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Problematic Digital Technology Use Scale Among University Students: A Validity and Reliability Study

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 135 - 146, 31.12.2024

Hasan Tutar , Hakan Tahiri Mutlu

https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1454547

Öz

As the prevalence of digital technology increases, issues related to its use have also become more widespread. This study aimed to develop a scale to measure the perceptions of university students, assumed to experience problematic digital technology use, regarding their usage patterns. During the scale development process, a literature review was conducted to identify common themes, factors, causes, and consequences of problematic digital technology use. Subsequently, in the qualitative phase, interviews were conducted with university students to gather their views, which were used to create an initial pool of scale items reflecting problematic digital technology use. In the next stage, a pilot study was conducted, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to refine and simplify the scale items. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify the dimensions of digital technology use, and overlapping items were removed to improve the scale. The factor analysis revealed that the scale consisted of three factors: Loss of Impulse Control, Social Isolation, and Physical and Mental Fatigue. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the stability of the factor structure, and Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis was performed to evaluate the internal consistency of the scale. The analysis indicated that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient demonstrated a high level of internal consistency (0.918). In conclusion, the scale developed was found to be a reliable and valid tool for researchers and practitioners aiming to assess problematic digital technology use.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Digital Technology Digital Addiction Problematic Digital Technology use Scale

Kaynakça

  • Abel, J. P., Buff, C. L., & Burr, S. A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 14(1), 33–44.
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  • Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C. Y., Broström, A., Bülow, P. H., Bajalan, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2019). Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 47, 51–61.
  • Aljomaa, S. S., Al-Qudah, M. F., Albursan, I. S., Bakhiet, S. F., Abduljabbar, A. S., & Al-Degheishem, A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 155–164.
  • Alonso, F., Esteban, C., Useche, S. A., & López de Cózar, E. (2016). Prevalence of physical and mental fatigue symptoms on Spanish drivers and its incidence on driving safety. Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience, 1(2), 10–18.
  • Al-Samarraie, H., Bello, K. A., Alzahrani, A. I., Smith, A. P., & Emele, C. (2021). Young users' social media addiction: Causes, consequences, and preventions. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2314–2343.
  • Alt, D. (2017). Students’ social media engagement and fear of missing out (FoMO) in a diverse classroom. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 29, 388–410.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293.
  • Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013). Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in Neurobiology, 108, 44–79.
  • Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., ... & Wild, P. S. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: Prevalence, determinants, and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 97.
  • Bilkay, S. (2021). Research on nomophobia levels of civil aviation employees. An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Management of Organizations, 81.
  • Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149.
  • Bulut, A., Şengül, H., & Akbal, S. (2023). Sağlık profesyonelleri için teknostres yaratıcıları ölçeği Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. JAREN/Hemşirelik Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 1–11.
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  • Cho, J., & Park, D. (2018). Smartphone addiction and its risk factors among adolescents: A comparative study of the United States and South Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(2), 302–316.
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  • Coşkun, A., & Mutlu, H. T. (2017). Investigating high school students’ use of extramural English: A scale development study. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 571–590.
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Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Sorunlu Dijital Teknoloji Kullanma Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 135 - 146, 31.12.2024

Hasan Tutar , Hakan Tahiri Mutlu

https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1454547

Öz

Dijital teknolojilerin kullanım yaygınlığı arttıkça, dijital teknoloji kullanımına bağlı sorunların da yaygınlığı giderek artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sorunlu dijital teknoloji kullanımı olduğu varsayılan üniversite öğrencilerinin bu konudaki algılarını ölçmeye yarayan bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde, sorunlu dijital teknoloji kullanımına ilişkin ortak temaları, faktörleri, nedenleri ve sonuçları belirlemek için öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmış; daha sonra ölçeğin nitel kısmında üniversite öğrencileriyle görüşülerek sorunlu dijital teknoloji kullanımına dair görüşlerini yansıtan bir ölçek madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Sonraki aşamada, pilot çalışma yapılarak maddelerin sadeleştirilmesi amacıyla keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı yapı analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dijital teknoloji kullanımının boyutlarını belirlemek için yapılan keşfedici faktör analizi sonucunda, birbiriyle örtüşen maddelerin çıkarılmasıyla ölçek iyileştirilmiştir. Faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin “Dürtü Kontrolü Kaybı”, “Sosyal İzolasyon” ve “Fiziksel ve Zihinsel Yorgunluk” olmak üzere üç faktörden oluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. Belirlenen faktör yapısının istikrarını değerlendirmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ve ölçeğin iç tutarlılığını değerlendirmek için Cronbach’s alpha güvenilirlik analizi yapılmıştır. Analizler, ölçeğin Cronbach alfa katsayısının yüksek iç tutarlılığa sahip olduğunu (0,918) göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, geliştirilen ölçeğin araştırmacılar ve uygulayıcılar için sorunlu dijital teknoloji kullanımını değerlendirmede güvenilir ve geçerli bir araç olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dijital Teknoloji Dijital Bağımlılık Sorunlu Dijital Teknoloji Kullanımı Ölçeği

