelimi düşük örgütlerde bu olumlu etkinin ortadan kalktığı görülmüştür. Girişimcilik yöneliminin diğer boyutları olan risk-alma ve yenilikçilik yönelimlerinin deneyime açıklık ve yönetim kademelerinde yükselme arasındaki ilişkide anlamlı bir aracılık rolü bulunmamıştır. 

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, J. ve Kubasch, S. (2017). # Trending topics in careers: A review and future research agenda. Career Development International, 22(6), 586-627.
  • Alderotti, G., Rapallini, C. ve Traverso, S. (2021). The Big Five personality traits and earnings: A meta-analysis (No. 902 [rev.]). GLO Discussion Paper.
  • Anderson, B. S., Kreiser, P. M., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. ve Eshima, Y. (2015). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1579-1596.
  • Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N. ve Wilderom, C. P. M. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 177–202.
  • Barrick, M. R. ve Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
  • Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. ve Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1‐2), 9-30.
  • Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8(3), 274-289.
  • Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R. ve Judge, T. A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(1), 53-81.
  • Bozionelos, N. (2004). The relationship between disposition and career success: A British study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), 403-420.
  • Carmeli, A., Shalom, R. ve Weisberg, J. (2007). Considerations in organizational career advancement: What really matters. Personnel Review, 36(2), 190-205.
  • Costa Jr, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1997). Stability and change in personality assessment: the revised NEO Personality Inventory in the year 2000. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 86-94.
  • Covin, J. G. ve Lumpkin, G. T. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 855-872.
  • Covin, J. G. ve Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87.
  • Dilchert, S. (2007). Peaks and valleys: Predicting interests in leadership and managerial positions from personality profiles. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(3), 317-334.
  • Dilchert, S. ve Ones, D. S. (2008). Personality and extrinsic career success: Predicting managerial salary at different organizational levels. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 7(1), 1-23.
  • Gale, C. R., Booth, T., Mõttus, R., Kuh, D. ve Deary, I. J. (2013). Neuroticism and extraversion in youth predict mental wellbeing and life satisfaction 40 years later. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6), 687-697.
  • George, B. A. ve Marino, L. (2011). The epistemology of entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual formation, modeling, and operationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 989-1024.
  • Griffin, B. ve Hesketh, B. (2004). Why openness to experience is not a good predictor of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 12(3), 243-251.
  • Hurtz, G. M. ve Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: the Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 869-879.
  • John, O. P., Donahue, E. M. ve Kentle, R. L. (1991). The "Big Five" Inventory--Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
  • Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R. ve Gerhardt, M. W. (2002a). Personality and leadership: a qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780.
  • Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E. ve Thoresen, C. J. (2002b). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 693.
  • Judge, T. A., Heller, D. ve Mount, M. K. (2002c). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530–541.
  • Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J. ve Barrick, M. R. (1999). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 621-652.
  • Judge, T. A. ve Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2007). Personality and career success. H. Gunz ve M. Peiperl (Ed.), Handbook of career studies içinde (s. 59-78). Thousand Oaks, Sage.
  • Judge, T. A. ve Zapata, C. P. (2015). The person–situation debate revisited: Effect of situation strength and trait activation on the validity of the Big Five personality traits in predicting job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(4), 1149-1179.
  • Judge, T. A. ve Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012). On the value of aiming high: the causes and consequences of ambition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 758-775.
  • Kammeyer‐Mueller, J. D., Judge, T. A. ve Piccolo, R. F. (2008). Self‐esteem and extrinsic career success: Test of a dynamic model. Applied Psychology, 57(2), 204-224.
  • Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.
  • Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R. ve Stewart, G. L. (1998). Five-factor model of personality and performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions. Human Performance, 11(2-3), 145-165.
  • Moutafi, J., Furnham, A. ve Crump, J. (2007). Is managerial level related to personality? British Journal of Management, 18, 272–280.
  • Laud, R. L. ve Johnson, M. (2012). Upward mobility: A typology of tactics and strategies for career advancement. Career Development International, 17(3), 231-254.
  • Ng, T. W., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L. ve Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 367-408.
  • Ng, T. W. ve Feldman, D. C. (2014). Subjective career success: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(2), 169-179.
  • Paunonen, S. V. ve Ashton, M. C. (2001). Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 524–539.
  • Rammstedt, B., Danner, D., Soto, C. J. ve John, O. P. (2020). Validation of the short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) and their German adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(1), 149-161.
  • Richardson, M. ve Abraham, C. (2009). Conscientiousness and achievement motivation predict performance. European Journal of Personality, 23(7), 589-605.
  • Rubenzer, S. J., Faschingbauer, T. R. ve Ones, D. S. (2000). Assessing the US presidents using the revised NEO Personality Inventory. Assessment, 7(4), 403-419.
  • Russo, M., Guo, L. ve Baruch, Y. (2014). Work attitudes, career success and health: Evidence from China. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(3), 248-258.
  • Seibert, S. E. ve Kraimer, M. L. (2001). The five-factor model of personality and career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(1), 1-21.
  • Semeijn, J. H., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. ve De Beuckelaer, A. (2020). Personality traits and types in relation to career success: An empirical comparison using the big five. Applied Psychology, 69(2), 538-556.
  • Sharpe, J. P., Martin, N. R. ve Roth, K. A. (2011). Optimism and the Big Five factors of personality: Beyond neuroticism and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 946-951.
  • Shockley, K. M., Ureksoy, H., Rodopman, O. B., Poteat, L. F. ve Dullaghan, T. R. (2016). Development of a new scale to measure subjective career success: A mixed‐methods study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1), 128-153.
  • Soto, C. J. ve John, O. P. (2009). Ten facet scales for the Big Five Inventory: Convergence with NEO PI-R facets, self-peer agreement, and discriminant validity. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(1), 84-90.
  • Spurk, D. ve Abele, A. E. (2011). Who earns more and why? A multiple mediation model from personality to salary. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(1), 87-103.
  • Spurk, D., Hirschi, A. ve Dries, N. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of objective versus subjective career success: Competing perspectives and future directions. Journal of Management, 45(1), 35-69.
  • Stumpf, S. A. ve Tymon Jr, W. G. (2012). The effects of objective career success on subsequent subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 345-353.
  • Sutin, A. R., Costa, P. T., Miech, R. ve Eaton, W. W. (2009). Personality and career success: Concurrent and longitudinal relations. European Journal of Personality, 23(2), 71-84.
  • Sümer, N. ve Sümer, H. C. (2005). Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ölçeği (Yayınlanmamış çalışma).
  • Tett, R. P. ve Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 500-517.
  • Tett, R. P., Toich, M. J. ve Ozkum, S. B. (2021). Trait activation theory: A review of the literature and applications to five lines of personality dynamics research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 199-233.
  • Tharenou, P. (2001). Going up? Do traits and informal social processes predict advancing in management?. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1005-1017.
  • Watson, D. ve Clark, L. A. (1997). Extroversion and its positive emotional core. R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson ve S. R. Briggs (Eds), Handbook of personality psychology içinde (s. 767–793). Academic Press.
  • Wille, B., De Fruyt, F. ve Feys, M. (2013). Big five traits and intrinsic success in the new career era: A 15‐Year longitudinal study on employability and Work–Family conflict. Applied Psychology, 62(1), 124-156.
  • Zare, M. ve Flinchbaugh, C. (2019). Voice, creativity, and big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Human Performance, 32(1), 30-51.

