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Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Program Dışı Etkinliklere İlişkin Algılarını Belirlemeye Yönelik Bir Ölçek Geliştirme Çalışması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 712 - 728, 07.08.2025

Öz

Program dışı etkinlikler, öğrencilerin akademik, sosyal ve duygusal gelişimlerine katkı sağlayan önemli eğitim fırsatlarıdır. Öğrencilerin bu etkinliklere yönelik algıları, katılım motivasyonlarını ve elde edecekleri kazanımları doğrudan etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ortaokul öğrencilerinin program dışı etkinliklere yönelik algılarını ölçen geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Öz-Belirleme Teorisi temel alınarak geliştirilen ölçeğin madde havuzu oluşturulmuş ve uzman görüşleri doğrultusunda düzenlenmiştir. Ortaokul öğrencilerinden (n=294) toplanan verilerle gerçekleştirilen açımlayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda, varyansın %54,4'ünü açıklayan 10 maddelik tek faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. Ölçeğin Cronbach alfa ve McDonald omega güvenirlik katsayıları 0,91 olarak bulunmuştur. Farklı bir örneklem grubundan (n=196) toplanan verilerle yapılan doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, tek faktörlü yapının doğrulandığını ve güvenirlik katsayılarının 0,85 olduğunu göstermiştir. Tek faktörlü yapı, ortaokul öğrencilerinin gelişimsel özellikleriyle uyumlu olup, temel psikolojik ihtiyaçların (özerklik, yetkinlik, ilişkisellik) birbiriyle ilişkili ve bütüncül doğasını yansıtmaktadır. Geliştirilen ölçek, ortaokul düzeyindeki program dışı etkinliklerin değerlendirilmesi, iyileştirilmesi ve öğrenci ihtiyaçlarına uygun etkinlik planlaması için kullanışlı bir araç niteliğindedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alpar, C. (2021). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Bartkus, K. R., Nemelka, B., Nemelka, M., & Gardner, P. (2012). Clarifying the meaning of extracurricular activity: A literature review of definitions. American Journal of Business Education (AJBE), 5(6), 693-704.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497– 529.
  • Broh, B. A. (2002). Linking extracurricular programming to academic achievement: Who benefits and why?. Sociology of Education, 75(1), 69-95.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2024). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (31. Baskı). Pegem Akademik.
  • Chambers, E. A., & Schreiber, J. B. (2004). Girls’ academic achievement: varying associations of extracurricular activities. Gender and Education, 16(3), 327- 346.
  • Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2015). Research methods, design, and analysis (12th ed.). Pearson.
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coughlin, K. B. (2013). An analysis of factor extraction strategies: A comparison of the relative strengths of principal axis, ordinary least squares, and maximum likelihood in research contexts that include both categorical and continuous variables (USF Tampa Graduate Theses). University of South Florida.
  • Darling, N., Caldwell, L.L., & Smith, R. (2005). Participation in school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2005.11950040
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
  • Demir, Ö. (2019). Eğitimde program dışı etkinlikler. Köksal, N., ve Ayvaz-Tuncel, Z. (Ed.), In Eğitimde program dışı etkinlikler (s. 20-41). Pegem Akademi.
  • Doğan Y. (2007). İlköğretim çağındaki 10-14 yaş grubu öğrencilerinin gelişim özellikleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen- Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 8(13): 155-187.
  • Durlak, J. A. and Weissberg, R. P. (2007). The impact of after-school programs that promote personal and social skills. Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL).
  • Ebert, E. S., Ebert, C., & Bentley, M. L. (2011). The educator’s field guide: from organization to assessment (and everything in between). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Eccles, J. S., & Barber, B. L. (1999). Student engagement in school and community activities. In J. L. Mahoney & J. R. Eccles (Eds.), The development of extracurricular activities (pp. 124-146). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2011). Schools as developmental contexts during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 225-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00725.x
  • Ekinci, N. (2021). Eğitimde program dışı etkinlikler. Pegem Yayınları.
  • Fabrigar L. R., Wegener D. T., MacCallum R. C., Strahan E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272-299.
  • Feldman, A. F., & Matjasko, J. L. (2005). The role of school-based extracurricular activities in adolescent development: A comprehensive review and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 75(2), 159-210. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075002159
  • Field, A. (2018) Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. SAGE Publications
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Giancursio, J. L. (2021). How does the involvement in school-related extracurricular activities affect the academic performance of secondary students? MA Thesis. Roberts Wesleyan College, Department of Teacher Education
  • Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The selfdetermination theory perspective. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.). Parenting and Children’s Internalization of Values: A Handbook of Contemporary Theory (pp. 135-161). New York: Wiley
  • Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265
  • Güler, G., & Kılıç, A. F. (2023). Performance of factor retention methods in skewed distributions. Journal of Advanced Education Studies, 5, 288-312.
  • Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7. baskı). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hansen, D.M. and Larson, R. (2005) The youth experience survey 2.0: instrument revisions and validity testing. (Unpublished Manuscript) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisipliner Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • JASP Team (2024). JASP (Version 0.19.1) [Computer software]. https://jasp-stats.org/
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
  • Kline, B. R. (2016). Principles and practice of structural modeling. New York-London: The Guilford Press.
  • Kortel, Ö. (2023). Program dışı bir etkinlik olarak model birleşmiş milletler: bir durum çalışması. (Master Thesis). Yıldız Teknik University, Istanbul.
  • Köse, E. (2013). Eğitim kurumlarında gerçekleştirilen ders dışı etkinliklerin sınıflandırılmasına yönelik bir öneri. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, 2(2), 336-353.
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2022). Factor (Version 12.02.01) [Computer software]. Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
  • Mahoney, J. L., & Cairns, B. D. (1997). Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout? Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 241-253.
  • Mardia, K.V. (1970) Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Massoni, E. (2011). Positive effects of extra curricular activities on students. Essai, 9(27), 84-87.
  • Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Pschometric theory (3. baskı). McGraw Hill.
  • Özçelik, Ö. (2021). Program dışı etkinliklere katılan ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal-duygusal ve ahlaki gelişimlerinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi.
  • Öztürk, S. & Yıldız, S. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin program dışı etkinliklere katılımlarının öznel iyi oluş düzeylerine etkisi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 41(186), 101-118.
  • Park, D. (2015). The range of benefits of extra-curricular activities towards english language learners. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). University of Toronto, Toronto.
  • Posner, G. J. (1995). Analyzing the curriculum. McGraw-Hill.
  • Price, L. R. (2017). Psychometric methods: Theory into practice. Guilford.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61.
  • San, İ. (2010). Sanat eğitimi kuramları. Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Senemoğlu N. (2009). Gelişim öğrenme ve öğretme. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual review of psychology, 52, 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83
  • The Jamovi Project (2024). Jamovi (Version 2.6.13) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org
  • Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions. Motivation and Emotion, 44(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1
  • Véronneau, M. H., Koestner, R. F. & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Intrinsic need satisfaction and well–being in children and adolescents: An application of the self determination theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.2.280.62277