Kaynakça

  • Abel, J. P., Buff, C. L., & Burr, S. A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 14(1), 33–44.
  • Aksu, G., Eser, M. T., & Güzeller, C. O. (2016). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ile yapısal eşitlik modeli uygulamaları. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Alimoradi, Z., Lin, C. Y., Broström, A., Bülow, P. H., Bajalan, Z., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2019). Internet addiction and sleep problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 47, 51–61.
  • Aljomaa, S. S., Al-Qudah, M. F., Albursan, I. S., Bakhiet, S. F., Abduljabbar, A. S., & Al-Degheishem, A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in the light of some variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 155–164.
  • Alonso, F., Esteban, C., Useche, S. A., & López de Cózar, E. (2016). Prevalence of physical and mental fatigue symptoms on Spanish drivers and its incidence on driving safety. Advances in Psychology and Neuroscience, 1(2), 10–18.
  • Al-Samarraie, H., Bello, K. A., Alzahrani, A. I., Smith, A. P., & Emele, C. (2021). Young users' social media addiction: Causes, consequences, and preventions. Information Technology & People, 35(7), 2314–2343.
  • Alt, D. (2017). Students’ social media engagement and fear of missing out (FoMO) in a diverse classroom. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 29, 388–410.
  • Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey. Addictive Behaviors, 64, 287–293.
  • Bari, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2013). Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in Neurobiology, 108, 44–79.
  • Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., ... & Wild, P. S. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: Prevalence, determinants, and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 97.
  • Bilkay, S. (2021). Research on nomophobia levels of civil aviation employees. An Interdisciplinary Approach to the Management of Organizations, 81.
  • Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: A primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 149.
  • Bulut, A., Şengül, H., & Akbal, S. (2023). Sağlık profesyonelleri için teknostres yaratıcıları ölçeği Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. JAREN/Hemşirelik Akademik Araştırma Dergisi, 1–11.
  • Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: A guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25–44.
  • Casey, B. J., & Jones, R. M. (2010). Neurobiology of the adolescent brain and behavior: Implications for substance use disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(12), 1189–1201.
  • Chatterjee, P., & Yap, K. (2018). Social isolation, loneliness, and their relationships with depressive symptoms: A population-based study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(11), 974–979.
  • Cho, J., & Park, D. (2018). Smartphone addiction and its risk factors among adolescents: A comparative study of the United States and South Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49(2), 302–316.
  • Cornwell, E. Y., & Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50(1), 31–48.
  • Coşkun, A., & Mutlu, H. T. (2017). Investigating high school students’ use of extramural English: A scale development study. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 571–590.
  • Çapık, C., Gözüm, S., & Aksayan, S. (2018). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlama aşamaları, dil ve kültür uyarlaması: Güncellenmiş rehber. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 26, 199–210.
  • Çoklar, A. N., Efilti, E., & Şahin, L. (2017). Defining teachers' technostress levels: A scale development. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(21), 28–41.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2018). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (5th ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Dalley, J. W., Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2011). Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron, 69(4), 680–694.
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  • Duke, É., & Montag, C. (2017). Smartphone addiction, daily interruptions, and self-reported productivity. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 6, 90–95.
  • Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety, and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509–516.
  • Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251–259.
  • Erkuş, A. (2021). Psikolojide ölçme ve ölçek geliştirme-I: Temel kavramlar ve işlemler (5th ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Field, A. (2018). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (5th ed.). London: SAGE Publications.
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  • Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2016). Impulsive action and impulsive choice across substance and behavioral addictions: Cause or consequence? Addiction, 111(2), 189–197.
  • Griffiths, M. D., Kuss, D. J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Social networking addiction: An overview of preliminary findings. Behavioral Addictions, 119–141.
  • Hawi, N. S., Samaha, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). The digital addiction scale for children: Development and validation. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(12), 771–778.
  • Hodkinson, C. (2019). 'Fear of Missing Out' (FOMO) marketing appeals: A conceptual model. Journal of Marketing Communications, 25(1), 65–88.
  • İpek, Ö. F., & Mutlu, H. T. (2022). English outside the classroom in the age of technology: A concurrent triangulation mixed method study. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching, 9(1), 104–122.
  • Jeon, S. J., & Choi, J. K. (2019). The analysis of the major accidents caused by fatigue of pilots with TEM. Journal of Convergence for Information Technology, 9(12), 157–165.
  • Johnson, M., & Brown, K. (2019). Understanding problematic social media use: A systematic review of recent research. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 152–161.
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayınları.
  • Kar, G., & Hedge, A. (2020). Effects of a sit-stand-walk intervention on musculoskeletal discomfort, productivity, and perceived physical and mental fatigue for computer-based work. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 78, 102983.
  • Karagöz, Y., & Bardakçı, S. (2020). Bilimsel araştırmalarda kullanılan ölçme araçları ve ölçek geliştirme. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Karagöz, Y., Mutlu, H. T., Sağır, S., & Celil, M. (2019). Kargo şirketi seçimini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesine yönelik ölçek geliştirilmesi: Sivas örneği. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(2), 235–247.
  • Khodabakhsh, S., Ramasamy, S., Teng, T. Y., & Leng, C. S. (2021). Impact of internet addiction on health anxiety in Malaysian youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research (MJMR), 5(2), 12–18.
  • Kim, H., Kim, G. J., Park, H. W., & Rice, R. E. (2017). Configurations of relationships in different media: FtF, email, instant messenger, mobile phone, and SMS. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 22(5), 267–282.
  • Kishore, K., Jaswal, V., & Kulkarni, V., & De, D. (2021). Practical guidelines to develop and evaluate a questionnaire. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 12(2), 266–275.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York: Guilford Publications.
  • Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Social networking sites and addiction: Ten lessons learned. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 311.
  • Lee, E., & Lee, J. A. (2017). Social media, social comparison, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 6(3), 206–222.
