Ortaokul Öğrencilerinde Siber Zorbalık/Mağduriyetle Duygusal Zekâ arasındaki ilişkide İnternet Oyun Oynama Bozukluğunun Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 54, 217 - 238, 31.12.2021

Seyhan Bekir İsmail Kuşci Nuran Bayram Arlı

https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1052434

Öz

Bu araştırma ortaokul öğrencilerinde siber zorbalık/mağduriyetin, duygusal zekâya etkisinde; internet oyun oynama bozukluğunun aracı rolünü belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, 147`si erkek, 125'ü kız öğrenciden olmak üzere 272 ortaokul öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Bu öğrencilerin 45’i 5.Sınıf, 82’si 6.Sınıf, 61’i 7.Sınıf ve 84’ü 8.sınıf öğrencisidir. Çalışmanın verileri İnternet Oyun Oynama Bozukluğu Ölçeği, Bar-On Duygusal Zekâ Ölçeği Çocuk ve Ergen Formu ve Yenilenmiş Siber Zorbalık/Mağduriyet Envanteri-II ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmada örnekleme yöntemlerinden rassal olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden amaçsal örnekleme alt dalından oluşan ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırma verileri internette oyun oynayan ortaokul öğrencilerinden toplanmıştır. İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğu, siber zorbalık/mağduriyet ve duygusal zekâya ilişkin kurulan modelin test edilebilmesi için AMOS 16 kullanılmış olup Yol Analizi (Path Analysis) uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca değişkenlere ait korelasyonlar ve betimsel istatistikler SPSS 24 ile hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmada ele alınan değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson Korelasyon katsayısı ile hesaplanmış, yordama düzeyleri ise Yol Analizi ile yapılmıştır. Ayrıca internet oyun oynama düzeyinin cinsiyete ve sınıf düzeylerine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı bağımsız örneklem t testi ile incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğu, duygusal zekâ, siber zorbalık, siber mağduriyet

The Relationship between Cyber Bullying/Victimization and Emotional Intelligence in Secondary School Students: Mediator Role of Internet Gaming Disorder

Öz

This study was carried out with the aim of determining the intermediate role of Internet gaming disorder in the relationship between cyber bullying/victimization and emotional intelligence in secondary school students. The study group was composed of 272 secondary school students, 147 males and 125 females. 45 of them were the 5th grade, 82 of them were the 6th grade, 61 of them were the 7th grade and 84 of them were the 8th grade students. The data of the study was collected via the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale, the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory Youth Version and the Revised Cyber Bullying/Victimization Inventory-II. In the study, the criterion sampling method, one of the sub-branches of the purposeful sampling method, one of the non-random sampling methods, was used. In this context, the research data was collected from the secondary school students playing Internet games. With the aim of testing the model related to the Internet gaming disorder, cyber bullying/victimization and emotional quotient, the AMOS 16 was used and the Path Analysis was applied. Moreover, the correlations and the descriptive statistics belonging to the variables were calculated via the SPSS 24 program. The relationships between the variables taken in hand in the study were calculated via the Pearson Correlation coefficient and the prediction levels were determined via the Path Analysis. Moreover, if the Internet gaming level differed according to gender and class level was examined via the independent samples t test.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Internet gaming disorder, emotional intelligence, cyber bullying, cyber victimization

