Kars ili Endemik ve Nadir Bitki Türlerinin Tanımlanmasında ITS1 ve ITS2 Gen Bölgelerinin Etkinliği
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 485 - 498, 31.08.2025
Funda Özdemir Değirmenci
,
Asiye Uluğ
,
Gül Esma Akdoğan Karadağ
,
Fevzi Özgökçe
Öz
DNA barkodlama, bitki türlerinin genetik düzeyde doğru ve güvenilir şekilde tanımlanmasını sağlayan etkili bir yöntemdir. Bu çalışmada, Kars iline özgü endemik bitki türlerinin moleküler karakterizasyonu ve filogenetik ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla ITS1 ve ITS2 barkod gen bölgeleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen DNA dizileri, her iki bölgenin de moleküler tanımlama için yüksek çözünürlük sunduğunu, ancak ITS2 bölgesinin tür düzeyinde daha fazla bilgi içeriği ve yüksek nükleotit çeşitliliği sağladığını göstermektedir. Genetik çeşitlilik analizleri sonucunda bazı türlerde yüksek nükleotit çeşitliliği ve özgün mutasyonlara rastlanırken, bazı türlerde ise oldukça korunmuş dizilere ve sınırlı düzeyde genetik farklılıklara rastlanmıştır. ITS1 ve ITS2 bölgelerinin birlikte kullanımı, taksonomik sınıflandırmanın daha güvenilir ve kapsamlı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesine olanak tanımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iki gen bölgesi için elde edilen ve veri tabanına yüklenen genetik barkodlar, Türkiye’nin, özellikle Kars ilinin biyolojik çeşitliliğinin ulusal ve uluslararası düzeyde belgelenmesine ve korunmasına önemli bir katkı sunacaktır. Ayrıca, çalışma sonuçları bölgenin biyocoğrafyası ve ekolojik süreçlerine ilişkin yeni araştırmalara bilimsel bir temel sağlayarak, biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve taksonomik doğrulama çalışmalarına değerli bir kaynak oluşturma potansiyeline sahiptir.
Etik Beyan
Bu makalenin yazarları, bu çalışmada kullanılan materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul izni ve / veya yasal-özel izin gerektirmediğini beyan etmektedir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Kafkas Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi
Proje Numarası
2023-FM-35
Teşekkür
Bu çalışma Kafkas Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından 2023-FM-35 numarası ile Güdümlü Araştırma projesi olarak desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın deney aşamalarının bir kısmı Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Biyolojik Bilimler Bölümünde, Prof. Dr. Zeki KAYA’nın yöneticiliğindeki Bitki Genetiği ve Doku Kültürü laboratuvarında yapılmıştır. Desteklerinden ötürü Prof. Dr. Zeki KAYA’YA teşekkür ederiz. Ayrıca makalemizin incelenme ve değerlendirme aşamasında yapmış oldukları değerli katkılarından ötürü editör ve hakemlere teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
-
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., & Lipman, D.J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
-
Alvarez, I., & Wendel, J. F. (2003). Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29(3), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00208-2
-
Baldwin, B. G., Sanderson, M. J., Porter, J. M., Wojciechowski, M. F., Campbell, C. S., & Donoghue, M. J. (1995). The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA: A valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 82(2), 247-277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399880
-
Bhat, A., Hegde, S., Kammar, S., Mudgal, G., & Mohan, T. (2024). Identification and validation of ITS2-specific universal primers for DNA barcoding in plants. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190589/v1
-
Banchi, E., Stankovic, D., Fernández-Mendoza, F., Gionechetti, F., Pallavicini, A., & Muggia, L. (2018). ITS2 metabarcoding analysis complements lichen mycobiome diversity data. Mycological Progres, 17(9), 1049-1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1415-4
-
CBOL Plant Working Group, Hollingsworth, P. M., Forrest, L. L., Spouge, J. L., Hajibabaei, M., Ratnasingham, S., Van Der Bank, M., Chase, M. W., Cowan, R. S., Erickson, D. L., Fazekas, A. J., Graham, S. W., James, K. E., Kim, K., Kress, W. J., Schneider, H., Van AlphenStahl, J., Barrett, S. C., Van Den Berg, C., Bogarin, D., . . . Little, D. P. (2009). A DNA barcode for land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(31), 12794–12797. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905845106
-
Chase, M. W., Salamin, N., Wilkinson, M., Dunwell, J M., Kesanakurthi, R P., Haider, N., & Savolainen, V. (2005). Land plants and DNA barcodes: short-term and long-term goals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 360(1462), 1889-1895. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1720
