DOES PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT BREACH LEAD TO PROCRASTINATION AT WORK? THE MEDIATION FUNCTION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CYNICISM

Öz

This study aims at exploring the psychological contract breach’s impact on procrastination at work. Besides, the present study examines whether organizational cynicism mediates this impact. Drawing on social exchange and affective events theory, this study hypothesized that the psychological contract breach would increase procrastination at work, and organizational cynicism would mediate the link between psychological contract breach and procrastination at work. We gathered data from 237 employees by adopting the survey method for testing the hypotheses. All analyses were conducted by using quantitative research methods. Findings indicated that psychological contract breach significantly increased work procrastination. In addition, organizational cynicism had a full mediation role. Several implications were proposed based on the findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• psychological contract breach
• procrastination at work
• organizational cynicism

Kaynakça

1. Abbas, A. A., and Al Hasnawia, H. H. (2020) “Role of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation in Generating Emotional Exhaustion: The Mediating Role of Job Procrastination”, Cuadernos de Gestión, 20(3): 15-28.
2. Abbasi, I. S., and Alghamdi, N. G. (2015) “The Prevalence, Predictors, Causes, Treatment, and Implications of Procrastination Behaviors in General, Academic, and Work Setting”, International Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(1): 59-66.
3. Abraham, R. (2000) “Organizational Cynicism: Bases and Consequences”, Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(3): 269-292.
4. Andersson, L. M. (1996) “Employee Cynicism: An Examination Using a Contract Violation Framework”, Human Relations, 49(11): 1395-1418.
5. Bal, P. M., De Lange, A. H., Jansen, P. G., and Van Der Velde, M. E. (2008) “Psychological Contract Breach and Job Attitudes: A Meta-analysis of Age as a Moderator”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(1): 143-158.
6. Bashir, S., and Nasir, M. (2013) “Breach of Psychological Contract, Organizational Cynicism and Union Commitment: A Study of Hospitality Industry in Pakistan”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34: 61-65.
7. Blau, P. (1964) “Exchange and Power in Social Life”, 1st ed., New York: Wiley.
8. Brandes, P. (1997) “Organizational Cynicism: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences”, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati, USA.