The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation of The Organisation in the Relationship between Openness to Experience and Managerial Advancement: Trait Activation Perspective

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 30. YönOrg 2022, 140 - 152, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1139041

Öz

Drawing on trait activation theory, the study aims to examine the main effect of the individuals’ openness to experience on their managerial career success, which is one of the important indicators of objective career success, and also the moderating effect of the organization’s entrepreneurial orientation as a contextual variable in this relationship. Accordingly, openness to experience is expected to result in higher managerial career success, particularly in organizations with a high entrepreneurial orientation. For hypothesis testing, data were collected from 202 managers via online questionnaires. The results of the regression analysis reveal that there is a positive relationship between the ideas facet of openness to experience and managerial advancement. In addition, while the ideas facet of openness to experience is positively related to managerial advancement in organizations with a high proactive orientation, no association exists in organizations with a low proactive orientation. Risk-taking and innovativeness, which are the other dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation, are not found to have a significant moderating role in the relationship between openness to experience and promotion in management.

Kaynakça

  • Akkermans, J. ve Kubasch, S. (2017). # Trending topics in careers: A review and future research agenda. Career Development International, 22(6), 586-627.
  • Alderotti, G., Rapallini, C. ve Traverso, S. (2021). The Big Five personality traits and earnings: A meta-analysis (No. 902 [rev.]). GLO Discussion Paper.
  • Anderson, B. S., Kreiser, P. M., Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. ve Eshima, Y. (2015). Reconceptualizing entrepreneurial orientation. Strategic Management Journal, 36(10), 1579-1596.
  • Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N. ve Wilderom, C. P. M. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 177–202.
  • Barrick, M. R. ve Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
  • Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. ve Judge, T. A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next?. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1‐2), 9-30.
  • Becker, T. E. (2005). Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8(3), 274-289.
  • Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R. ve Judge, T. A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(1), 53-81.
  • Bozionelos, N. (2004). The relationship between disposition and career success: A British study. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77(3), 403-420.
  • Carmeli, A., Shalom, R. ve Weisberg, J. (2007). Considerations in organizational career advancement: What really matters. Personnel Review, 36(2), 190-205.
  • Costa Jr, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1997). Stability and change in personality assessment: the revised NEO Personality Inventory in the year 2000. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68(1), 86-94.
  • Covin, J. G. ve Lumpkin, G. T. (2011). Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 855-872.
  • Covin, J. G. ve Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10(1), 75-87.
  • Dilchert, S. (2007). Peaks and valleys: Predicting interests in leadership and managerial positions from personality profiles. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 15(3), 317-334.
  • Dilchert, S. ve Ones, D. S. (2008). Personality and extrinsic career success: Predicting managerial salary at different organizational levels. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie, 7(1), 1-23.
  • Gale, C. R., Booth, T., Mõttus, R., Kuh, D. ve Deary, I. J. (2013). Neuroticism and extraversion in youth predict mental wellbeing and life satisfaction 40 years later. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6), 687-697.
  • George, B. A. ve Marino, L. (2011). The epistemology of entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual formation, modeling, and operationalization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(5), 989-1024.
  • Griffin, B. ve Hesketh, B. (2004). Why openness to experience is not a good predictor of job performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 12(3), 243-251.
  • Hurtz, G. M. ve Donovan, J. J. (2000). Personality and job performance: the Big Five revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 869-879.
  • John, O. P., Donahue, E. M. ve Kentle, R. L. (1991). The "Big Five" Inventory--Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
  • Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R. ve Gerhardt, M. W. (2002a). Personality and leadership: a qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 765-780.
  • Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E. ve Thoresen, C. J. (2002b). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 693.
  • Judge, T. A., Heller, D. ve Mount, M. K. (2002c). Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 530–541.
  • Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J. ve Barrick, M. R. (1999). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 621-652.
  • Judge, T. A. ve Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2007). Personality and career success. H. Gunz ve M. Peiperl (Ed.), Handbook of career studies içinde (s. 59-78). Thousand Oaks, Sage.
  • Judge, T. A. ve Zapata, C. P. (2015). The person–situation debate revisited: Effect of situation strength and trait activation on the validity of the Big Five personality traits in predicting job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 58(4), 1149-1179.
