Irkçılık ve Ayrımcılık Bağlamında Blackface Makyajı ve Mickey Fare Karakteri

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 30, 123 - 132, 31.07.2023

Çağdaş Ülgen

https://doi.org/10.17484/yedi.1163978

Öz

19. yüzyıl Minstrel gösterilerinde Blackface makyajının katkısıyla oluşturulan siyahi insanları aşağılayıcı klişeler, 1990'lara kadar yayınlanan popüler çizgi filmlerde de kendini göstermiştir. Çalışmamız ABD'de siyahlara yönelik kölelik ve ayrımcılık süreçlerinin tarihsel kökenlerini ve Mickey Mouse'un tasarımının bu süreçlere dayandığı iddialarını araştırmıştır. Konu ikincil veri analizi ve mevcut kaynakların kullanımı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tartışmamızı konu alan çizgi film ve içerisinde rol alan karakterlerin tasarımları ikonolojik metodoloji ile analiz edilmiştir. Bu karşılaştırmalı incelemeler ile elde edilmiş bulgular birlikte değerlendirilerek yenilikçi çıkarımlara ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmamız; tarihsel süreç içinde ABD'de siyahlara uygulanan kölelik ve ayrımcılık odaklı çeşitli ırkçı hassasiyetlerin anlaşılması yoluyla günümüz ABD kolektif bilinçdışının anlaşılmasına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu yönüyle çalışma, diğer sanat türlerine ve sosyal bilimlerin diğer ilgili dallarına katkı sağlamayı ve animasyon sanatının konu özeline değinmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kölelik, Blackface, Jim Crow, Çizgi Film, Miki Fare

Blackface Makeup and Mickey Mouse Character in the Context of Racism and Discrimination

Öz

Degrading stereotypes of black people, created with the contribution of Blackface make-up in the 19th-century Minstrel shows, also showed themselves in popular cartoons published until the 1990s. Our study investigated the historical origins of the slavery and discrimination processes against black people in the USA and the claims that the design of Mickey Mouse was based on these processes. The subject was carried out with secondary data analysis and the use of existing sources. Animated cartoon films and the design of the characters in them that are about our discussion are analyzed with an iconological methodology. The findings obtained through these comparative studies were evaluated together and innovative results were obtained. Our research; aims to contribute to the understanding of today's USA collective unconscious on this subject, through the slavery and discrimination applied to blacks in the USA in the historical process, and the understanding of various racist sensitivities. With this aspect, the study aims to contribute to other art genres and other related branches of social sciences, as well as address the subject-specific of the art of animation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Slavery, Blackface, Jim Crow, Cartoon, Mickey Mouse

Kaynakça

• Crafton, D. (2013). Before Mickey: The Animated Film 1898-1928. University of Chicago Press.
• Craven, J. (2.27.2015). HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/kkk-terrorist-organization_n_6764866
• Coombs, DS, and Batchelor, B. (2014). We Are What We Sell: How Advertising Shapes American Life. ABC-CLIO.
• Fievre, MJ (2021). Raising Confident Black Kids. Mango Media Inc.
• Halpern, R. and Lago, ED (2008). Slavery and Emancipation. John Wiley & Sons.
• Heide, R. and Gilman, J. (1979). Dime-store Dream Parade: Popular Culture, 1925-1955. Dutton.
• Householder, M. (19. 04. 2012). About the Jim Crow Museum. https://www.fer ris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/more.htm
• Hugill, B. (1980). Bring on the Clowns. Chartwell Books.
• Hussey, M. (2015). The Rise of the Jim Crow Era. Encyclopedia Britannica.
• Lust, A. (2002). From the Greek Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots, and Clowns: a Chronicle of the Many Visages of Mime in the Theatre. Scarecrow Press.
• Overdeep, M. (2019). The Reason So Many Disney Characters Wear White Gloves. https://www.southernliving.com/news/why-disney-cartoons-wear-gloves
• Patinkin, P. and Patinkin, S. (2008). "No Legs, No Jokes, No Chance": A History of the American Musical Theater. Northwestern University Press.
• Sammond, N. (2015). Birth of an Industry: Blackface Minstrelsy and the Rise of American Animation. Duke University Press.
• Sampson, HT (2013). Blacks in Blackface: A Sourcebook on Early Black Musical Shows. Scarecrow Press.
• Sandler, KS (1998). Reading the Rabbit: Explorations in Warner Bros. animation. Rutgers University Press.
• Schickel, R. (2019). The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney. Simon and Schuster.
• Stollznow, K. (2020). On the Offensive: Prejudice in Language Past and Present. Cambridge University Press.
• Tischauser, LV (2012). Jim Crow Laws. ABC-CLIO.
• White, T. (2006). Animation from Pencils to Pixels: Classical Techniques for Digital Animators. Taylor & Francis.
• Leonard, JD and Robbins ST (2021). Race in American Television: Voices and Visions that Shaped a Na-tion. ABC-CLIO.