HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MUSICAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE PRESERVATION AND TRANSMISSION OF DONGJING CHINESE FOLK MUSIC

Öz

Chinese Dongjing folk music, a deeply rooted cultural tradition of the Naxi people in Lijiang, Yunnan Province, reflects the community's rich heritage and historical evolution. This study explores the historical development and musical characteristics of Dongjing music, integrating in-depth interviews, participant observations, and document analyses with key theoretical frameworks. The research in Lijiang involved 15 informants, including performers, cultural experts, and elders, offering insights into the challenges of modernization and globalization. The findings highlight Dongjing music's dual role in cultural preservation and adaptation, confirming its alignment with cultural continuity and ritual theories while uncovering tensions with cultural adaptation models. Through discussions linked to contemporary literature, this study underscores the significance of balancing traditional authenticity with modernization strategies to ensure sustainable transmission. Suggestions include enhancing educational frameworks, leveraging digital media effectively, and further comparative studies to broaden the understanding of intangible cultural heritage preservation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dongjing music
• Naxi culture
• cultural preservation
• Chinese folk music
• intangible cultural heritage

DONGJING ÇİN HALK MÜZİĞİNİN KORUNMASI VE AKTARILMASI İÇİN TARİHSEL GELİŞİM VE MÜZİKSEL ÖZELLİKLER

Öz

Yunnan Eyaleti, Lijiang'daki Naxi halkının köklü kültürel geleneği olan Çin Dongjing halk müziği, toplumun zengin mirasını ve tarihsel evrimini yansıtır. Bu çalışma, derinlemesine görüşmeler, katılımcı gözlemler ve belge analizlerini temel teorik çerçevelerle birleştirerek Dongjing müziğinin tarihsel gelişimini ve müzikal özelliklerini araştırır. Lijiang'daki araştırma, sanatçılar, kültür uzmanları ve yaşlılar da dahil olmak üzere 15 muhbiri içererek modernleşme ve küreselleşmenin zorluklarına ilişkin içgörüler sunar. Bulgular, Dongjing müziğinin kültürel koruma ve adaptasyondaki ikili rolünü vurgulayarak, kültürel süreklilik ve ritüel teorileriyle uyumunu teyit ederken kültürel adaptasyon modelleriyle olan gerilimleri ortaya çıkarır. Çağdaş literatürle bağlantılı tartışmalar yoluyla, bu çalışma sürdürülebilir aktarımı sağlamak için geleneksel özgünlüğü modernizasyon stratejileriyle dengelemenin önemini vurgular. Öneriler arasında eğitim çerçevelerinin geliştirilmesi, dijital medyanın etkili bir şekilde kullanılması ve somut olmayan kültürel mirasın korunmasına ilişkin anlayışı genişletmek için daha fazla karşılaştırmalı çalışma yer almaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dongjing müziği
• Naxi kültürü
• kültürel koruma
• Çin halk müziği
• somut olmayan kültürel miras

Kaynakça

1. Bağçeci, F. S. (2024). An Epıstemologıcal Perspectıve on the Relatıonshıp Between Musıc and Metaphysıcs. Yegah Müzikoloji Dergisi, 7(3), 338-368. DOI: 10.51576/ymd.1495334.
2. Bao, Y., & Yeh, H. (2023). The Origin, Evolution and Morphological Analysis of The Taoist Music of the Lingbao School: Historical Promotion and Cultural Inheritance. Herança, 6(1), 184-198. DOI: 10.52152/Heranca.v6i1.792.
3. Blum, S. D. (2002). Margins and centers: A decade of publishing on China's ethnic minorities. The Journal of Asian Studies, 61(4), 1287-1310. DOI: 10.2307/3096443.
4. Bresler, L., & Stake, R. E. (2017). Qualitative research methodology in music education. Critical essays in music education, 113-128. DOI: 10.4324/9781315095257-8.
5. Cao, K., Xie, W., Zhu, J., & Wei, F. (2023). Commercial Culture as a Key Impetus in Shaping and Transforming Urban Structure: Case Study of Hangzhou, China. Sustainability, 15(13), 10620. DOI: 10.3390/su151310620.
6. Chang, P. (2008). Ritual music in a North China village: the continuing Confucian and Buddhist heritage. Ethnomusicology, 52(2), 330–332. DOI: 10.2307/20174594.
7. Dong, X. (2020). The Shangjing norm of the Liao dynasty and the Dongjing mode of the Northern Song dynasty. Chinese Archaeology, 20(1), 179-192. DOI: 10.1515/char-2020-0017.
8. Du, C. (2015). Manufacturing Naxi’s original ecological culture in contemporary China. Asian Ethnicity, 16(4), 549-567. DOI: 10.1080/14631369.2015.1028025.