Kaynakça

• Aldrich, A. (2006). Video Games and Kids: How Video Games Affect Kids and Tips To Help Parents Set Limits. Action Alliance For Children. http://www.4children.Org/Files/Articles/92/106hoe.Pdf
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
• Arıcak, O. T. (2009). Psychiatric symptomatology as a predictor of cyberbullying among university students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), (34).
• Arıcak, O. T. (2011). Siber zorbalık: Gençlerimizi bekleyen yeni tehlike. Kariyer Penceresi, 2(6), 10-12.
• Arıcak, O. T., Dinç, M., Yay, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2019). Adapting the short form of the internet gaming disorder scale into Turkish: Validity and reliability. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 4(5), 629–635.
• Arıcak, O., Kınay, H., & Tanrıkulu, T. (2012). Siber zorbalık ölçeği'nin ilk psikometrik bulguları. Hayef Journal of Education, 9(1), 101-114.
• Altınışık, C. (2021). İki farklı türdeki çok oyunculu video oyununda siber zorbalığın kurban üzerindeki etkisi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Maltepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul
• Ayas, T., & Horzum, M. B. (2012). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin sanal zorba ve mağdur olma durumu. İlköğretim Online, 11(2), 2-13.
• Aydoğan, D., Dilmaç, B., & Deniz, M. E. (2009). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde sosyal destek ve siber zorbalığın incelenmesi. 18. Ulusal Eğitim Bilimleri Kurultayı’nda sunulmuş sözlü bildiri. Ege Üniversitesi, İzmir.
• Bar-On, R. (1997) EQ-I Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
• Baroncelli, A., & Ciucci, E. (2014). Unique effects of different components of trait emotional intelligence in traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Journal of Adolescence, 37(6), 807-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.05.009
• Baştürk Akca, E., Sayımer, İ., & Ergül, S. (2015). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin sosyal medya kullanımları ve siber zorbalık deneyimleri: Ankara örneği. Global Media Journal: Turkish Edition, 5(10).
• Bayram, N. (2013). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş. Ezgi Kitapevi.
• Bekir, S. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde çevrimiçi oyun bağımlılığı düzeyinin duygusal şemalar, eylemli kişilik ve bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Sakarya Üniversitesi
• Bekir, S. ve Yıldırım, S. (2018) Adaptation of questionnaire on online gaming addiction for university students. Journal of Family, Counseling and Education, 3(1), 30-37.
• Bekir, S., & Çelik, E. (2019). Examining the Factors Contributing to Adolescents’ Online Game Addiction. Anales De Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 35(3), 444-452.
• Belsey, B. (2007). Cyberbullying: A real and growing threat. ATA Magazine, 88(1), 14-21.
• Beltrán-Catalán, M., Zych, I., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Llorent, V. J. (2018). Victimisation through bullying and cyberbullying: emotional intelligence, severity of victimisation and technology use in different types of victims. Psicothema, 30(2), 183-188.
• Beran, T., & Li, Q. (2005). Cyber-harassment: A study of a new method for an old behavior. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32(3), 265–277. https://doi.org/10.2190/8YQM-B04H-PG4D-BLLH
• Beran, T., Mishna, F., McInroy, L. B., & Shariff, S. (2015). Children's experiences of cyberbullying: A Canadian national study. Children & Schools, 37(4), 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdv024
• Beranuy, M., Oberst, U., Carbonell, X., & Chamarro, A. (2009). Problematic Internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students: The role of emotional intelligence. Computers in human behavior, 25(5), 1182-1187.
• Brown, C. F., Demaray, M. K., & Secord, S. M. (2014). Cyber victimization in middle school and relations to social emotional outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.014
• Casas, J. A., Del Rey, R., & Ortega-Ruiz, R. (2013). Bullying and cyberbullying: Convergent and divergent predictor variables. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 580-587.
• Chak, K., & Leung, L. (2004). Shyness and locus of control as predictors of Internet addiction and Internet use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7(5), 559-570.
• Chang, F. C., Chiu, C. H., Miao, N. F., Chen, P. H., Lee, C. M., Chiang, J. T., & Pan, Y. C. (2015). The relationship between parental mediation and Internet addiction among adolescents, and the association with cyberbullying and depression. Comprehensive psychiatry, 57, 21-28.
• Che, D., Hu, J., Zhen, S., Yu, C., Li, B., Chang, X., & Zhang, W. (2017). Dimensions of emotional intelligence and online gaming addiction in adolescence: The indirect effects of two facets of perceived stress. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 1206.
• Cinar, G., Beyazit, U., Yurdakul, Y., & Ayhan, A. B. (2017). Investigation of the relationship between cyber bullying behaviours and Internet addiction in adolescents. Press Academia Procedia, 4(1), 123-128.
• Cooper, R. K., & Sawaf, A. (1997). Estrategia emocional para ejecutivos. Martínez Roca.
• Corcoran, L., Connolly, I., & O'Moore, M. (2012). Cyberbullying in Irish schools: An investigation of personality and self-concept. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 33(4), 153-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2012.677995
• Çakır, Ö., Gezgin, D. M., & Ayas, T. (2016). The Analysis of the Relationship between Being a Cyberbully and Cybervictim among Adolescents in Terms of Different Variables. International Journal of Progressive Education, 12(3), 294-313.