  • Judge, T. A. ve Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012). On the value of aiming high: the causes and consequences of ambition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 758-775.
  • Kammeyer‐Mueller, J. D., Judge, T. A. ve Piccolo, R. F. (2008). Self‐esteem and extrinsic career success: Test of a dynamic model. Applied Psychology, 57(2), 204-224.
  • Miller, D. (1983). The correlates of entrepreneurship in three types of firms. Management Science, 29(7), 770-791.
  • Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R. ve Stewart, G. L. (1998). Five-factor model of personality and performance in jobs involving interpersonal interactions. Human Performance, 11(2-3), 145-165.
  • Moutafi, J., Furnham, A. ve Crump, J. (2007). Is managerial level related to personality? British Journal of Management, 18, 272–280.
  • Laud, R. L. ve Johnson, M. (2012). Upward mobility: A typology of tactics and strategies for career advancement. Career Development International, 17(3), 231-254.
  • Ng, T. W., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L. ve Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta‐analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58(2), 367-408.
  • Ng, T. W. ve Feldman, D. C. (2014). Subjective career success: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(2), 169-179.
  • Paunonen, S. V. ve Ashton, M. C. (2001). Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(3), 524–539.
  • Rammstedt, B., Danner, D., Soto, C. J. ve John, O. P. (2020). Validation of the short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) and their German adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(1), 149-161.
  • Richardson, M. ve Abraham, C. (2009). Conscientiousness and achievement motivation predict performance. European Journal of Personality, 23(7), 589-605.
  • Rubenzer, S. J., Faschingbauer, T. R. ve Ones, D. S. (2000). Assessing the US presidents using the revised NEO Personality Inventory. Assessment, 7(4), 403-419.
  • Russo, M., Guo, L. ve Baruch, Y. (2014). Work attitudes, career success and health: Evidence from China. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(3), 248-258.
  • Seibert, S. E. ve Kraimer, M. L. (2001). The five-factor model of personality and career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(1), 1-21.
  • Semeijn, J. H., Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. ve De Beuckelaer, A. (2020). Personality traits and types in relation to career success: An empirical comparison using the big five. Applied Psychology, 69(2), 538-556.
  • Sharpe, J. P., Martin, N. R. ve Roth, K. A. (2011). Optimism and the Big Five factors of personality: Beyond neuroticism and extraversion. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 946-951.
  • Shockley, K. M., Ureksoy, H., Rodopman, O. B., Poteat, L. F. ve Dullaghan, T. R. (2016). Development of a new scale to measure subjective career success: A mixed‐methods study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(1), 128-153.
  • Soto, C. J. ve John, O. P. (2009). Ten facet scales for the Big Five Inventory: Convergence with NEO PI-R facets, self-peer agreement, and discriminant validity. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(1), 84-90.
  • Spurk, D. ve Abele, A. E. (2011). Who earns more and why? A multiple mediation model from personality to salary. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(1), 87-103.
  • Spurk, D., Hirschi, A. ve Dries, N. (2019). Antecedents and outcomes of objective versus subjective career success: Competing perspectives and future directions. Journal of Management, 45(1), 35-69.
  • Stumpf, S. A. ve Tymon Jr, W. G. (2012). The effects of objective career success on subsequent subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(3), 345-353.
  • Sutin, A. R., Costa, P. T., Miech, R. ve Eaton, W. W. (2009). Personality and career success: Concurrent and longitudinal relations. European Journal of Personality, 23(2), 71-84.
  • Sümer, N. ve Sümer, H. C. (2005). Beş faktör kişilik özellikleri ölçeği (Yayınlanmamış çalışma).
  • Tett, R. P. ve Burnett, D. D. (2003). A personality trait-based interactionist model of job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(3), 500-517.
  • Tett, R. P., Toich, M. J. ve Ozkum, S. B. (2021). Trait activation theory: A review of the literature and applications to five lines of personality dynamics research. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8, 199-233.
  • Tharenou, P. (2001). Going up? Do traits and informal social processes predict advancing in management?. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1005-1017.
  • Watson, D. ve Clark, L. A. (1997). Extroversion and its positive emotional core. R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson ve S. R. Briggs (Eds), Handbook of personality psychology içinde (s. 767–793). Academic Press.
  • Wille, B., De Fruyt, F. ve Feys, M. (2013). Big five traits and intrinsic success in the new career era: A 15‐Year longitudinal study on employability and Work–Family conflict. Applied Psychology, 62(1), 124-156.
  • Zare, M. ve Flinchbaugh, C. (2019). Voice, creativity, and big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Human Performance, 32(1), 30-51.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sevgi Emirza 0000-0002-5988-8935

Ömür Özmen 0000-0002-3379-317X

Alev Katrinli 0000-0002-7997-1293

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 30. YönOrg 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Emirza, S., Özmen, Ö., & Katrinli, A. (2022). Deneyime Açıklık ve Yönetim Kademelerinde Yükselme İlişkisinde Örgütün Girişimcilik Yöneliminin Rolü: Özellik Aktivasyon Perspektifi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 13(30. YönOrg 2022), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.21076/vizyoner.1139041

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