Cytotoxic and Cytogenetic Effects of Bisphenol-A in Mytilus Galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819)

Abstract

Bisphenol-A (BPA), is one of the most important industrial chemicals synthesized for diverse applications. The environmental concentrations of BPA are at high risk level due to use widely in many fields of industry according to the latest studies. However, less knowledge has been founded to the toxicity of BPA. No studies have been founded genotoxicity of BPA to the Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819). The Micronucleus test is a biomarker of mutagenicity/genotoxicty used for determining changes in DNA fragments exposure to pollution and chemicals. For this purpose, frequency of MN and other nuclear abnormalities (binucleated, nuclear buds, fragmented/apoptotic cells) was analyzed. Increasing concentrations of BPA (12.5-100 µg-BPA/L) were tested for determination of MN under semi-static conditions in the laboratory. According to the results of the study, it is revealed that all concentration of BPA increases the genotoxic damage, and elevates the micronucleus frequency from ‰ 11, 33 to ‰ 37, 35 Thus, it was tried to determine whether BPA affected the cells of M. galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) at the level of DNA through to the MN assay. 

Keywords

• Micronucleus Assay,Bisphenol-a,Mytilus galloprovincialis,Genotoxicity

Bisfenol- A’ nın Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) Üzerine Sitotoksik ve Genotoksik Etkileri

Öz

Bisfenol-A (BPA), çeşitli uygulamalar için sentezlenen önemli endüstriyel kimyasallardan biridir. En son çalışmalara göre sanayinin birçok alanında yaygın kullanımı nedeniyle BPA’ nın çevresel konsantrasyonları yüksek risk düzeyinde bulunmaktadır. BPA’ nın Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) üzerine genotoksisitesinin belirlendiği çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Mikronukleus denemeleri, interfaz hücrelerin sitoplazmasında ki DNA parçacıklarının değişimine neden olan kimyasalların ve kirliliğin belirlenmesinde kullanılan mutajenite test sistemidir. Bu amaçla, micronukleus (MN) ve diğer çekirdek anormallikleri (nuklear bud, binukleus, apoptatcik çekirdek) incelenmiştir. Midyeler BPA’ nın (12.5-100 µg-BPA/L) artan konsantrasyonları semi-statik labaratuvar şartlarında maruz bırakılmışlardır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; BPA’ nın tüm konsantrasyonları genotoxic hasarı arttırmakta ve ‰ 11, 33 to ‰ 37, 35 MN oluşumuna neden olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle, MN testi ile BPA’ nın DNA düzeyinde, M. galloprovincialis' in hücreleri etkileyip etkilemediğini belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Micronukleus Testi,Bisphenol-a,Mytilus galloprovincialis,Genotoksisite

Kaynakça

1. Alexander, H. C., Dill, D. C., Smith, L. W., Guiney, P. D and Dorn, P. B. 1988. Bisphenol- A: acute aquatic toxicity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 7: 19-26.
2. Anonymous, 2003. Endocrine/Estrogen Letter. BPA Special Report, 9(2-3), 174-175.
3. Anonymous, 2016. DMSO 67/548/EEC, http: // ec. europa. eu/ environment/ archives/ dansub/ pdfs/ annex1_ en. pdf. Directive 67/548/EEC, 2004, Directive 67/548/EEC, 2004. Annex V. Part B.41—Phototoxicity—In vitro 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test.
4. Arslan, O. C. and Parlak, H. 2008. Effects of bisphenol-a on the embryological development of the sea urchin Arbacia Lixula (Linnaeus, 1758). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 17(2), 127.
5. Arslan, O. C., Boyacıoğlu, M., Parlak, H., Katalay, S. and Karaaslan, M. A. 2015. Assessment of micronuclei induction in peripheral blood and gill cells of some fish species from Aliağa Bay Turkey. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 15;94 (1-2): 48-54. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.03.018.
6. Arslan, O. C., Parlak, H., Katalay, S., Boyacioglu, M., Karaaslan, M. A. and Guner, H. 2010. Detecting micronuclei frequency in some aquatic organisms for monitoring pollution of Izmir Bay (Western Turkey) Environ Monit Assess (2010)165:55–66 DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0926-5.
7. Barón, E., Dissanayake, A., Vilà-Cano, J., Crowther, C., Readman, J. W., Jha, A. N., Eljarrat, E. Barceló, D. 2016. Evaluation of the Genotoxic and Physiological Effects of Decabromodiphenyl Ether (BDE-209) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) Flame Retardants in Marine Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Environmental science & technology, 50(5), 2700-2708.
8. Baršienė, J., Šyvokienė, J. and Bjornstad, A. 2006. Induction of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities in mussels exposed to bisphenol A, diallyl phthalate and tetrabromodiphenyl ether-47. Aquatic toxicology, 78, S105-S108.

