Araştırma Makalesi
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Russia’s Hybrid War Strategy in the 2014 Ukraine Crisis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 499 - 516, 23.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1057032

Öz

This study analyzes the main characteristics of hybrid warfare and how it is applied in practice through Russia’s intervention in Ukraine. Although researchers have not reached a consensus on the definition of hybrid warfare, it is a kind of war in which both state and non-state actors engage using increasing obscurity and invisibility and various types of war such as conventional capabilities, irregular tactics, acts of terrorism, violence, and oppression. Hybrid warfare with traditional and modern war concepts provides states the opportunity to reach targets that they cannot reach by using many other different means. In this context, in the first part of the study, the definition and characteristics of hybrid wars were mentioned, then the components of hybrid warfare were revealed and in the last part, it is analyzed how Russia applied the hybrid war theory in the Ukraine War.
Key Words: Hybrid Warfare, Russia, Ukraine
JEL Classification: F51

Kaynakça

  • Army Doctrine Publication 3-0, (2011). Unified Land Operations, Washington D. C.
  • Balasevicius, T. (2017). Looking for Little Green Men: Understanding Russia’s Employment of Hybrid Warfare, Canadian Military Journal, 17(3), 17-28.
  • Banasik, M. (2016). “Russia’s Hybrid War in Theory and Practice”, Journal on Baltic Security, 2(1), 157-182.
  • BBC. (2016). Ukraine crisis: What's going on in Crimea?. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25182823, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Bērziņš, J. (2014). “Russia’s New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy”, National Defence Academy of Latvia Center for Security and Strategic Research, S. Policy Paper No: 2, https://sldinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/New-Generation-Warfare.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2020).
  • Bērziņš, J. (2018). The Russian Way of Warfare. Deni, J.R. (Edt.), Current Russia Military Affairs: Assessing and Countering Russian Strategy, Operational Planning, and Modernization, Strategic Studies Institute, 18-20.
  • Biersack, J. ve O’Lear, S. (2014). The Geopolitics of Russia’s Annexation of Crimea: Narratives, İdentity, Silences, and Energy, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 55(3), 247-269.
  • Bingöl, O. (2015). “Hibrid Savaş, Rusya ve Türkiye”, Merkez Strateji Enstitüsü, Bilgi Notu-005, http://merkezstrateji.com/assets/media/151129-bn-05-hibrid-savas-rusya-s2_3.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2020).
  • Boston, S. ve Massicot, D. (2017). The Russian Way of Warfare. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Chekinov, S. G. ve Bogdanov, S. A. (2013). “The Nature and Content of a New-Generation War”, Military Thought, (4), 12-23.
  • Chivvis, C. S. (2017). Understanding Russian “Hybrid Warfare” And What Can Be Done About it. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • CISA.gov. (2016). Cyber-Attack Against Ukrainian Critical Infrastructure. https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/alerts/IR-ALERT-H-16-056-01, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2021).
  • Connel, M. ve Vogler, S. (2016). Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare. Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) Occasional Paper series.
  • Connell, M. E. ve Evans, R. (2015). Russia’s “Ambiguous Warfare” and Implications for the U.S. Marine Corps, Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) Occasional Paper series.
  • Erol, M. S. ve Oğuz, Ş. (2015). Hybrid Warfare Studies and Russia’s Example in Crimea. Gazi Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 9(17), 261-277.
  • Erol, M. S. ve Oğuz, Ş. (2018). Karma Savaş Teorisi ve Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 18(2), 399-415.
  • Freier, N. (2007). “Strategic Competition and Resistance in the 21st Century: Irregular, Catastrophic, Traditional, and Hybrid Challenges in Context”, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.
  • Giles, K. (2016). The Next Phase of Russian Information Warfare. NATO Strategic Communications Centre Of Excellence.
  • Gök, A. (2021). Hibrit Savaşlar Rusya ve İsrail Örnekleriyle, 2. Basım, Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). “Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars”, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, https://www.potomacinstitute.org/images/stories/publications/potomac_hybridwar_0108.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020)