9. Du, J. (2023). Challenging stigmatization through cultural dance: Exploring the role of fengyang flower drums in shaping collective identity, revitalizing tradition, and overcoming social prejudice. Herança, 6(2), 218-233. DOI: 10.52152/heranca.v6i2.778.
10. Hanshi, B., Sularso, S., & Clarisse, M. C. B. (2021). The Change of Concept: the Formation and Reflection of Applied Ethnomusicology. Gelar: Jurnal Seni Budaya, 19(2), 114-120. DOI: 10.33153/glr.v19i2.3978.
11. Harris, R. (2004). Singing the village: music, memory and ritual among the Sibe of Xinjiang. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.5871/bacad/9780197262979.001.0001.
12. Harris, R. (2010). Music and Cultural Rights. Ethnomusicology Forum, 19(1), 128–130. DOI: 10.1080/17411911003656050.
13. Howard, K. (2016). Music as Intangible Cultural Heritage. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315596723.
14. Huang, Y., Chuangprakhon, S., & Santaveesuk, P. (2024a). Preservation and Transmission of Shaanxi Guzheng Musical Instruments: Challenges and Strategies for Cultural Sustainability. International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Scope (IRJMS), 5(4), 147–158. DOI: 10.47857/irjms.2024.v05i04.01265.
15. Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1), 19-51. DOI: 10.2307/2657288.
16. Jian, S., & Karin, K. (2022). Rescuing Rhythm: Preserving the Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Qiang People in the Wake of the Great Sichuan Earthquake. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Cultural Studies, 17(1), 87–100. DOI: 10.18848/2327-008X/CGP/v17i01/87-100.
17. Jingfang, Y. (Ed.). (2023). Comprehensive Introduction to Chinese Traditional Music. Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. DOI: 10.2307/jj.2840655.
18. Kuang, J., & He, L. (2022). From oblivion to reappearance: A multi-faceted evaluation of the sustainability of folk music in Yunnan province of China. Sage Open, 12(3), 21582440221117806. DOI: 10.1177/21582440221117806.
19. Lee, T. S. (Ed.). (2021). Routledge handbook of Asian music: cultural intersections. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003142720.
20. Li, D., & Zhou, S. (2021). Evaluating the Authenticity of Naxi Music in Three Stages from the Perspective of Naxi Musicians: An Application of Lacan’s Mirror Stage Theory. Sustainability, 13(7), 3720. DOI: 10.3390/su13073720.
21. Liu, S., & Chuangprakhon, S. (2024). Reviewing the current situation of Huadengxi Chinese folk songs in Yunnan Province. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 7(5), 2024109-2024109. DOI: 10.31893/multirev.2024109.
22. Liumei, Z., Fanzhi, J., Jiao, L., Gang, M., & Tianshi, L. (2021, April). K-means clustering analysis of Chinese traditional folk music based on midi music textualization. In 2021 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing (ICSP) (pp. 1062-1066). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ICSP51882.2021.9408762.
23. Nan, N., & Guan, X. (2023). Common and distinct quantitative characteristics of Chinese and Western music in terms of modes, scales, degrees and melody variations. Journal of New Music Research, 52(2-3), 227-244. DOI: 10.1080/09298215.2024.2311650.
24. Rees, H. (2021). Music, tourism, and cultural exchange among the Naxi of Southwest China. In Routledge Handbook of Asian Music: Cultural Intersections (pp. 320-354). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003142720-14.
