Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2026, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 115 - 129, 18.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1643921
https://izlik.org/JA67ZS34NW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The Impacts of Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Technological Progress on Renewable Energy Use in Organization for Economic Co- Operation and Development Countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic Impact of Trade Policy, Economic Growth, Fertility Rate, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 702-709.
  • Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries. African Development Review, 27(3), 288-300.
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Dedeoğlu, D., & Kaya, H. (2013). Energy Use, Exports, Imports and GDP: New Evidence from the OECD Countries. Energy Policy, 57, 469-476.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2024). The Impact of Taxation, Technological Innovation and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Investment: Evidence from the Top Renewable Energy Producing Countries. Energy, 306, 132539.
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth: Complacency Concerning This Component of Man's Predicament is Unjustified and Counterproductive. Science, 171 (3977), 1212-1217.
  • EUROSTAT (2024). Renewable energy statistics. Retrieved by https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_statist ics on February 2025.
  • Hughes, L., & Meckling, J. (2017). The Politics of Renewable Energy Trade: The US-China Solar Dispute. Energy Policy, 105, 256-262.
  • Ilechukwu, N., & Lahiri, S. (2022). Renewable-Energy Consumption and International Trade. Energy Reports, 8, 10624-10629.
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Environmental Quality Effects of Income, Energy Prices and Trade: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in G-7 Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 721, 137813.
  • Khan, S. A. R., Yu, Z., Belhadi, A., & Mardani, A. (2020). Investigating the Effects of Renewable Energy on International Trade and Environmental Quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111089.
  • Murshed, M. (2020). Are Trade Liberalization Policies Aligned with Renewable Energy Transition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? An Instrumental Variable Approach. Renewable Energy, 151, 1110-1123.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. University of Cambridge, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 365-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Thompson, H., & Toledo, H. (2022). Renewable Versus Nonrenewable Energy for Canada in a Free Trade Agreement with China. Energy Economics, 105, 105716.
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic Tools for Unpacking the Driving Forces of Environmental Impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365.
  • Wang, Q., & Zhang, F. (2021). Free Trade and Renewable Energy: A Cross-Income Levels Empirical Investigation Using Two Trade Openness Measures. Renewable Energy, 168, 1027-1039.
  • Wang, W., Rehman, M. A., & Fahad, S. (2022). The Dynamic Influence of Renewable Energy, Trade Openness, and Industrialization on the Sustainable Environment in G-7 Economies. Renewable Energy, 198, 484-491.
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Zaman Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Yue, T., Long, R., Chen, H., & Zhao, X. (2013). The Optimal CO2 Emissions Reduction Path in Jiangsu Province: An Expanded IPAT Approach. Applied Energy, 112, 1510-1517.
  • Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The Nexus of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, And CO 2 Emissions in the Framework of EKC: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15162-15173.
  • Zeren, F., & Akkuş, H. T. (2020). The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness: New Evidence from Emerging Economies. Renewable Energy, 147, 322-329.
  • Zhang, M., Zhang, S., Lee, C. C., & Zhou, D. (2021). Effects of Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: New Insights from Panel Smooth Transition Regression Modelling. Energy Economics, 104, 105649.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 115 - 129, 18.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1643921
https://izlik.org/JA67ZS34NW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The Impacts of Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Technological Progress on Renewable Energy Use in Organization for Economic Co- Operation and Development Countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic Impact of Trade Policy, Economic Growth, Fertility Rate, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 702-709.
  • Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries. African Development Review, 27(3), 288-300.
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Dedeoğlu, D., & Kaya, H. (2013). Energy Use, Exports, Imports and GDP: New Evidence from the OECD Countries. Energy Policy, 57, 469-476.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2024). The Impact of Taxation, Technological Innovation and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Investment: Evidence from the Top Renewable Energy Producing Countries. Energy, 306, 132539.
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth: Complacency Concerning This Component of Man's Predicament is Unjustified and Counterproductive. Science, 171 (3977), 1212-1217.
  • EUROSTAT (2024). Renewable energy statistics. Retrieved by https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_statist ics on February 2025.
  • Hughes, L., & Meckling, J. (2017). The Politics of Renewable Energy Trade: The US-China Solar Dispute. Energy Policy, 105, 256-262.
  • Ilechukwu, N., & Lahiri, S. (2022). Renewable-Energy Consumption and International Trade. Energy Reports, 8, 10624-10629.
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Environmental Quality Effects of Income, Energy Prices and Trade: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in G-7 Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 721, 137813.
  • Khan, S. A. R., Yu, Z., Belhadi, A., & Mardani, A. (2020). Investigating the Effects of Renewable Energy on International Trade and Environmental Quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111089.
  • Murshed, M. (2020). Are Trade Liberalization Policies Aligned with Renewable Energy Transition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? An Instrumental Variable Approach. Renewable Energy, 151, 1110-1123.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. University of Cambridge, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 365-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Thompson, H., & Toledo, H. (2022). Renewable Versus Nonrenewable Energy for Canada in a Free Trade Agreement with China. Energy Economics, 105, 105716.
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic Tools for Unpacking the Driving Forces of Environmental Impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365.
  • Wang, Q., & Zhang, F. (2021). Free Trade and Renewable Energy: A Cross-Income Levels Empirical Investigation Using Two Trade Openness Measures. Renewable Energy, 168, 1027-1039.
  • Wang, W., Rehman, M. A., & Fahad, S. (2022). The Dynamic Influence of Renewable Energy, Trade Openness, and Industrialization on the Sustainable Environment in G-7 Economies. Renewable Energy, 198, 484-491.
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Zaman Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Yue, T., Long, R., Chen, H., & Zhao, X. (2013). The Optimal CO2 Emissions Reduction Path in Jiangsu Province: An Expanded IPAT Approach. Applied Energy, 112, 1510-1517.
  • Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The Nexus of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, And CO 2 Emissions in the Framework of EKC: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15162-15173.
  • Zeren, F., & Akkuş, H. T. (2020). The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness: New Evidence from Emerging Economies. Renewable Energy, 147, 322-329.
  • Zhang, M., Zhang, S., Lee, C. C., & Zhou, D. (2021). Effects of Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: New Insights from Panel Smooth Transition Regression Modelling. Energy Economics, 104, 105649.