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2009a). “Hybrid Warfare and Challenges”, Joint Force Quarterly, (52), https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-52.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020).
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2009b). “Hybrid vs. Compound War”, Armed Forces Journal, http://armedforcesjournal.com/hybrid-vs-compound-war/, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.05.2020).
  • Jacobs, A. ve Lasconjarias, G. (2015). NATO’s Hybrid Flanks: Handling Unconventional Warfare in the South and the East, Research Paper, Rome: NATO Defense College, No: 112.
  • Karabulut, A. N. (2016). Eski Savaş, Yeni Strateji: Rusya’nın Yirmibirinci Yüzyıldaki Hibrit Savaş Doktrini ve Ukrayna Krizi’ndeki Uygulaması, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(49), 25-42.
  • Kofman, M. vd. (2017). Lessons from Russia’s Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Mansoor, P. R. (2012). “Introduction: Hybrid Warfare in History”, Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present, ed. Williamson Murray, Peter R. Mansoor, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Maurer, T. (2015). Cyber Proxies and the Crisis in Ukraine. Geers, K. (Edt.), Cyber War in Perspective: Russian Aggression against Ukraine, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 79-86.
  • McCuen, J. J. (2008). “Hybrid Wars”, Military Review, https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20080430_art017.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020)
  • McCulloh, T. ve Johnson, R. (2013). “Hybrid Warfare”, Joint Special Operations University and the Strategic Studies Department, JSOU Report 13-4, Florida: The JSOU Press MacDill Air Force Base.
  • Monaghan, A. (2015). The 'War' in Russia's 'Hybrid Warfare'. Parameters, 45(4), 65-74.
  • Nemeth, W. J. (2002). Future war and Chechnya: A Case For Hybrid Warfare, (Master Theses), Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School.
  • Reeves, S. R. ve Wallace, D. (2015). The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict. International Law Studies, (91), 362-401.
  • Reisinger, H. ve Golts, A. (2014). Russia’s Hybrid Warfare: Waging War below the Radar of Traditional Collective. NATO Defense College, Research Paper, (105).
  • Rusnáková, S. (2017). Russian New Art of Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 17(3), 343-380.
  • Saran, V. (2016). Media Manipulation and Psychological War in Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. Centre for European Studies, 8(4), 738-752.
  • Shevchenko, V. (2014). Little green men’ or ‘Russian invaders’?. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26532154, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021).
  • Shuster, S. (2014). Meet the Cossack 'Wolves' Doing Russia's Dirty Work in Ukraine. https://time.com/95898/wolves-hundred-ukraine-russia-cossack/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Stopfake.org. (2014). Fake photos of children allegedly killed in eastern Ukraine appeared on the web. https://www.stopfake.org/ru/v-seti-poyavilis-fejkovye-foto-detej-yakoby-ubityh-na-vostoke-ukrainy/, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2021).
  • Şahin, F. K. (2018). 2014 Sonrasında Kırım Tatarları ve Ukrayna: Ortak Bir Düşman Karşısında Yeniden Kurulan İlişkiler. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih Dergisi, (19), 137-176.
  • The United States Army Special Operations Command, (2016). “Little Green Men”: A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine: 2013–2014. North Carolina: USASOC.
  • Toal, G. (2017). Near Abroad: Putin the West and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (2011). Türkçe Sözlük, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Tzu, S. (2016). Savaş Sanatı, çev. Pulat Otkan, Giray Fidan, V. Basım İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Walker, R. G. (1998). SPEC FI: the United States Marine Corps and Special Operations, (Master Theses), Monterey, California: The Naval Postgraduate School.
  • Westerlund, F. ve Norberg, J. (2016). Military Means for Non-Military Measures: The Russian Approach to the Use of Armed Force as Seen in Ukraine. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(4), 576-601.
  • Zinin, V. (2015). Igra v Soldatikov: Paçimo Reputatsiya Armiy Okazalas pod Ugrozoy. https://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2015/07/22_e_7652977.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2018).