9. Brown, M., and Cregan, C. (2008) “Organizational Change Cynicism: The Role of Employee Involvement”, Human Resource Management, 47(4): 667-686.
10. Chen, Z. X., Tsui, A. S., and Zhong, L. (2008) “Reactions to Psychological Contract Breach: A Dual Perspective”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(5): 527-548.
11. Cingöz, A., and Öztürk, O. (2020) “A Research on Determining the Impact of Organizational Cynicism on Procrastination and Cyberloafing”, 1. International Izmir Economic Congress, Izmir, Turkey.
12. Conway, N. and Briner, R.B. (2005), “Understanding Psychological Contracts at Work: A Critical Evaluation of Research”, 1st ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
13. Conway, N., Guest, D., and Trenberth, L. (2011) “Testing the Differential Effects of Changes in Psychological Contract Breach and Fulfillment”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(1): 267-276.
14. Coyle-Shapiro, J. A. M., Pereira Costa, S., Doden, W., and Chang, C. (2019) “Psychological Contracts: Past, Present, and Future”, Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6: 145-169.
15. Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., and Hall, A. V. (2017) “Social Exchange Theory: A Critical Review with Theoretical Remedies”, Academy of Management Annals, 11(1): 479-516.
16. Çetinkaya, F. F., A and Özkara, B. (2014) “Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism Relationship in Service Businesses: A research in 4 and 5 Stars Hotels in Cappadocia Region”, Kastamonu University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences Faculty, 9(3): 72-91.
17. Davis, R. A., Flett, G. L., and Besser, A. (2002) “Validation of a New Scale for Measuring Problematic Internet Use: Implications for Pre-Employment Screening”, Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 5(4): 331-345.
18. Dean Jr, J. W., Brandes, P., and Dharwadkar, R. (1998) “Organizational Cynicism”, Academy of Management Review, 23(2): 341-352.
19. Deery, S. J., Iverson, R. D., and Walsh, J. T. (2006) “Toward a Better Understanding of Psychological Contract Breach: A Study of Customer Service Employees”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1): 166-175.
20. Erdost, H. E., Karacaoğlu, K., and Reyhanoğlu, M. (2007) “Organizational Cynicism and Testing Related Scales in a Firm in Turkey”, 15th National Management and Organization Congress, Sakarya University, Sakarya-Turkey.
21. Gakovic, A., and Tetrick, L. E. (2003) “Psychological Contract Breach as a Source of Strain for Employees”, Journal of Business and Psychology, 18(2): 235-246.
22. Gibney, R., Zagenczyk, T. J., and Masters, M. F. (2009) “The Negative Aspects of Social Exchange: An Introduction to Perceived Organizational Obstruction”, Group & Organization Management, 34(6): 665-697.
23. Glaso, L., Vie, T. L., Holmdal, G. R., and Einarsen, S. (2011) “An Application of Affective Events Theory to Workplace Bullying”, European Psychologist, 16(3): 198-208.
24. Gong, B., and Sims, R. L. (2023) “Psychological Contract Breach During the Pandemic: How an Abrupt Transition to a Work From Home Schedule Impacted the Employment Relationship”, Journal of Business Research, 154, 113259.
25. Gouldner, A. W. (1960) “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement”, American Sociological Review, 25(2):161-178.
26. Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. (2011) “PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet”, Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2): 139-152.
27. Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hopkins, L., and Kuppelwieser, V. G. (2014) “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)”, European Business Review, 26(2): 106-121.
28. He, Q., Wu, M., Wu, W., and Fu, J. (2021) “The Effect of Abusive Supervision on Employees’ Work Procrastination Behavior”, Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 596704.
29. Hen, M., Goroshit, M., and Viengarten, S. (2021) “How Decisional and General Procrastination Relate to Procrastination at Work: An Investigation of Office and Non-office Workers”, Personality and Individual Differences, 172, 110581.
30. Homans, G. C. (1961) “The Humanities and the Social Sciences”, American Behavioral Scientist, 4(8): 3-6.
31. Johnson, J. L., and O'Leary‐Kelly, A. M. (2003) “The Effects of Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism: Not All Social Exchange Violations are Created Equal”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5): 627-647.
32. Jones, J., Abieta, A. J., Murray, S. R., and Bell, M. (2023) “An Investigatory Research on Organizational Trust and its Relationship with Job Satisfaction and Psychological Contract Breach”, Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice, and Research, 13(1): 1-12.
33. Karani Mehta, A., Purohit, D., Trivedi, P., and Panda, R. (2023) “Outcomes of Psychological Contract Breach for Banking Employees During COVID-19 Pandemic: Moderating Role of Learned Helplessness”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 0144-333X.
34. Lawler, E. J., and Thye, S. R. (1999) “Bringing Emotions into Social Exchange Theory”, Annual Review of Sociology, 25: 217-244.
35. Li, S., and Chen, Y. (2018) “The Relationship Between Psychological Contract Breach and Employees’ Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Mediating Effect of Organizational Cynicism and Work Alienation”, Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1273.
36. Liu, G. (2023) “Exploring Different Types of Procrastination in Multinational Corporation Employees: A Latent Class Analysis”, Current Psychology, 1-8.