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 115 - 129, 18.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1643921
https://izlik.org/JA67ZS34NW

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The Impacts of Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Technological Progress on Renewable Energy Use in Organization for Economic Co- Operation and Development Countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic Impact of Trade Policy, Economic Growth, Fertility Rate, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 702-709.
  • Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries. African Development Review, 27(3), 288-300.
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Dedeoğlu, D., & Kaya, H. (2013). Energy Use, Exports, Imports and GDP: New Evidence from the OECD Countries. Energy Policy, 57, 469-476.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2024). The Impact of Taxation, Technological Innovation and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Investment: Evidence from the Top Renewable Energy Producing Countries. Energy, 306, 132539.
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth: Complacency Concerning This Component of Man's Predicament is Unjustified and Counterproductive. Science, 171 (3977), 1212-1217.
  • EUROSTAT (2024). Renewable energy statistics. Retrieved by https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_statist ics on February 2025.
  • Hughes, L., & Meckling, J. (2017). The Politics of Renewable Energy Trade: The US-China Solar Dispute. Energy Policy, 105, 256-262.
  • Ilechukwu, N., & Lahiri, S. (2022). Renewable-Energy Consumption and International Trade. Energy Reports, 8, 10624-10629.
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Environmental Quality Effects of Income, Energy Prices and Trade: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in G-7 Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 721, 137813.
  • Khan, S. A. R., Yu, Z., Belhadi, A., & Mardani, A. (2020). Investigating the Effects of Renewable Energy on International Trade and Environmental Quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111089.
  • Murshed, M. (2020). Are Trade Liberalization Policies Aligned with Renewable Energy Transition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? An Instrumental Variable Approach. Renewable Energy, 151, 1110-1123.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. University of Cambridge, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 365-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Thompson, H., & Toledo, H. (2022). Renewable Versus Nonrenewable Energy for Canada in a Free Trade Agreement with China. Energy Economics, 105, 105716.
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic Tools for Unpacking the Driving Forces of Environmental Impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365.
  • Wang, Q., & Zhang, F. (2021). Free Trade and Renewable Energy: A Cross-Income Levels Empirical Investigation Using Two Trade Openness Measures. Renewable Energy, 168, 1027-1039.
  • Wang, W., Rehman, M. A., & Fahad, S. (2022). The Dynamic Influence of Renewable Energy, Trade Openness, and Industrialization on the Sustainable Environment in G-7 Economies. Renewable Energy, 198, 484-491.
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Zaman Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Yue, T., Long, R., Chen, H., & Zhao, X. (2013). The Optimal CO2 Emissions Reduction Path in Jiangsu Province: An Expanded IPAT Approach. Applied Energy, 112, 1510-1517.
  • Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The Nexus of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, And CO 2 Emissions in the Framework of EKC: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15162-15173.
  • Zeren, F., & Akkuş, H. T. (2020). The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness: New Evidence from Emerging Economies. Renewable Energy, 147, 322-329.
  • Zhang, M., Zhang, S., Lee, C. C., & Zhou, D. (2021). Effects of Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: New Insights from Panel Smooth Transition Regression Modelling. Energy Economics, 104, 105649.