-
Chase, M. W., Cowan, R. S., Hollingsworth, P. M., Van Den Berg, C., Madriñán, S., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Jørgsensen, T., Cameron, K. M., Carine, M., Pedersen, N., Hedderson, T. A., Conrad, F., Salazar, G. A., Richardson, J. E., Hollingsworth, M. L., Barraclough, T. G., Kelly, L., & Wilkinson, M. (2007). A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants. Taxon, 56(2), 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.562004
-
Chen, S., Yao, H., Han, J., Liu, C., Song, J., Shi, L., Zhu, Y., Ma, X., Gao, T., Pang, X., Luo, K., Li, Y., Li, X., Jia, X., Lin, Y., & Leon, C. (2010). Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species. PLoS ONE, 5(1), e8613. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008613
-
China Plant BOL Group, Li, D., Gao, L., Li, H., Wang, H., Ge, X., Liu, J., Chen, Z., Zhou, S., Chen, S., Yang, J., Fu, C., Zeng, C., Yan, H., Zhu, Y., Sun, Y., Chen, S., Zhao, L., Wang, K., Yang, T., & Duan, G. (2011). Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(49), 19641-19646. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1104551108
-
Coleman, A. W. (2003). ITS2 is a double-edged tool for eukaryote evolutionary comparisons. Trends in Genetics, 19(7), 370-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00118-5
-
Davis, P. H. (1970). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Volume 3. Edinburgh University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrc93
-
Davis, P. H., Mill, R. R., & Tan, K. (eds.) (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands, Volume 10, (supplement 1) Edinburgh University Press.
-
Demir, A. (2009). Küresel iklim değişikliğinin biyolojik çeşitlilik ve ekosistem kaynakları üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000013
-
Erken, K., Parlak, S., & Yılmaz, M. (2022). Endemik taksonların korunması ve tür koruma eylem planları. Ağaç ve Orman, 3(1), 33-46.
-
Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., & Başer, K. H. C. (eds.) (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands, Volume 11, (supplement 2). Edinburgh University Press.
-
Güneş, F., & Özba, B. (2014). Kars çiçekleri (1. Baskı), Kafkas Üniversitesi Yayınları.
-
Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & deWaard, J. R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1512), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
-
Hollingsworth, P. M., Graham, S. W., & Little, D. P. (2011). Choosing and using a plant DNA barcode. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019254
-
Kang, Y., Deng, Z., Zang, R., & Long, W. (2017). DNA barcoding analysis and phylogenetic relationships of tree species in tropical cloud forests. Scientific Reports, 7, 12564, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13057-0
-
Kistler, L. (2012). Ancient DNA extraction from plants. In: Shapiro, B., Hofreiter, M. (eds) Ancient DNA. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 840. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-516-9_10
-
Kress, W. J., Wurdack, K. J., Zimmer, E. A., Weigt, L. A., & Janzen, D. H. (2005). Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(23), 8369-8374. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503123102
-
Letsiou, S., Madesis, P., Vasdekis, E., Montemurro, C., Grigoriou, M. E., Skavdis, G., Moussis, V., Koutelidakis, A. E., & Tzakos, A. G. (2024). DNA barcoding as a plant identification method. Applied Sciences, 14(4), 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041415
-
Liu, Y., Liang, N., Xian, Q., & Zhang, W. (2023). GC heterogeneity reveals sequence-structures evolution of angiosperm. BMC Plant Biology, 23, 608. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04634-9
-
Mace, G. M., Norris, K., & Fitter, A. H. (2008). Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multi-layered relationship. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.006
-
Michel, C. I., Meyer, R., Taveras, Y., & Molina, J. (2016). The nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) as a practical plant DNA barcode for herbal medicines. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(3), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.02.002
-
Mishra, P., Kumar, A., Rodrigues, V., Shukla, A. K., & Sundaresan, V. (2016). Feasibility of nuclear ribosomal region ITS1 over ITS2 in barcoding taxonomically challenging genera of subtribe Cassiinae (Fabaceae). Peer Journal, 4, e2638. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2638
-