Rusya’nın 2014 Ukrayna Krizi’ndeki Hibrit Savaş Stratejisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3, 499 - 516, 23.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1057032

Öz

ÖZ
Bu çalışma hibrit savaşın temel özelliklerinin neler olduğunu ve pratikte nasıl uygulandığını Rusya’nın Ukrayna müdahalesi üzerinden analiz etmektedir. Araştırmacıların üzerinde konsensüs sağladığı bir tanım olmamakla birlikte hibrit savaş hem devlet hem de devlet dışı aktörler tarafından yürütülen, konvansiyonel yetenekler, düzensiz taktikler, terör eylemleri, şiddet ve baskı gibi çeşitli savaş biçimlerinin kullanıldığı, bilinmezliklerin ve görünmezliklerin arttığı bir savaş biçimidir. Geleneksel ve modern savaş konseptlerinin bir arada olduğu hibrit savaş, devletlere belki de başka birçok aracı kullanarak ulaşamayacakları hedeflere ulaşma imkânı sağlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın ilk bölümünde hibrit savaşların tanımı ve özelliklerine değinilmiş, sonrasında ise hibrit savaşın bileşenleri ortaya konmuş ve son bölümde ise Rusya’nın hibrit savaş teorisini Ukrayna Savaşı özelinde nasıl uyguladığı analiz edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Hibrit Savaş, Rusya, Ukrayna

