Safevî Döneminin Bazı Cami ve Medreselerinde Şer'i Öğlen Vaktini Belirleyen Uygulamaların İncelemesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 483 - 520, 25.12.2020

Kamran Sokhanpardaz

https://doi.org/10.32955/neu.istem.2020.6.2.05

Öz

Müslüman sanatçılar, tarih boyunca kültürel ve dini yapılarını tasarlarken, toplumun ihtiyaçlarına cevap verecek bilimsel çözümler sunmuşlardır. Müslüman bilim insanları ve sanatçılar, özellikle Müslümanların vaktinde dinî görevlerini yerine getirebilmeleri için, ilme ve tabiata uygun olan çözümler üretmişlerdir. Bu bilimsel çözümlerden biri de güneşin konumuna bağlı olan namaz ve şer'i vakitleri tayin etmek için teknikler uygulanması ve bunun için aletler icat edilmesidir. Bu makalede, Safevî Dönemi'ne ait bazı cami ve medreselerdeki şer'i öğlen vaktini belirleyen uygulamalar incelenmiştir. Ulaşılan sonuçlara göre, söz konusu uygulamalar üç gruba ayrılabilmektedir. Birinci grupta yer alanlar, taşınır olarak cami ve medrese binasından ayrıdır. İkinci grupta yer alanlar ise, cami ve medrese binasına eklenmiş olup, bu yapılarda kullanılan malzemelerle uyuşamayan, dekorasyon elemanları olarak kabul edilmeyen unsurlardan ibarettir. Üçüncü grup ise, cami ve medreselerde kullanılan malzemelere uyumlu olmasına rağmen, dekorasyon elemanları olarak kabul edilmeyenleri kapsamaktadır. Bu gruptakilerin dekoratif işlevleri yoktur ve sadece şer'i vakitler ve kıble yönünü belirtmek için kullanılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mimari, Şer'i Öğlen, Cami, Medrese, Safevi Dönemi

بررسی انواع شاخص های «ظهر شرعی» و مصادیق آن در معماری برخی از مساجد و مدارس اسلامی دوره صفویه

Öz

هنرمندان مسلمان همواره در طول تاریخ، در بنای سازه های معماری، به خصوص بناهای دینی، بیان مفاهیم فرهنگی، اقتضائات فنی انواع سازه ها و باورهای دینی مردمان عصر خود را در نظر داشته اند. یکی از این اقتضائات دینی، تعیین زمان «ظهر شرعی» بوده است که به نیاز مزبور از طریق به کارگیری عناصر الحاقی به ساختمان مدارس و مساجد به عنوان شاخص «ظهر شرعی»، پاسخ داده شده است. در این مقاله ضمن تقسیم بندی انواع شاخص های «ظهر شرعی»، به بررسی مصادیق آن در معماری برخی از مساجد و مدارس اسلامی ایران در دوره صفویه پرداخته شده است. بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، شاخص های ظهر شرعی که در ساختمان مساجد و مدارس اسلامی دوره صفویه به کار رفته اند، بر سه دسته عمده اند. دسته اول، شامل عناصری هستند که از بدنه ساختمان مسجد منفک اند و می توان آنها را در درون مسجد از سویی به سوی دیگر جابجا کرد. دسته دوم شامل علائم و عناصری هستند که به مسجد و مدرسه الحاق شده اند و اغلب از نظر جنس با مصالح رایج به کار رفته در ساختمان مسجد و یا مدرسه سنخیتی ندارند و در زمره تزیینات وابسته به معماری محسوب نمی شوند. دسته سوم اگر چه از نظر جنس با مصالح رایج معماری دوران گذشته سنخیت دارند و از کالبد ساختمان قابل تفکیک نیستند، اما دارای کارکردهای تزیینی منطقی نبوده و تنها به عنوان نشانه و علامت تشخیص زمان ظهر شرعی و راستای قبله در بدنه ساختمان مسجد و مدرسه به کار رفته اند.

Anahtar Kelimeler

معماری, ظهر شرعی, مسجد, مدرسه, دوره صفوی

The Survey of the Practices Determining Zuhr Prayer Time in Some of the Safavid Mosques and Madrasas

Öz

Throughout history, Muslim artists have offered scientific solutions to meet the needs of society while designing their cultural and religious structures. Muslim scientists and artists have produced solutions that are compatible with science and nature, especially for Muslims to fulfil their religious duties on time. One of these scientific solutions is the application of techniques to determine the prayer and religious times depending on the position of the sun and the invention of tools for this. In this article, the practices determining the Zuhr prayer time (Zuhr time) in some mosques and madrasas belonging to the Safavid Period are examined. According to the results, these applications can be divided into three groups. Those in the first group are movably separate from the mosque and the madrasa building. Those in the second group are added to the mosque and madrasa building and consist of elements that do not match the materials used in these structures and are not considered decoration elements. The third group includes those that are not considered as decoration elements, although they are compatible with the materials used in mosques and madrasas. Those in this group have no decorative function and are only used to indicate the religious times and the direction of qibla.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Architecture, Zuhr Prayer Time, Mosque, Madrasa, Safavid Era

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