Müller, K. F., Borsch, T., Legendre, L., Porembski, S., Theisen, I., & Barthlott, W. (2015). Evolution of carnivory in Lentibulariaceae and the Lamiales. Plant Biology, 6(4), 477-490. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-817909
-
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., Da Fonseca, G. A., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853-858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
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The Effectiveness of ITS1 and ITS2 Gene Regions in the Identification of Endemic and Rare Plant Species in Kars Province
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 485 - 498, 31.08.2025
Funda Özdemir Değirmenci
,
Asiye Uluğ
,
Gül Esma Akdoğan Karadağ
,
Fevzi Özgökçe
Öz
DNA barcoding is an effective method for accurate and reliable plant species identification at the genetic level. In this study, the ITS1 and ITS2 barcode gene regions were used to characterise the molecular diversity and determine the phylogenetic relationships of endemic plant species from Kars Province. The DNA sequences obtained indicate that both regions provide high resolution for molecular identification; however, the ITS2 region provides greater nucleotide diversity and higher information content at the species level. Genetic diversity analyses revealed high nucleotide variation and the presence of singleton mutations in some species, while others exhibited highly conserved sequences with limited genetic divergence. The combined use of ITS1 and ITS2 regions allows a more reliable and comprehensive taxonomic classification. In this study, the genetic barcodes obtained for the two gene regions have been uploaded to the database, thus contributing significantly to the documentation and conservation of the biodiversity of Türkiye, in particular Kars province, both nationally and internationally. In addition, the results of this study provide a scientific basis for new research on the biogeography and ecological processes of the region, providing a valuable resource for biodiversity conservation and taxonomic validation studies.
Proje Numarası
2023-FM-35
Kaynakça
-
Altschul, S.F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E.W., & Lipman, D.J. (1990). Basic local alignment search tool. Journal of Molecular Biology, 215(3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2
-
Alvarez, I., & Wendel, J. F. (2003). Ribosomal ITS sequences and plant phylogenetic inference. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 29(3), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00208-2
-
Baldwin, B. G., Sanderson, M. J., Porter, J. M., Wojciechowski, M. F., Campbell, C. S., & Donoghue, M. J. (1995). The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA: A valuable source of evidence on angiosperm phylogeny. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 82(2), 247-277. https://doi.org/10.2307/2399880
-
Bhat, A., Hegde, S., Kammar, S., Mudgal, G., & Mohan, T. (2024). Identification and validation of ITS2-specific universal primers for DNA barcoding in plants. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4190589/v1
-
Banchi, E., Stankovic, D., Fernández-Mendoza, F., Gionechetti, F., Pallavicini, A., & Muggia, L. (2018). ITS2 metabarcoding analysis complements lichen mycobiome diversity data. Mycological Progres, 17(9), 1049-1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-018-1415-4
-
CBOL Plant Working Group, Hollingsworth, P. M., Forrest, L. L., Spouge, J. L., Hajibabaei, M., Ratnasingham, S., Van Der Bank, M., Chase, M. W., Cowan, R. S., Erickson, D. L., Fazekas, A. J., Graham, S. W., James, K. E., Kim, K., Kress, W. J., Schneider, H., Van AlphenStahl, J., Barrett, S. C., Van Den Berg, C., Bogarin, D., . . . Little, D. P. (2009). A DNA barcode for land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(31), 12794–12797. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905845106
-
Chase, M. W., Salamin, N., Wilkinson, M., Dunwell, J M., Kesanakurthi, R P., Haider, N., & Savolainen, V. (2005). Land plants and DNA barcodes: short-term and long-term goals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 360(1462), 1889-1895. http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1720
-
Chase, M. W., Cowan, R. S., Hollingsworth, P. M., Van Den Berg, C., Madriñán, S., Petersen, G., Seberg, O., Jørgsensen, T., Cameron, K. M., Carine, M., Pedersen, N., Hedderson, T. A., Conrad, F., Salazar, G. A., Richardson, J. E., Hollingsworth, M. L., Barraclough, T. G., Kelly, L., & Wilkinson, M. (2007). A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants. Taxon, 56(2), 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.562004
-