Kaynakça

  • Army Doctrine Publication 3-0, (2011). Unified Land Operations, Washington D. C.
  • Balasevicius, T. (2017). Looking for Little Green Men: Understanding Russia’s Employment of Hybrid Warfare, Canadian Military Journal, 17(3), 17-28.
  • Banasik, M. (2016). “Russia’s Hybrid War in Theory and Practice”, Journal on Baltic Security, 2(1), 157-182.
  • BBC. (2016). Ukraine crisis: What's going on in Crimea?. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25182823, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.11.2021).
  • Bērziņš, J. (2014). “Russia’s New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy”, National Defence Academy of Latvia Center for Security and Strategic Research, S. Policy Paper No: 2, https://sldinfo.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/New-Generation-Warfare.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 21.05.2020).
  • Bērziņš, J. (2018). The Russian Way of Warfare. Deni, J.R. (Edt.), Current Russia Military Affairs: Assessing and Countering Russian Strategy, Operational Planning, and Modernization, Strategic Studies Institute, 18-20.
  • Biersack, J. ve O’Lear, S. (2014). The Geopolitics of Russia’s Annexation of Crimea: Narratives, İdentity, Silences, and Energy, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 55(3), 247-269.
  • Bingöl, O. (2015). “Hibrid Savaş, Rusya ve Türkiye”, Merkez Strateji Enstitüsü, Bilgi Notu-005, http://merkezstrateji.com/assets/media/151129-bn-05-hibrid-savas-rusya-s2_3.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2020).
  • Boston, S. ve Massicot, D. (2017). The Russian Way of Warfare. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Chekinov, S. G. ve Bogdanov, S. A. (2013). “The Nature and Content of a New-Generation War”, Military Thought, (4), 12-23.
  • Chivvis, C. S. (2017). Understanding Russian “Hybrid Warfare” And What Can Be Done About it. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • CISA.gov. (2016). Cyber-Attack Against Ukrainian Critical Infrastructure. https://www.cisa.gov/uscert/ics/alerts/IR-ALERT-H-16-056-01, (Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2021).
  • Connel, M. ve Vogler, S. (2016). Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare. Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) Occasional Paper series.
  • Connell, M. E. ve Evans, R. (2015). Russia’s “Ambiguous Warfare” and Implications for the U.S. Marine Corps, Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) Occasional Paper series.
  • Erol, M. S. ve Oğuz, Ş. (2015). Hybrid Warfare Studies and Russia’s Example in Crimea. Gazi Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 9(17), 261-277.
  • Erol, M. S. ve Oğuz, Ş. (2018). Karma Savaş Teorisi ve Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı. Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi, 18(2), 399-415.
  • Freier, N. (2007). “Strategic Competition and Resistance in the 21st Century: Irregular, Catastrophic, Traditional, and Hybrid Challenges in Context”, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.
  • Giles, K. (2016). The Next Phase of Russian Information Warfare. NATO Strategic Communications Centre Of Excellence.
  • Gök, A. (2021). Hibrit Savaşlar Rusya ve İsrail Örnekleriyle, 2. Basım, Ankara: Nobel Bilimsel Eserler.
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2007). “Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars”, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, https://www.potomacinstitute.org/images/stories/publications/potomac_hybridwar_0108.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020)
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2009a). “Hybrid Warfare and Challenges”, Joint Force Quarterly, (52), https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-52.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.04.2020).
  • Hoffman, F. G. (2009b). “Hybrid vs. Compound War”, Armed Forces Journal, http://armedforcesjournal.com/hybrid-vs-compound-war/, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.05.2020).
  • Jacobs, A. ve Lasconjarias, G. (2015). NATO’s Hybrid Flanks: Handling Unconventional Warfare in the South and the East, Research Paper, Rome: NATO Defense College, No: 112.
  • Karabulut, A. N. (2016). Eski Savaş, Yeni Strateji: Rusya’nın Yirmibirinci Yüzyıldaki Hibrit Savaş Doktrini ve Ukrayna Krizi’ndeki Uygulaması, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(49), 25-42.
  • Kofman, M. vd. (2017). Lessons from Russia’s Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.
  • Mansoor, P. R. (2012). “Introduction: Hybrid Warfare in History”, Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present, ed. Williamson Murray, Peter R. Mansoor, New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Maurer, T. (2015). Cyber Proxies and the Crisis in Ukraine. Geers, K. (Edt.), Cyber War in Perspective: Russian Aggression against Ukraine, Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publications, 79-86.
  • McCuen, J. J. (2008). “Hybrid Wars”, Military Review, https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Portals/7/military-review/Archives/English/MilitaryReview_20080430_art017.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.05.2020)
  • McCulloh, T. ve Johnson, R. (2013). “Hybrid Warfare”, Joint Special Operations University and the Strategic Studies Department, JSOU Report 13-4, Florida: The JSOU Press MacDill Air Force Base.
  • Monaghan, A. (2015). The 'War' in Russia's 'Hybrid Warfare'. Parameters, 45(4), 65-74.
  • Nemeth, W. J. (2002). Future war and Chechnya: A Case For Hybrid Warfare, (Master Theses), Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School.
  • Reeves, S. R. ve Wallace, D. (2015). The Combatant Status of the “Little Green Men” and Other Participants in the Ukraine Conflict. International Law Studies, (91), 362-401.
  • Reisinger, H. ve Golts, A. (2014). Russia’s Hybrid Warfare: Waging War below the Radar of Traditional Collective. NATO Defense College, Research Paper, (105).
  • Rusnáková, S. (2017). Russian New Art of Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 17(3), 343-380.
  • Saran, V. (2016). Media Manipulation and Psychological War in Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. Centre for European Studies, 8(4), 738-752.
  • Shevchenko, V. (2014). Little green men’ or ‘Russian invaders’?. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26532154, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.11.2021).
  • Shuster, S. (2014). Meet the Cossack 'Wolves' Doing Russia's Dirty Work in Ukraine. https://time.com/95898/wolves-hundred-ukraine-russia-cossack/, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.12.2021).
  • Stopfake.org. (2014). Fake photos of children allegedly killed in eastern Ukraine appeared on the web. https://www.stopfake.org/ru/v-seti-poyavilis-fejkovye-foto-detej-yakoby-ubityh-na-vostoke-ukrainy/, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2021).
  • Şahin, F. K. (2018). 2014 Sonrasında Kırım Tatarları ve Ukrayna: Ortak Bir Düşman Karşısında Yeniden Kurulan İlişkiler. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih Dergisi, (19), 137-176.
  • The United States Army Special Operations Command, (2016). “Little Green Men”: A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine: 2013–2014. North Carolina: USASOC.
  • Toal, G. (2017). Near Abroad: Putin the West and the Contest Over Ukraine and the Caucasus, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu. (2011). Türkçe Sözlük, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Tzu, S. (2016). Savaş Sanatı, çev. Pulat Otkan, Giray Fidan, V. Basım İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Walker, R. G. (1998). SPEC FI: the United States Marine Corps and Special Operations, (Master Theses), Monterey, California: The Naval Postgraduate School.
  • Westerlund, F. ve Norberg, J. (2016). Military Means for Non-Military Measures: The Russian Approach to the Use of Armed Force as Seen in Ukraine. Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 29(4), 576-601.
  • Zinin, V. (2015). Igra v Soldatikov: Paçimo Reputatsiya Armiy Okazalas pod Ugrozoy. https://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2015/07/22_e_7652977.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.11.2018).
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Harun Aras 0000-0002-3013-6051

Yusuf Yıldırım 0000-0002-1733-9073

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Aras, H., & Yıldırım, Y. (2022). Rusya’nın 2014 Ukrayna Krizi’ndeki Hibrit Savaş Stratejisi. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 29(3), 499-516. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1057032