Serbest Ticaret ve Enerji Tüketim Bağlantısı: Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 115 - 129, 18.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1643921
https://izlik.org/JA67ZS34NW

Öz

Fosil yakıtlardan enerji elde etmenin küresel ısınmaya neden olmasıyla birlikte, ülkeler alternatif enerji üretim yolları arayışına girmişlerdir. Bilindiği üzere çevre kirliliğine neden olmayan yenilebilir enerjiler, yeni yüzyılla birlikte enerji üretiminde tercih edilir hale gelmiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji üretiminin artmasıyla birlikte bu yeni enerji kaynağının kullanımında da artış meydana gelmiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak da yenilenebilir enerji kullanımını etkileyebilecek olan değişkenlerde araştırmacılar tarafından araştırılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın konusunu da oluşturan yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı ülkeler arasında yapılan serbest ticaret ilişkisi bu noktada araştırmacılar tarafından cevabı aranan bir soru haline gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ülkeler arasındaki serbest ticaret ile yenilenebilir enerji ve fosil yakıt kullanımının ilişkisi araştırılacak ve ayrıca fosil yakıttan elde edilen enerjilerin kullanımı ve yenilenebilir enerji kullanımından elde edilen sonuçlar karşılaştırılacaktır. Bu sayede serbest ticaretin etkisinin iki tür enerji kullanımına da etkisi bulunabilecektir. Bu çalışmada, 1990-2022 yılları arasını kapsayan yıllık verilerden yararlanılmaktadır. Panel veri analizinin tercih edildiği çalışmada, Avrupa Birliği (AB) üyesi ülkelerden Türkiye’nin en önemli ticaret partneri olan (Almanya, Fransa, İspanya, İtalya ve Birleşik Krallık) ülkeler seçilmiştir. Önce panel birim kök testi yapılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlar neticesinde Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif (ARDL) Sınır Testi/PMG yöntemi uygun görülmüştür. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, serbest ticaret yenilenebilir enerji kullanıma uzun dönemde etki ederken, fosil yakıt kullanımını kısa vadede etkilemektedir. Serbest ticaretin yenilenebilir enerji kullanımına etkisi yalnızca Fransa, İtalya ve Birleşik Krallık'ta gözlemlenmektedir. Bu durum, ülkelerin yürürlüğe koyduğu enerji politikasıyla uyumludur. Diğer taraftan, serbest ticaretin herhangi bir ülkede fosil yakıt kullanımına etkisi açısında da önemlidir ve beklentilerle uyumluluk göstermektedir. İlgili teknolojilerin geliştirilmesi ve gelişmişliğiyle de ilgili ve tutarlı olduğu söylenebilir. Yapılan çalışma, konuyla ilgilenen araştırmacılara ve sektör çalışanlarına serbest ticarette maliyet avantajı yakalamaları açısından, politika yapıcılarına ise uygulamaya koymayı planladıkları enerji politikaları açısından fikir verebilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası İktisat, Serbest Ticaret, Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Fosil Yakıt Tüketimi
JEL Sınıflandırması: F14, F18, P18

