Partner Israrlı Takibi veya Stalklama: Mağdur ve Saldırgan Karakteristikleri ve Stalklama Taktikleri

Yıl 2023, , 33 - 42, 30.06.2023

Nesrin Duman , Hürmüs İrem Öçalan , İlayda Çoban

https://doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1291096

Öz

Stalklama ya da diğer bir deyişle ısrarlı takip mağdurun yaşam kalitesini önemli ölçüde tehlikeye atabilecek yaygın bir suçtur. Bu nedenle bireysel düzeyde ve toplumsal müdahale düzeyinde çok boyutlu psikososyal ve kriminolojik yaklaşımlar gerektirmektedir. Stalklamanın hukuki ve hukuki olmayan (araştırma, klinik çalışmalar vb.) tanımlamaları ülkeden ülkeye ve hatta eyaletten eyalete değişiklik göstermektedir. Tüm bu tanımlamalarda, ısrarlı bir şekilde yapılan eylemler örüntüsünün kişide huzursuzluk yaratması ve güvenlik endişesi oluşturması; ısrarlı takip literatüründeki ortak unsurlardandır. Ülkemize bakıldığında, 12/05/2022 tarih ve 31848 sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayınlanan Türk Ceza Kanunu ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun ile ısrarı takip suçu tanımlanmıştır. Partner ısrarlı takibi ise, partner ya da eski partner tarafından yapılan özel bir stalklama biçimidir. Çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı partnerin ya da eski partnerin ısrarlı takibinin sonuçları daha yıkıcı olabilmektedir. Partner takibini etkili bir şekilde ele almak için, onun incelikli ve açık dinamiklerini anlamak önemlidir. Bu dinamikleri anlamak, kadınların güvenliğinin nasıl arttırılabileceği hem yasal süreçler yoluyla hem de genel anlamda kadınların bu süreçle başa çıkma stratejilerini geliştirmeleri ve ısrarlı takiple ilişkili stresten kurtulmalarına yardımcı olmak için bilgi sağlayabilir. Bu nedenle, bu derleme çalışmasında öncelikle partner ısrarlı takibinin ne olduğu, saldırganın ve mağdurun özellikleri, ısrarlı takip taktikleri anlatılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ısrarlı takip, stalklama, partner ısrarlı takibi, stalklama taktikleri, saldırgan ve mağdur

Partner Stalking or Partner Obsessional Following: Victim and Aggressor Characteristics and Stalking Tactics

Öz

Stalking, or obsessional following, is a common crime that can significantly endanger the victim's quality of life. Therefore, it requires multidimensional psychosocial and criminological approaches at the level of individual and social intervention. Legal and non-legal (research, clinical studies, etc.) definitions of stalking vary from country to country and even from state to state. The pattern of persistent actions creates uneasiness in the person and creates security concerns; It is a common element in the persistent follow-up literature. When we look at our country, the crime of obsessional following has been defined in the Law on the Execution of Criminal and Security Measures and the Law on Amendments to Some Laws published in the Official Gazette No. 31848 dated May 12, 2022. Partner obsessional following is a special form of stalking by a partner or ex-partner. For various reasons, the consequences of persistent stalking by a partner or ex-partner can be much more devastating. To effectively handle partner tracking, it is important to understand its subtle and open dynamics. Understanding these dynamics can provide information on how to increase women's safety, both through legal processes and in general, to help women develop coping strategies and recover from the stress associated with stalking. For this reason, in this review, first of all, what partner stalking is, the characteristics of the aggressor and the victim, the tactics of stalking will be explained.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Obsessional Following, Stalking, Partner Stalking, Stalking Tactics, Aggressor and Victim