• Çelik, S., Atak, H., & Erguzen, A. (2012). The Effect of Personality on Cyberbullying among University Students in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 49, 129-150.
• Çetinkaya, M. (2013). İlköğretim öğrencilerinde Internet bağımlılığının incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Demetrovics, Z., Urbán, R., Nagygyörgy, K., Farkas, J., Griffiths, M. D., Pápay, O., & Oláh, A. (2012). The development of the problematic online gaming questionnaire (POGQ). PloS one, 7(5), e36417. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036417
• Duncan, R.D. (2004). The impact of family relationships on school bullies and their victims. In D. L. Espelage & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools (pp. 227- 244). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Ekşi, F. (2012). Examination of Narcissistic Personality Traits' Predicting Level of Internet Addiction and Cyber Bullying through Path Analysis. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(3), 1694-1706.
• Elipe, P., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Ortega-Ruiz, R., & Casas, J. A. (2015). Perceived emotional intelligence as a moderator variable between cybervictimization and its emotional impact. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 486.
• Erdur-Baker, Ö., & Kavşut, F. (2007). Akran Zorbalığının Yeni Yüzü: Siber Zorbalık. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), (27).
• Extremera, N., Quintana-Orts, C., Mérida-López, S., & Rey, L. (2018). Cyberbullying victimization, self-esteem and suicidal ideation in adolescence: does emotional intelligence play a buffering role. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 367-375 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00367
• Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2003). The role of father involvement in children's later mental health. Journal of adolescence, 26(1), 63-78.
• Frangos, C. C., Fragkos, K. C., & Kiohos, A. (2010). Internet addiction among Greek university students: Demographic associations with the phenomenon, using the Greek version of Young's Internet Addiction Test. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 3(1), 49-74.
• Fryling M., Cotler J., Rivituso J., Mathews L., Pratico S. (2015). Cyberbullying or Normal Game Play? Impact of age, gender, and experience on cyberbullying in multi-player online gaming environments: Perceptions from one gaming forum. Journal of Information Systems Applied Research, 8(1), 1-18.
• Gentile, D. (2009). Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: A national study. Psychological Science, 20(5), 594-602.
• Gentile, D. A., Choo, H., Liau, A., Sim, T., Li, D., Fung, D., & Khoo, A. (2011). Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 127(2), e319- e329. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1353
• Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. Bantam/Doubleday.
• Goleman, D. P. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ for character, health and life long achievement. New York: Bantam Books.
• Griffiths, M., J Kuss, D., & L King, D. (2012). Video game addiction: Past, present and future. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 308-318. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520414
• Hazar, Z., & Hazar, M. (2017). Digital Game Addiction Scale for Children Çocuklar İçin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1), 203-216.
• Herodotou, C., Kambouri, M., & Winters, N. (2011). The role of trait emotional intelligence in gamers’ preferences for play and frequency of gaming. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1815-1819.
• Hilvert-Bruce, Z., & Neill, J. T. (2020). I'm just trolling: The role of normative beliefs in aggressive behaviour in online gaming. Computers in Human Behavior, 102, 303-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.003
• Jung, Y. E., Leventhal, B., Kim, Y. S., Park, T. W., Lee, S. H., Lee, M., ... & Park, J. I. (2014). Cyberbullying, problematic Internet use, and psychopathologic symptoms among Korean youth. Yonsei Medical Journal, 55(3), 826-830. https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2014.55.3.826
• Kırat, M. N. (2019). Ergenlerde sanal zorbalık beden imgesi ve duygusal zekâ arasındaki yordayıcı ilişki (Master's thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı).
• Kircaburun, K., Demetrovics, Z., Griffiths, M. D., Király, O., Kun, B., & Tosuntaş, Ş. B. (2020). Trait emotional intelligence and internet gaming disorder among gamers: The mediating role of online gaming motives and moderating role of age groups. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 18(5), 1446-1457.
• Kırcaburun, K., & Bastug, I. (2016). Predicting cyberbullying tendencies of adolescents with problematic Internet use. International Journal of Social Science, 48, 385–396. https://doi.org/10.9761/JASSS3597.
• Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction and aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European psychiatry, 23(3), 212-218.
• Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Yen, C. N., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. C., & Chen, S. H. (2005). Screening for Internet addiction: an empirical study on cut‐off points for the Chen Internet Addiction Scale. The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences, 21(12), 545-551.
• Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social psychology of education, 15(1), 41-58.
• Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017
• Köksal, A. (2007). Bar-On duygusal zekâ ölçeği çocuk ve ergen formu (EQ-i YV) geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. In International Emotional Intelligence and Communication Symposium Proceedings Book I içinde (pp. 15-22).