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The Impacts of Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Technological Progress on Renewable Energy Use in Organization for Economic Co- Operation and Development Countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic Impact of Trade Policy, Economic Growth, Fertility Rate, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 702-709.
  • Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries. African Development Review, 27(3), 288-300.
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Dedeoğlu, D., & Kaya, H. (2013). Energy Use, Exports, Imports and GDP: New Evidence from the OECD Countries. Energy Policy, 57, 469-476.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2024). The Impact of Taxation, Technological Innovation and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Investment: Evidence from the Top Renewable Energy Producing Countries. Energy, 306, 132539.
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth: Complacency Concerning This Component of Man's Predicament is Unjustified and Counterproductive. Science, 171 (3977), 1212-1217.
  • EUROSTAT (2024). Renewable energy statistics. Retrieved by https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_statist ics on February 2025.
  • Hughes, L., & Meckling, J. (2017). The Politics of Renewable Energy Trade: The US-China Solar Dispute. Energy Policy, 105, 256-262.
  • Ilechukwu, N., & Lahiri, S. (2022). Renewable-Energy Consumption and International Trade. Energy Reports, 8, 10624-10629.
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Environmental Quality Effects of Income, Energy Prices and Trade: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in G-7 Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 721, 137813.
  • Khan, S. A. R., Yu, Z., Belhadi, A., & Mardani, A. (2020). Investigating the Effects of Renewable Energy on International Trade and Environmental Quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111089.
  • Murshed, M. (2020). Are Trade Liberalization Policies Aligned with Renewable Energy Transition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? An Instrumental Variable Approach. Renewable Energy, 151, 1110-1123.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. University of Cambridge, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 365-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Thompson, H., & Toledo, H. (2022). Renewable Versus Nonrenewable Energy for Canada in a Free Trade Agreement with China. Energy Economics, 105, 105716.
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic Tools for Unpacking the Driving Forces of Environmental Impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365.
  • Wang, Q., & Zhang, F. (2021). Free Trade and Renewable Energy: A Cross-Income Levels Empirical Investigation Using Two Trade Openness Measures. Renewable Energy, 168, 1027-1039.
  • Wang, W., Rehman, M. A., & Fahad, S. (2022). The Dynamic Influence of Renewable Energy, Trade Openness, and Industrialization on the Sustainable Environment in G-7 Economies. Renewable Energy, 198, 484-491.
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Zaman Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Yue, T., Long, R., Chen, H., & Zhao, X. (2013). The Optimal CO2 Emissions Reduction Path in Jiangsu Province: An Expanded IPAT Approach. Applied Energy, 112, 1510-1517.
  • Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The Nexus of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, And CO 2 Emissions in the Framework of EKC: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15162-15173.
  • Zeren, F., & Akkuş, H. T. (2020). The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness: New Evidence from Emerging Economies. Renewable Energy, 147, 322-329.
  • Zhang, M., Zhang, S., Lee, C. C., & Zhou, D. (2021). Effects of Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: New Insights from Panel Smooth Transition Regression Modelling. Energy Economics, 104, 105649.

Free Trade and Energy Consumption Nexus: The European Union and Türkiye

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1, 115 - 129, 18.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1643921
https://izlik.org/JA67ZS34NW

Öz

Due to the contribution of fossil fuels to global warming, nations have begun to explore alternative energy generation techniques. In the new century, energy production has favored renewable energies that do not cause environmental damage as much as fossil fuel energy. The rise in renewable energy generation has correspondingly led to an increased utilization of this energy source. Consequently, researchers have begun the investigation of elements that may influence the utilization of renewable energy. The correlation between renewable energy consumption, the focus of this study, and free trade has emerged as a pertinent inquiry for scholars. This study will examine the correlation between the use of renewable energy and fossil fuels with regard to free trade and will compare the outcomes derived from fossil fuel energy and renewable energy usage. A connection between the utilization of renewable energy, the focus of this study, and free trade has emerged as a topic of inquiry among scholars. This study will examine the correlation between free trade and the utilization of renewable energy vs fossil fuels, comparing the outcomes associated with each energy source. The impact of free trade on both categories of energy use may be determined in this manner. This research examines yearly data spanning the years 1990 to 2022. The study utilized panel data analysis to pick Türkiye's principal trading partners among the European Union (EU) members (Germany, France, Spain, Italy, and the United Kingdom). The panel unit root test was conducted, and based on the findings, the Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test/PMG technique was considered suitable. The research indicates that free trade influences renewable energy consumption in the end, whereas it affects fossil fuel consumption in the short term. Only France, Italy, and the United Kingdom observe the impact of free trade on the use of renewable energy. This condition aligns with the energy policies implemented by the governments. Conversely, the impact of free trade on fossil fuel use in any nation is also significant and aligns with anticipated outcomes. This is also relevant to the advancement and refinement of the related technologies. The study offers advice to researchers and industry professionals seeking cost benefits in free trade, as well as for policymakers about the energy policies they want to enact.
Key Words: International Economic, Free Trade, Renewable Energy Consumption, Fossil Fuel Consumption
JEL Classification: F14, F18, P18