9. Bolognesi, C., Buschini, A., Branchi, E., Carboni, P., Furlini, M., Martino, A. and Rossi, C. 2004. Comet and micronucleus assays in zebra mussel cells for genotoxicity assessment of surface drinking water treated with three different disinfectants. Science of the Total Environment, 333(1), 127-136.
10. Bolognesi, C. and Fenech, M. 2012. Mussel micronucleus cytome assay. Nat. Protoc. 17: 1125–37. Makale içinde atıf yapılmamış
11. Bolognesi, C., Landini, E., Roggieri, P., Fabbri, R. and Viarengo, A. 1999. Genotoxicity biomarkers in the assessment of heavy metal effects in mussels: experimental studies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 33, 287–292.
12. Bolognesi, C., Perrone, E., Roggieri, P. and Sciutto, A. 2006. Bioindicators in monitoring long term genotoxic impact of oil spill: Haven case study. Marine Environmental Research, 62, 287–291. doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2006.04.047. Makale içinde atıf yapılmamış
13. Colborn, T., Dumanoski, D. and Myers, J. P. 1996. Our stolen future. New York: Dutton Signet.
14. Cousins, I. T., Staples, C. A., Klecka, G. M. and Mackay, D. 2002. A Multimedia Assessment of the Environmental Fate of Bisphenol A, Human and Ecological Risk Asses 8: 1107-1135
15. Cunha, I., Hoff, P., Van de Vijver, K., Guilhermino, L., Esmans, E.De Coen, W. 2005. Baseline study of perfluorooctane sulfonate occurrence in mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis, from north-central Portuguese estuaries. Marine pollution bulletin, 50(10), 1128-1132.
16. Dolcetti, L. and Venier, P. 2002. Susceptibility to genetic damage and cell types in Mediterranean mussels. Mar. Environ. Res. 54, 487–491.
17. Fenech, M. 2000. The in vitro micronucleus technique. Mutation Research 455,81–95. doi:10.1016/S0027- 5107(00)00065-8.
18. Hando, R., Abo, M. and Okubo, A. 2003. Determination of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in sea environment by GC/MS. BUNSEKI KAGAKU Abstracts 52: 9, http://www.jsac.or.jp/bunka/0309a.html. Bunseki Kagaku 52.9 (2003): 695-699.
19. Harvey, J. S., Lyons, B. P., Page, T. S., Stewart, C. and Parry, J. M. 1999. An assessment of the genotoxic impact of the sea empress oil spill by the measurement of DNA adducts levels in selected invertebrate and vertebrate species. Mutation Research 441, 103–114.
20. IUPAC. 2003. Endocrine active industrial chemicals in the environment Pure and Applied Chemistry, 75, 1895–1904.
21. Jĝrgensen, C. B. (1990). Bivalve filter feeding: hydrodynamics, bioenergetics, physiology and ecology. Olsen & Olsen.
22. Liu, C., Chang, V. W., Gin, K. Y. and Nguyen, V. T. 2014. Genotoxicity of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) to the green mussel (Perna viridis). Science of the Total Environment, 487, 117-122.
23. Lyons, G. 2000. Bisphenol A: A Known Endocrine Disruptor. A WWF European Toxics Programme Report, 37.
24. Negreiros, L. A., Silva, B. F., Paulino, M. G., Fernandes, M. N. and Chippari-Gomes, A. R. 2011. Effects of hypoxia and petroleum on the genotoxic and morphological parameters of Hippocampus reidi. Comput. Biochem. Physiol. C 153, 408–414.
25. OECD. 2004. Oecd Guıdelıne For The Testıng Of Chemıcals Draft Proposal For A New Guıdelıne In Vitro Micronucleus Test, 487.
26. Pavlica, M. and Klobucar, G. I. V. M. 2000. Vetma, N. Erben, R. Papes, D. Detection of micronuclei in haemocytes of zebra mussel and great ramshorn snail exposed to pentachlorophenol, Mutat. Res. 465: 145–150.
27. Schmid, W. 1975. The micronucleus test. Mutation Research, 31, 9–15.
28. Staples, C. A., Dome, P. B., Klecka, G. M., Oblock, S. T., & Harris, L. R. (1998). A review of the environmental fate, effects, and exposures of bisphenol A. Chemosphere, 36(10), 2149-2173.
29. Siu, W., H. Mak, E., Cao, J., Luca‐Abbott, D., Sharon, B., Richardson, B. J. and Lam, P. K. 2004. Micronucleus induction in gill cells of green‐lipped mussels (Perna viridis) exposed to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated pesticides. Environmental toxicology and chemistry, Environmental toxicology and chemistry 23.5 1317-1325.
30. Villela, İ. V., Marques De Oliveira, I., Silva, J. and Henriques, J. A. P. 2006. DNA Damage And Repair İn Hemolymph Cells Of Golden Mussel (Limnoperna Fortunei) Exposed To Environmental Contaminants. Mutation Research (605:78–86.
31. West, R.J., Goodwin, P.A., Klecka, G.M. 2001. Assessment of the Ready Biodegradability of Bisphenol A, Bulletin Environmetal Contamination and Toxicology, 67:106–112.
32. Wóznicki, P., Lewandowska, R., Brzuzan, P., Ziomek, E. and Bardega, R. 2004. The level of DNA damage and the frequency of micronuclei in hemolymph of fresh water mussels Anodonta woodiana exposed to Benzo[a] pyrene. Acta Toxicologa, 12(1), 41–45.
33. Yeru, H., Junhi, S., Li, Z., Yian, D. and Hao, O. 2001. Environmental Monitoring and Governance in the East Asian Coastal Hydrosphere, Endocrine Disrupter Compunds (EDCs) in water 2001 Report, China, http://lanbase.hq.unu.edu/ Countryreports/china/alkylphenols.html