• Kwak, H., Blackburn, J., & Han, S. (2015, April). Exploring cyberbullying and other toxic behavior in team competition online games. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 3739-3748).
• Leung, L., & Lee, P. S. (2012). The influences of information literacy, Internet addiction and parenting styles on Internet risks. New Media & Society, 14(1), 117-136.
• Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School psychology international, 27(2), 157-170.
• Mustafaoğlu, R., & YASACI, Z. (2018). Dijital oyun oynamanın çocukların ruhsal ve fiziksel sağlığı üzerine olumsuz etkileri. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 19(3), 51-58.
• Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Salovey, P., & Sluyter, D. (1997). Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Implications for educators. What is Emotional İntelligence, 3-31.
• McInroy, L. B., & Mishna, F. (2017). Cyberbullying on online gaming platforms for children and youth. Child and adolescent social work journal, 34(6), 597-607.
• Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 13(3), 313-316.
• Navarro, R., Serna, C., Martínez, V., & Ruiz-Oliva, R. (2013). The role of Internet use and parental mediation on cyberbullying victimization among Spanish children from rural public schools. European journal of psychology of education, 28(3), 725-745.
• Ojedokun, O., & Idemudia, E. S. (2013). The moderating role of emotional intelligence between PEN personality factors and cyberbullying in a student population. Life Science Journal, 10(3), 1924-1930.
• Olweus, D. (1993). Acoso escolar,“bullying”, en las escuelas: hechos e intervenciones. Centro de investigación para la Promoción de la Salud, Universidad de Bergen
• Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4(2), 148-169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204006286288
• Peker, A. (2015). Negatif duygunun siber zorbalık ve mağduriyete ilişkin yordayıcı rolünün incelenmesi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 23(4), 1633-1646.
• Qudah, M. F. A., Albursan, I. S., Bakhiet, S. F. A., Hassan, E. M. A. H., Alfnan, A. A., Aljomaa, S. S., & AL-khadher, M. M. A. (2019). Smartphone Addiction and Its Relationship with Cyberbullying Among University Students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-16.
• Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M 2: Media in the Lives of 8-to 18-Year-Olds. Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
• Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, cognition and personality, 9(3), 185-211.
• Sezen, M. F., & Murat, M. (2018). Ergenlerde Akran Zorbalığı, İnternet Bağımlılığı ve Duygusal Zekâ Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(16), 160-182.
• Simsek, N., Sahin, D., & Evli, M. (2019). Internet addiction, cyberbullying, and victimization relationship in adolescents: a sample from Turkey. Journal of addictions nursing, 30(3), 201-210.
• Starcevic, V., Berle, D., Porter, G., & Fenech, P. (2011). Problem video game use and dimensions of psychopathology. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9(3), 248-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-010-9282-5
• Stodt, B., Wegmann, E., & Brand, M. (2016). Predicting dysfunctional Internet use: The role of age, conscientiousness, and Internet literacy in Internet addiction and cyberbullying. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning (IJCBPL), 6(4), 28-43.
• Torres-Rodríguez, A., Griffiths, M. D., Carbonell, X., Farriols-Hernando, N., & Torres-Jimenez, E. (2019). Internet gaming disorder treatment: A case study evaluation of four different types of adolescent problematic gamers. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 17(1), 1-12.
• TUİK (2018). http://www.tuik.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist adresinden erişim.
• Udris, R. (2015). Cyberbullying in Japan: An exploratory study. International Journal of Cyber Society and Education, 8(2), 59-80.
• Van Rooij, A. J., Schoenmakers, T. M., Van de Eijnden, R. J., & Van de Mheen, D. (2010). Compulsive Internet use: the role of online gaming and other Internet applications. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(1), 51-57.
• Van Rooij, A. J., Schoenmakers, T. M., Van de Eijnden, R. J., & Van de Mheen, D. (2010). Compulsive Internet use: the role of online gaming and other Internet applications. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(1), 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.021
• Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: Profiles of bullies and victims. New Media & Society, 11(8), 1349-1371. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809341263
• Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of Internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.018
• Wolak, J., Mitchell, K. J., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts. Journal of adolescent health, 41(6), S51-S58.
• Yang, S. C. (2012). Paths to bullying in online gaming: The effects of gender, preference for playing violent games, hostility, and aggressive behavior on bullying. Journal of educational computing research, 47(3), 235-249.
• Ybarra, M. L., & Mitchell, K. J. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(7), 1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x
• Young, K., Pistner, M., Omara, James., & Buchanan, J. (1999). Cyber disorders: The mental health concern for the new millennium. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 2(5), 475- 479.
• Zsila, Á., Orosz, G., Bőthe, B., Tóth-Király, I., Király, O., Griffiths, M., & Demetrovics, Z. (2018). An empirical study on the motivations underlying augmented reality games: The case of Pokémon Go during and after Pokémon fever. Personality and İndividual Differences, 133, 56-66.