25. Shelemay, K. K. (2011). Musical communities: Rethinking the collective in music. Journal of the American Musicological Society, 64(2), 349-390. DOI: 10.1525/jams.2011.64.2.349.
26. Sriken, C., & Seekhunlio, W. (2024). The Preservation and Literacy Transmission of the Mor Lam Khon Kaen Style by the Rattanasin Intathairat Group. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 12(1), 126-132. DOI: 10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.12n.1p.126.
27. Su, J. (2019). Understanding the changing intangible cultural heritage in tourism commodification: the music players’ perspective from Lijiang, China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 17(3), 247-268. DOI: 10.1080/14766825.2018.1427102.
28. Su, J. (2020). Managing intangible cultural heritage in the context of tourism: Chinese officials’ perspectives. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 18(2), 164-186. DOI: 10.1080/14766825.2019.1604720.
29. Su, X. (2011). Commodification and the selling of ethnic music to tourists. Geoforum, 42(4), 496-505. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.03.006.
30. Tan, H. S. (2018). Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in China: Policies and national perspectives. In Music as Heritage (pp. 216-237). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315393865.
31. Tang, J. (2023). Analysis of Cultural Differences Between Chinese and Western Vocal Music. International Journal of Education and Humanities, 11(1), 117-120. DOI: 10.54097/ijeh.v11i1.12885.
32. Thrasher, A. R., Lam, J. S. C., Stock, J. P. J., Mackerras, C., Rebollo-Sborgi, F., Kouwenhoven, F., Schimmelpenninck, A., Jones, S., Mei, H., Ben, W., Rees, H., Trebinjac, S., & Lee, J. C. (2001). China, People’s Republic of. In Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43141.
33. Xingchen, L., Chuangprakhon, S., & Karin, K. (2021). The Making Craftsmanship of Yuping Xiaodi Musical Instrument in Yuping County, Guizhou Province, China. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(5), 2776-2789. DOI: 10.48047/rigeo.11.05.175.
34. Zeng, Z., & Zhou, L. (2021, April). A memetic algorithm for Chinese traditional music composition. In 2021 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing (ICSP) (pp. 187-192). IEEE. DOI: 10.1109/ICSP51882.2021.9408813.
35. Zerbe, S. (2022). Restoration of Multifunctional Cultural Landscapes: Merging Tradition and Innovation for a Sustainable Future (Vol. 30). Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-95572-4.
36. Zhang, J. (2018). Folklore in China: Past, Present, and Challenges. Humanities, 7(2), 35. DOI: 10.3390/h7020035.
37. Zhao, J., Chi, X., Zheng, Z., Liu, Y., Yao, Y., Wang, T., & Lin, Y. (2024, May). Exploration on the Development Path of Minority Intangible Cultural Heritage Based on OIIC&KISS Analytical Model--Taking “Naxi Ancient Music” as an Example. In 2024 3rd International Conference on Humanities, Wisdom Education and Service Management (HWESM 2024) (pp. 34-44). Atlantis Press. DOI: 10.2991/978-2-38476-253-8_6.
38. Zhao, T., Yeoh, J. P. S., & Loo, F. C. (2023). Cultural integration and innovation in string music: A study on the transformation of Heze string music. Herança, 6(2), 61-73. DOI: 10.52152/heranca.v6i2.765.
39. Zharkova, V., Zharkov, O., & Shang, Y. (2024). The Vocal Cycle "Machınes Agrıcoles" as a Manıfestatıon of Darıus Mılhaud's Creatıve Credo. Yegah Müzikoloji Dergisi, 7(3), 147-177. DOI: 10.51576/ymd.1519103.
40. Zhuo, X. (2017). The Religious Culture of the Chinese. In China insights (pp. 209–241). DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6379-4_5.