A Scale Development Study to Determine Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of Extracurricular Activities

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 712 - 728, 07.08.2025

Öz

Extracurricular activities are important educational opportunities that contribute to students’ academic, social and emotional development. Students’ perceptions of these activities directly affect their motivation to participate and the gains they will achieve. The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that measures middle school students’ perceptions of extracurricular activities. The item pool of the scale, which was developed based on Self-Determination Theory, was created and organized in line with expert opinions. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis performed with the data collected from middle school students (n=294), a single-factor structure with 10 items explaining 54.4% of the variance was obtained. Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega reliability coefficients of the scale were found to be 0.91. Confirmatory factor analysis with data collected from a different sample group (n=196) showed that the single-factor structure was confirmed and the reliability coefficients were 0.85. The one-factor structure is compatible with the developmental characteristics of middle school students and reflects the interrelated and holistic nature of basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, relatedness). The developed scale is a useful tool for the evaluation and improvement of extracurricular activities at the secondary school level and for planning activities in accordance with student needs.

Kaynakça

  • Alpar, C. (2021). Uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistiksel yöntemler. Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Bartkus, K. R., Nemelka, B., Nemelka, M., & Gardner, P. (2012). Clarifying the meaning of extracurricular activity: A literature review of definitions. American Journal of Business Education (AJBE), 5(6), 693-704.
  • Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497– 529.
  • Broh, B. A. (2002). Linking extracurricular programming to academic achievement: Who benefits and why?. Sociology of Education, 75(1), 69-95.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2024). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı: istatistik, araştırma deseni, SPSS uygulamaları ve yorum (31. Baskı). Pegem Akademik.
  • Chambers, E. A., & Schreiber, J. B. (2004). Girls’ academic achievement: varying associations of extracurricular activities. Gender and Education, 16(3), 327- 346.
  • Christensen, L. B., Johnson, R. B., & Turner, L. A. (2015). Research methods, design, and analysis (12th ed.). Pearson.
  • Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Coughlin, K. B. (2013). An analysis of factor extraction strategies: A comparison of the relative strengths of principal axis, ordinary least squares, and maximum likelihood in research contexts that include both categorical and continuous variables (USF Tampa Graduate Theses). University of South Florida.
  • Darling, N., Caldwell, L.L., & Smith, R. (2005). Participation in school-based extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2005.11950040
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
  • Demir, Ö. (2019). Eğitimde program dışı etkinlikler. Köksal, N., ve Ayvaz-Tuncel, Z. (Ed.), In Eğitimde program dışı etkinlikler (s. 20-41). Pegem Akademi.
  • Doğan Y. (2007). İlköğretim çağındaki 10-14 yaş grubu öğrencilerinin gelişim özellikleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen- Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 8(13): 155-187.
  • Durlak, J. A. and Weissberg, R. P. (2007). The impact of after-school programs that promote personal and social skills. Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL).
  • Ebert, E. S., Ebert, C., & Bentley, M. L. (2011). The educator’s field guide: from organization to assessment (and everything in between). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
  • Eccles, J. S., & Barber, B. L. (1999). Student engagement in school and community activities. In J. L. Mahoney & J. R. Eccles (Eds.), The development of extracurricular activities (pp. 124-146). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  • Eccles, J. S., & Roeser, R. W. (2011). Schools as developmental contexts during adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 225-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00725.x
  • Ekinci, N. (2021). Eğitimde program dışı etkinlikler. Pegem Yayınları.
  • Fabrigar L. R., Wegener D. T., MacCallum R. C., Strahan E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272-299.
  • Feldman, A. F., & Matjasko, J. L. (2005). The role of school-based extracurricular activities in adolescent development: A comprehensive review and future directions. Review of Educational Research, 75(2), 159-210. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075002159
  • Field, A. (2018) Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. SAGE Publications
  • Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • Giancursio, J. L. (2021). How does the involvement in school-related extracurricular activities affect the academic performance of secondary students? MA Thesis. Roberts Wesleyan College, Department of Teacher Education
  • Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The selfdetermination theory perspective. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.). Parenting and Children’s Internalization of Values: A Handbook of Contemporary Theory (pp. 135-161). New York: Wiley
  • Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988). Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns. Psychological Bulletin, 103(2), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265
  • Güler, G., & Kılıç, A. F. (2023). Performance of factor retention methods in skewed distributions. Journal of Advanced Education Studies, 5, 288-312.
  • Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7. baskı). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Hansen, D.M. and Larson, R. (2005) The youth experience survey 2.0: instrument revisions and validity testing. (Unpublished Manuscript) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
  • Hu, L.-t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisipliner Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • JASP Team (2024). JASP (Version 0.19.1) [Computer software]. https://jasp-stats.org/
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116
  • Kline, B. R. (2016). Principles and practice of structural modeling. New York-London: The Guilford Press.
  • Kortel, Ö. (2023). Program dışı bir etkinlik olarak model birleşmiş milletler: bir durum çalışması. (Master Thesis). Yıldız Teknik University, Istanbul.
  • Köse, E. (2013). Eğitim kurumlarında gerçekleştirilen ders dışı etkinliklerin sınıflandırılmasına yönelik bir öneri. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, 2(2), 336-353.
  • Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159-174. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2022). Factor (Version 12.02.01) [Computer software]. Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili.
  • Mahoney, J. L., & Cairns, B. D. (1997). Do extracurricular activities protect against early school dropout? Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 241-253.
  • Mardia, K.V. (1970) Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
  • Massoni, E. (2011). Positive effects of extra curricular activities on students. Essai, 9(27), 84-87.
  • Nunnally, J.C., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Pschometric theory (3. baskı). McGraw Hill.
  • Özçelik, Ö. (2021). Program dışı etkinliklere katılan ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal-duygusal ve ahlaki gelişimlerinin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi.
  • Öztürk, S. & Yıldız, S. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin program dışı etkinliklere katılımlarının öznel iyi oluş düzeylerine etkisi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 41(186), 101-118.
  • Park, D. (2015). The range of benefits of extra-curricular activities towards english language learners. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). University of Toronto, Toronto.
  • Posner, G. J. (1995). Analyzing the curriculum. McGraw-Hill.
  • Price, L. R. (2017). Psychometric methods: Theory into practice. Guilford.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61.
  • San, İ. (2010). Sanat eğitimi kuramları. Ankara: Ütopya.
  • Senemoğlu N. (2009). Gelişim öğrenme ve öğretme. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Steinberg, L., & Morris, A. S. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual review of psychology, 52, 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.83
  • The Jamovi Project (2024). Jamovi (Version 2.6.13) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org
  • Vansteenkiste, M., Ryan, R. M., & Soenens, B. (2020). Basic psychological need theory: Advancements, critical themes, and future directions. Motivation and Emotion, 44(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-019-09818-1
  • Véronneau, M. H., Koestner, R. F. & Abela, J. R. Z. (2005). Intrinsic need satisfaction and well–being in children and adolescents: An application of the self determination theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 280-292. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.2.280.62277
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Programları ve Öğretim (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Funda Uysal 0000-0001-9929-9812

İmgehan Özkan Elgün 0000-0002-2027-3669

Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 3 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Uysal, F., & Özkan Elgün, İ. (2025). A Scale Development Study to Determine Secondary School Students’ Perceptions of Extracurricular Activities. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 712-728. https://doi.org/10.33711/yyuefd.1659165