  • Lee, H., Seo, Y., Kim, J., Song, H. Y., Park, J., & Yang, Y. (2023). The impact of Long COVID, work stress related to infectious diseases, fatigue, and coping on burnout among care providers in nursing homes: A cross-sectional correlation study. Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing, 25(3), 271–283.
  • Leeman, R. F., & Potenza, M. N. (2012). Similarities and differences between pathological gambling and substance use disorders: A focus on impulsivity and compulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 219(2), 469–490.
  • Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152, 157–171.
  • MacKillop, J., Weafer, J., Gray, J. C., Oshri, A., Palmer, A., & de Wit, H. (2016). The latent structure of impulsivity: Impulsive choice, impulsive action, and impulsive personality traits. Psychopharmacology, 233(18), 3361–3370.
  • Matthews, T., Danese, A., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Goldman-Mellor, S., Kepa, A., ... & Arseneault, L. (2019). Lonely young adults in modern Britain: Findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychological Medicine, 49(2), 268–277.
  • McKim, C. (2022). Using the literature to create a scale: An innovative qualitative methodological piece. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1–9.
  • Morgado, F. F. R., Meireles, J. F. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A. C. S., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2017). Scale development: Ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30(1), 3.
  • Mujeeb, A., & Zubair, A. (2021). Role of mental and physical fatigue in cognitive failures among employees of pharmaceutical companies. Journal of Managerial Sciences, 15.
  • Orçan, F. (2018). Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi: İlk hangisi kullanılmalı? Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(4), 414–421.
  • Oulasvirta, A., Rattenbury, T., Ma, L., & Raita, E. (2012). Habits make smartphone use more pervasive. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 16(1), 105–114.
  • Özdamar, K. (2017). Eğitim, sağlık ve davranış bilimlerinde ölçek ve test geliştirme: Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Eskişehir: Nisan Kitabevi.
  • Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252–259.
  • Pontes, H. M., Szabo, A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). The impact of Internet-based specific activities on the perceptions of Internet addiction, quality of life, and excessive usage: A cross-sectional study. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 5, 57–66.
  • Rico-Uribe, L. A., Caballero, F. F., Olaya, B., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M., ... & Haro, J. M. (2016). Loneliness, social networks, and health: A cross-sectional study in three countries. PLoS One, 11(1), e0145264.
  • Robinson, M. A. (2018). Using multi‐item psychometric scales for research and practice in human resource management. Human Resource Management, 57(3), 739–750.
  • Rosen, L. D., & Carrier, L. M. (2015). The association between excessive social media use and psychological distress in adolescents: A review of the literature. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(10), 652–657.
  • Russell, S., Jenkins, D., Rynne, S., Halson, S. L., & Kelly, V. (2019). What is mental fatigue in elite sport? Perceptions from athletes and staff. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(10), 1367–1376.
  • Seçer, İ. (2018). Psikolojik test geliştirme ve uyarlama süreci SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2nd ed.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Shankar, A., Hamer, M., McMunn, A., & Steptoe, A. (2017). Social isolation and loneliness: Relationships with cognitive function during 4 years of follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Psychosomatic Medicine, 79(7), 144–152
  • Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology, 30(4), 377–385.
  • Sharma, S. (2023). Remote Learning: Understanding Perspectives of Students and Teachers for Developing Novel Pedagogies. International Journal of High School Research, 5(2).
  • Singha, S., Singha, R., Thomas, L., & Rema, M. K. (2023). Revitalizing language acquisition journey: A multidisciplinary approach to combat burnout. In Perspectives on Digital Burnout in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 222–247). IGI Global.
  • Smith, M. R., Marcora, S. M., & Coutts, A. J. (2015). Mental fatigue impairs intermittent running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 47(8), 1682–1690.
  • Smith, J. D., & Steel, L. M. (2019). Impulse control disorders: Update on clinical features and management. Psychiatry, 18(8), 407–417
  • Smith, A. B., & Doe, J. C. (2018). The impact of problematic smartphone use on mental health: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 710–718.
  • Steege, L. M., Drake, D. A., Olivas, M., & Mazza, G. (2015). Evaluation of physically and mentally fatiguing tasks and sources of fatigue as reported by registered nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 23(2), 179–189.
  • Tasdelen, A., & Özpınar, A. (2020). The impacts of mental and physical fatigue of employees on the perception level and the risk of accident. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 195–205
  • Tseng, Y. J., Hung, T. H., Yang, Y. R., & Hu, W. S. (2019). Effects of physical and mental fatigue on driving performance among taxi drivers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1214.
  • Tutar, H., & Erdem, A. T. (2020). Örnekleriyle bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri ve SPSS uygulamaları. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
  • Türen, U., Erdem, H., & Kalkın, G. (2015). İş yerinde tekno-stres ölçeği: Havacılık ve bankacılık sektöründe bir araştırma. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 6(1), 1–19
  • Vaes, A. W., Goërtz, Y. M., Van Herck, M., Beijers, R. J., Van Beers, M., Burtin, C., & Spruit, M. A. (2022). Physical and mental fatigue in people with non-communicable chronic diseases. Annals of Medicine, 54(1), 2521–2533.
  • Valtorta, N. K., Kanaan, M., Gilbody, S., Ronzi, S., & Hanratty, B. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: Systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart, 102(13), 1009–1016.
  • Van Cutsem, J., De Pauw, K., Buyse, L., Marcora, S., Meeusen, R., & Roelands, B. (2017). Effects of mental fatigue on endurance performance in the heat. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(8), 1677–1687.
  • Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2009). Models of response inhibition in the stop-signal and stop-change paradigms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(5), 647–661.
  • Vrijkotte, S., Meeusen, R., Vandervaeren, C., Buyse, L., Cutsem, J. V., Pattyn, N., & Roelands, B. (2018). Mental fatigue and physical and cognitive performance during a 2-bout exercise test. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(4), 510–516.
  • Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., & Brand, M. (2019). Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(3), 155–162.
  • Wolniewicz, C. A., Tiamiyu, M. F., Weeks, J. W., & Elhai, J. D. (2018). Problematic smartphone use and relations with negative affect, fear of missing out, and fear of negative and positive evaluation. Psychiatry Research, 262, 618–623.
  • Xinping, W., Taotao, C., & Linhui, S. (2020). Study on working improvement of coal mine workers under the influence of physical mental fatigue interaction. Industrial Engineering Journal, 23(4), 148
  • Yurdabakan, İ., & Çüm, S. (2017). Davranış bilimlerinde ölçek geliştirme (Açıklayıcı faktör analizine dayalı). Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(2), 108–126.
Toplam 86 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yükseköğretim Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hasan Tutar 0000-0001-8383-1464