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M. M., & Murad, M. W. (2020). The Impacts of Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Technological Progress on Renewable Energy Use in Organization for Economic Co- Operation and Development Countries. Renewable Energy, 145, 382-390.
  • Alola, A. A., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Dynamic Impact of Trade Policy, Economic Growth, Fertility Rate, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint in Europe. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 702-709.
  • Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries. African Development Review, 27(3), 288-300.
  • Breusch, T.S., & Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Dedeoğlu, D., & Kaya, H. (2013). Energy Use, Exports, Imports and GDP: New Evidence from the OECD Countries. Energy Policy, 57, 469-476.
  • Ebaidalla, E. M. (2024). The Impact of Taxation, Technological Innovation and Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Investment: Evidence from the Top Renewable Energy Producing Countries. Energy, 306, 132539.
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth: Complacency Concerning This Component of Man's Predicament is Unjustified and Counterproductive. Science, 171 (3977), 1212-1217.
  • EUROSTAT (2024). Renewable energy statistics. Retrieved by https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php?title=Renewable_energy_statist ics on February 2025.
  • Hughes, L., & Meckling, J. (2017). The Politics of Renewable Energy Trade: The US-China Solar Dispute. Energy Policy, 105, 256-262.
  • Ilechukwu, N., & Lahiri, S. (2022). Renewable-Energy Consumption and International Trade. Energy Reports, 8, 10624-10629.
  • Ike, G. N., Usman, O., Alola, A. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Environmental Quality Effects of Income, Energy Prices and Trade: The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption in G-7 Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 721, 137813.
  • Khan, S. A. R., Yu, Z., Belhadi, A., & Mardani, A. (2020). Investigating the Effects of Renewable Energy on International Trade and Environmental Quality. Journal of Environmental Management, 272, 111089.
  • Murshed, M. (2020). Are Trade Liberalization Policies Aligned with Renewable Energy Transition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? An Instrumental Variable Approach. Renewable Energy, 151, 1110-1123.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Test for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. University of Cambridge, 1-39.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross-Section Dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 365-312.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross Section Independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105-127.
  • Thompson, H., & Toledo, H. (2022). Renewable Versus Nonrenewable Energy for Canada in a Free Trade Agreement with China. Energy Economics, 105, 105716.
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic Tools for Unpacking the Driving Forces of Environmental Impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365.
  • Wang, Q., & Zhang, F. (2021). Free Trade and Renewable Energy: A Cross-Income Levels Empirical Investigation Using Two Trade Openness Measures. Renewable Energy, 168, 1027-1039.
  • Wang, W., Rehman, M. A., & Fahad, S. (2022). The Dynamic Influence of Renewable Energy, Trade Openness, and Industrialization on the Sustainable Environment in G-7 Economies. Renewable Energy, 198, 484-491.
  • Yerdelen-Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Zaman Analizi-Stata Uygulamalı (3. Baskı). İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
  • Yue, T., Long, R., Chen, H., & Zhao, X. (2013). The Optimal CO2 Emissions Reduction Path in Jiangsu Province: An Expanded IPAT Approach. Applied Energy, 112, 1510-1517.
  • Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The Nexus of Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Consumption, Trade Openness, And CO 2 Emissions in the Framework of EKC: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15162-15173.
  • Zeren, F., & Akkuş, H. T. (2020). The Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade Openness: New Evidence from Emerging Economies. Renewable Energy, 147, 322-329.
  • Zhang, M., Zhang, S., Lee, C. C., & Zhou, D. (2021). Effects of Trade Openness on Renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: New Insights from Panel Smooth Transition Regression Modelling. Energy Economics, 104, 105649.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makro İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

İbrahim Özaytürk 0000-0001-5292-6313

Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Şubat 2025
Kabul Tarihi 15 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1643921
IZ https://izlik.org/JA67ZS34NW
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özaytürk, İ. (2026). Free Trade and Energy Consumption Nexus: The European Union and Türkiye. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 33(1), 115-129. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1643921