Chen, S., Yao, H., Han, J., Liu, C., Song, J., Shi, L., Zhu, Y., Ma, X., Gao, T., Pang, X., Luo, K., Li, Y., Li, X., Jia, X., Lin, Y., & Leon, C. (2010). Validation of the ITS2 region as a novel DNA barcode for identifying medicinal plant species. PLoS ONE, 5(1), e8613. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008613
-
China Plant BOL Group, Li, D., Gao, L., Li, H., Wang, H., Ge, X., Liu, J., Chen, Z., Zhou, S., Chen, S., Yang, J., Fu, C., Zeng, C., Yan, H., Zhu, Y., Sun, Y., Chen, S., Zhao, L., Wang, K., Yang, T., & Duan, G. (2011). Comparative analysis of a large dataset indicates that internal transcribed spacer (ITS) should be incorporated into the core barcode for seed plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(49), 19641-19646. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1104551108
-
Coleman, A. W. (2003). ITS2 is a double-edged tool for eukaryote evolutionary comparisons. Trends in Genetics, 19(7), 370-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9525(03)00118-5
-
Davis, P. H. (1970). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Volume 3. Edinburgh University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctvxcrc93
-
Davis, P. H., Mill, R. R., & Tan, K. (eds.) (1988). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands, Volume 10, (supplement 1) Edinburgh University Press.
-
Demir, A. (2009). Küresel iklim değişikliğinin biyolojik çeşitlilik ve ekosistem kaynakları üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000013
-
Erken, K., Parlak, S., & Yılmaz, M. (2022). Endemik taksonların korunması ve tür koruma eylem planları. Ağaç ve Orman, 3(1), 33-46.
-
Güner, A., Özhatay, N., Ekim, T., & Başer, K. H. C. (eds.) (2000). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands, Volume 11, (supplement 2). Edinburgh University Press.
-
Güneş, F., & Özba, B. (2014). Kars çiçekleri (1. Baskı), Kafkas Üniversitesi Yayınları.
-
Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & deWaard, J. R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 270(1512), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
-
Hollingsworth, P. M., Graham, S. W., & Little, D. P. (2011). Choosing and using a plant DNA barcode. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19254. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019254
-
Kang, Y., Deng, Z., Zang, R., & Long, W. (2017). DNA barcoding analysis and phylogenetic relationships of tree species in tropical cloud forests. Scientific Reports, 7, 12564, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13057-0
-
Kistler, L. (2012). Ancient DNA extraction from plants. In: Shapiro, B., Hofreiter, M. (eds) Ancient DNA. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 840. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-516-9_10
-
Kress, W. J., Wurdack, K. J., Zimmer, E. A., Weigt, L. A., & Janzen, D. H. (2005). Use of DNA barcodes to identify flowering plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(23), 8369-8374. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0503123102
-
Letsiou, S., Madesis, P., Vasdekis, E., Montemurro, C., Grigoriou, M. E., Skavdis, G., Moussis, V., Koutelidakis, A. E., & Tzakos, A. G. (2024). DNA barcoding as a plant identification method. Applied Sciences, 14(4), 1415. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14041415
-
Liu, Y., Liang, N., Xian, Q., & Zhang, W. (2023). GC heterogeneity reveals sequence-structures evolution of angiosperm. BMC Plant Biology, 23, 608. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04634-9
-
Mace, G. M., Norris, K., & Fitter, A. H. (2008). Biodiversity and ecosystem services: A multi-layered relationship. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 27(1), 19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.006
-
Michel, C. I., Meyer, R., Taveras, Y., & Molina, J. (2016). The nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) as a practical plant DNA barcode for herbal medicines. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3(3), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.02.002
-
Mishra, P., Kumar, A., Rodrigues, V., Shukla, A. K., & Sundaresan, V. (2016). Feasibility of nuclear ribosomal region ITS1 over ITS2 in barcoding taxonomically challenging genera of subtribe Cassiinae (Fabaceae). Peer Journal, 4, e2638. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2638
-
Müller, K. F., Borsch, T., Legendre, L., Porembski, S., Theisen, I., & Barthlott, W. (2015). Evolution of carnivory in Lentibulariaceae and the Lamiales. Plant Biology, 6(4), 477-490. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-817909
-
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