37. Lo, S., and Aryee, S. (2003) “Psychological Contract Breach in a Chinese Context: An Integrative Approach”, Journal of Management Studies, 40(4): 1005-1020.
38. Lonergan, J. M., and Maher, K. J. (2000) “The Relationship Between Job Characteristics And Workplace Procrastination as Moderated by Locus of Control”, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 213-224.
39. Metin, U. B., Taris, T. W., and Peeters, M. C. (2016) “Measuring Procrastination at Work and its Associated Workplace Aspects”, Personality and Individual Differences, 101, 254-263.
40. Naseer, S., Raja, U., Syed, F., and Baig, M. U. A. (2021) “When and Why Organizational Cynicism Leads to CWBs”, Personnel Review, 50(1): 90-107.
41. Nguyen, B., Steel, P., and Ferrari, J. R. (2013). Procrastination's Impact in the Workplace and the Workplace's Impact on Procrastination”, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 21(4): 388-399.
42. Nunnally, J. C., and Bernstein I.H. (1994) “Psychometric Theory”, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill Inc. Özkara, B. Y., Özmen, M., and Kim, J. W. (2016) “Exploring the Relationship Between Information Satisfaction and Flow in the Context of Consumers’ Online Search”, Computers in Human Behavior, 63: 844-859.
43. Özkan, G., and Akdemir, B. (2017) “A Research to Determine the Effect of Organizational Cynicism on Procrastination of Employees”, Social Sciences Studies Journal, 3(8): 387-402.
44. Peirce, G. L., Desselle, S. P., Draugalis, J. R., Spies, A. R., Davis, T. S., and Bolino, M. (2012) “Identifying Psychological Contract Breaches to Guide Improvements in Faculty Recruitment, Retention, and Development”, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 76(6): 108.
45. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., and Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) “Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5): 879-903.
46. Robinson, S. L. (1996) “Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41(4): 574-599.
47. Robinson, S. L., and Morrison, E. W. (2000) “The Development of Psychological Contract Breach and Violation: A Longitudinal Study”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(5): 525-546.
48. Robinson, S.L. and D.M. Rousseau (1994) “Violating the Psychological Contract: Not the Exception but the Norm”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(3), 245-259.
49. Rousseau, D. M. (1989) “Psychological and Implied Contracts in Organizations”, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 2: 121−139.
50. Sarikaya, M., and Kok, S. B. (2017) “The Relationship Between Psychological Contract Breach and Organizational Cynicism”, 6th Eurasian Multidisciplinary Forum (EMF) Vienna- Austria.
51. Sirois, F. M., and Pychyl, T. (2013) “Procrastination and the Priority of Short-Term Mood Regulation: Consequences for Future Self”, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(2): 115–127.
52. Soomro, B.A., Saraih, U.N. and Tunku Ahmad, T.S. (2022), "Personality Traits, Organizational Cynicism and Employee Performance Among Academic Leaders", International Journal of Educational Management, 36(7): 1152-1175.
53. Steel, P. (2007) “The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure”, Psychological Bulletin, 133(1): 65-94.
54. Van Eerde, W. V. (2003) “Procrastination at Work and Time Management Training”, The Journal of Psychology, 137(5): 421-434.
55. Van Eerde, W. (2016) “Procrastination and Well-Being at Work”, In Sirois, F. M. and Pychyl, T. A. (Eds.), Procrastination, Health, and Well-Being (pp.233-253). 1st ed. London: Academic Press-Elsevier.
56. Van Eerde, W., and Venus, M. (2018) “A Daily Diary Study on Sleep Quality and Procrastination at Work: The Moderating Role of Trait Self-Control”, Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2029.
57. Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., and Austin, J. T. (1994) “Organizational Cynicism: An Initial Study In Academy of Management Proceedings, 1994(1): 269-273. New York: Academy of Management.
58. Weiss, H. M., and Beal, D. J. (2005) “Reflections on Affective Events Theory”, In Ashkanasy, N.M., Zerbe, W.J., and Hartel, C.E.J. (Eds.), The Effect of Affect in Organizational Settings (pp. 1-21). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
59. Weiss, H. M., and Cropanzano, R. (1996) “Affective Events Theory: A Theoretical Discussion of the Structure, Causes and Consequences of Affective Experiences at Work” In Staw, B. M. and Cummings L. L. (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews, (Vol. 18, pp. 1–74). Greenwich: Elsevier Science/JAI Press.
60. Weymann, E. C. (1988) “Procrastination in the Workplace: Dispositional and Situational Determinants of Delay Behavior at Work”, In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 1988, No. 1, pp. 226-230). Briarcliff Manor: Academy of Management.
61. Yao, S., Lu, J., Wang, H., Montgomery, J. J. W., Gorny, T., and Ogbonnaya, C. (2023) “Excessive Technology Use in the Post-Pandemic Context: How Work Connectivity Behavior Increases Procrastination at Work”, Information Technology & People, 1-22.
62. Zarick, L. M., and Stonebraker, R. (2009) “I'll do it Tomorrow: The Logic of Procrastination”, College Teaching, 57(4): 211-215.
63. Zhang, J., Zhang, S., Liu, F., and Chen, W. (2022) “Make Time for Employees to Be Sustainable: The Roles of Temporal Leadership, Employee Procrastination, and Organizational Time Norms”, Sustainability, 14, 8778.
64. Zhao, H. A. O., Wayne, S. J., Glibkowski, B. C., and Bravo, J. (2007) “The Impact of Psychological Contract Breach on Work‐Related Outcomes: A Meta‐Analysis. Personnel Psychology, 60(3): 647-680.