Hakan Tahiri Mutlu 0000-0002-8964-2696

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Tutar, H., & Mutlu, H. T. (2024). Problematic Digital Technology Use Scale Among University Students: A Validity and Reliability Study. Yükseköğretim Dergisi, 14(3), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.53478/yuksekogretim.1454547
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Yükseköğretim Dergisi, bünyesinde yayınlanan yazıların fikirlerine resmen katılmaz, basılı ve çevrimiçi sürümlerinde yayınladığı hiçbir ürün veya servis reklamı için güvence vermez. Yayınlanan yazıların bilimsel ve yasal sorumlulukları yazarlarına aittir. Yazılarla birlikte gönderilen resim, şekil, tablo vb. unsurların özgün olması ya da daha önce yayınlanmış iseler derginin hem basılı hem de elektronik sürümünde yayınlanabilmesi için telif hakkı sahibinin yazılı onayının bulunması gerekir. Yazarlar yazılarının bütün yayın haklarını derginin yayıncısı Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi'ne (TÜBA) devrettiklerini kabul ederler. Yayınlanan içeriğin (yazı ve görsel unsurlar) telif hakları dergiye ait olur. Dergide yayınlanması uygun görülen yazılar için telif ya da başka adlar altında hiçbir ücret ödenmez ve baskı masrafı alınmaz; ancak ayrı baskı talepleri ücret karşılığı yerine getirilir.

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