Kaynakça

• Başar, D., & Sakallı, N. (2021). Israrlı takip: Tanıma ve sosyal psikolojik değişkenler ile ilişkileri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 24(47), 2-5.
• California Penal Code § (Section) 646.9(A) – Stalking. (2023). Erişim adresi: https://www.kannlawoffice.com/california-penal-code-section-646-9-a-stalking#:~:text=California%20Penal%20Code%20%5BCPC%5D%20%C2%A7,for%20his%20or%20her%20safety.
• Doğan, R. (2014). Kadına yönelik şiddetin bir türü olarak, ısrarlı takip (stalking) kavramı ve suçu. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 2, 135-154.
• Fissel, E.R., & Reyns, B.W. (2020). The aftermath of cyberstalking: School, work, social, and health costs of victimization. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(1), 70-87.
• Hall, D. (1998). The victims of stalking. In Meloy, R. (Ed.), The psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives (113-137). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
• Harmon, R.B., Rosner, R., & Owens, H. (1995). Obsessional harassment and erotomania in a criminal court population. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 40, 188-196.
• Hinsie, L., & Campbell, R. (1974). Psychiatric dictionary (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Korkodeilou, J. (2017). ‘No place to hide’: Stalking victimisation and its psycho-social effects. International Review of Victimology, 23(1), 17-32.
• Kuehner, C., Gass, P., & Dressing, H. (2012). Mediating effects of stalking victimization on gender differences in mental health. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(2), 199-221.
• Logan, T.K. (2010). Research on partner stalking: Putting the pieces together. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, Department of Behavioral Science & Center on Drug and Alcohol Research.
• Logan, T.K., Cole, J., Shannon, L., & Walker, R. (2006). Partner stalking: How women respond, cope, and survive. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 189-193.
• Logan, T., & Walker, R. (2009). Partner stalking. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 10(3), 247-270.
• Logan, T., & Walker, R. (2010). Toward a deeper understanding of the harms caused by partner stalking. Violence and Victims, 25(4), 440-455.
• Meloy, J.R. (1996). Stalking (obsessional following): A review of some preliminary studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 147-162.
• Meloy, J.R. (1998). The psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives. San Diego: Academic Press.
• Meloy, J.R. (2001). The psychology of stalking: Clinical and forensic perspectives. Harcourt Academic. s.125.
• Meloy, J.R., & Gothard, S. (1995). A demographic and clinical comparison of obsessional followers and offenders with mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 258-263.
• Mohandie, K., Meloy, J., McGowan, M., & Williams, J. (2006). The RECON typology of stalking: Reliability and validity based upon a large sample of north American stalkers. Journal of Forensic Science, 51, 1, 147-155.
• Moriarty, L.J., & Freiberger, K.U. (2008). Cyberstalking: Utilizing newspaper accounts to establish victimization patterns. Victims & Offenders, 3, 131-141.
• Palarea, R., Zona, M., Lane, J. & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1999). The dangerous nature of intimate relationship stalking: Threats, violence and associated risk factors. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 17, 269-283.
• Pathe, M., & Mullen, P.E. (1997). The impact of stalkers on their victims. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 12-17.
• Purcell, R., Pathé, M., & Mullen, P. E. (2004). Editorial: When do repeated intrusions become stalking? Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 15(4), 571-583.
• Sheridan, L., & Lyndon, A. E. (2012). The influence of prior relationship, gender, and fear on the consequences of stalking victimization. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 66(5-6), 340-350.
• Spitzberg, B. (2002). The tactical topography of stalking victimization and management. Trauma, Violence, &Abuse, 3, 261-288.
• Tjaden, P. & Thoennes, N. (1998). Stalking in America: Findings from the national violence against women survey (NCJ# 169592). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• Thomas, S., Purcell, R., Pathé, M., & Mullen, P. (2008). Harm associated with stalking victimization. Austrailian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 42, 800-806.
• White, J., Kowalski, R., Lyndon, A., & Valentine, S. (2002). An integrative contextual developmental model of male stalking. In K. Davis, I. Frieze, & R. Maiuro (Eds.), Stalking: Perspectives on victims and perpetrators, (s.163-185). New York: Springer.
• Zona, M., Sharma, K., & Lane, J. (1993). A comparative study of erotomania and obsessional subjects in a forensic sample. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 38, 894-903.