Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Role of Renewable Energy, Technological Innovation, and Human Capital on Environmental Quality in Türkiye: Testing the LCC Hypothesis with Smooth Structural Shifts

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 65, 76 - 91, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1480175

Öz

Newly industrializing economies are ardently striving for rapid development, aspiring to emulate the affluence of Western nations. However, amidst this relentless economic dynamism, the world grapples with an escalating climate change crisis. Therefore, it becomes imperative to identify the factors contributing to improving developing nations' environmental quality while concurrently advancing their sustainable development objectives. In this regard, the present study aims to dissect the environmental implications of renewable energy consumption, technological innovation, and human capital and examine the "Load Capacity Curve" (LCC) hypothesis in Türkiye through an extension of the STIRPAT model. To achieve this objective, the research operates a novel econometric methodology, namely the "augmented autoregressive distributed lag" (A-ARDL) approach with Fourier terms, to analyze yearly data from 1980 to 2019. The empirical findings substantiate the validation of the LCC hypothesis in Türkiye, both in the short and long term. Furthermore, the results unveil that renewable energy consumption and human capital significantly bolster ecological welfare over the long term, whereas technological innovation exhibits no discernible impact on the environment. Additionally, the outcomes display that population growth positively impacts the environment in the short term; nevertheless, over the long term, it becomes detrimental to environmental quality.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulmagid Basheer Agila, T., Khalifa, W. M., Saint Akadiri, S., Adebayo, T. S., & Altuntaş, M. (2022). Determinants of load capacity factor in South Korea: does structural change matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(46), 69932-69948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20676-2
  • Alola, A. A., Özkan, O., & Usman, O. (2023). Role of non-renewable energy efficiency and renewable energy in driving environmental sustainability in India: evidence from the load capacity factor hypothesis. Energies, 16(6), 2847.
  • Alvarado, R., Deng, Q., Tillaguango, B., Méndez, P., Bravo, D., Chamba, J., Alvarado-Lopez, M., & Ahmad, M. (2021). Do economic development and human capital decrease non-renewable energy consumption? Evidence for OECD countries. Energy, 215, 119147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119147
  • Awosusi, A. A., Adebayo, T. S., Kirikkaleli, D., Rjoub, H., & Altuntaş, M. (2023). Evaluating the determinants of load capacity factor in Japan: The impact of economic complexity and trade globalization. In Natural Resources Forum. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12334
  • Awosusi, A. A., Kutlay, K., Altuntaş, M., Khodjiev, B., Agyekum, E. B., Shouran, M., Elgbaily, M., & Kamel, S. (2022). A roadmap toward achieving sustainable environment: evaluating the impact of technological innovation and globalization on load capacity factor. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063288
  • Aydin, M., & Degirmenci, T. (2023). The impact of clean energy consumption, green innovation, and technological diffusion on environmental sustainability: New evidence from load capacity curve hypothesis for 10 European Union countries. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2794
  • Aydin, M., Erdem, A., Sogut, Y., & Ahmed, Z. (2024). A path towards environmental sustainability: exploring the effects of technological innovation and investment freedom on load capacity factor. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2024.2326855
  • Caglar, A. E., Avci, S. B., Daştan, M., & Destek, M. A. (2024a). Investigation of the effect of natural resource dependence on environmental sustainability under the novel load capacity curve hypothesis. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 31(4), 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2023.2296495
  • Caglar, A. E., Daştan, M., & Rej, S. (2024c). A new look at China’s environmental quality: how does environmental sustainability respond to the asymmetrical behavior of the competitive industrial sector?. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 31(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2023.2248584
  • Caglar, A. E., Daştan, M., Mehmood, U., & Avci, S. B. (2023a). Assessing the connection between competitive industrial performance on load capacity factor within the LCC framework: Implications for sustainable policy in BRICS economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023- 29178-1
  • Caglar, A. E., Destek, M. A., & Manga, M. (2024b). Analyzing the load capacity curve hypothesis for the Turkiye: A perspective for the sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141232
  • Caglar, A. E., Pata, U. K., Ulug, M., & Zafar, M. W. (2023b). Examining the impact of clean environmental regulations on load capacity factor to achieve sustainability: evidence from APEC economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429, 139563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139563
  • Çamkaya, S., & Karaaslan, A. (2024). Do renewable energy and human capital facilitate the ımprovement of environmental quality in the United States? A new perspective on environmental ıssues with the load capacity factor. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 17140-17155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32331-z
  • Carfora, A., Pansini, R. V., & Scandurra, G. (2022). Energy dependence, renewable energy generation and import demand: Are EU countries resilient?. Renewable energy, 195, 1262-1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.06.098
  • Chen, W., & Lei, Y. (2018). The impacts of renewable energy and technological innovation on environment- energy-growth nexus: New evidence from a panel quantile regression. Renewable energy, 123, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.026
  • Cheng, Y., Awan, U., Ahmad, S., & Tan, Z. (2021). How do technological innovation and fiscal decentralization affect the environment? A story of the fourth industrial revolution and sustainable growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120398
  • Dai, J., Ahmed, Z., Alvarado, R., & Ahmad, M. (2024). Assessing the nexus between human capital, green energy, and load capacity factor: policymaking for achieving sustainable development goals. Gondwana Research, 129, 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.04.009
  • Daştan, M. (2024). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkileri: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23(2), 633-653. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1412409
  • Daştan, M., & Eygü, H. (2023). An empirical investigation of the link between economic growth, unemployment, and ecological footprint in Turkey: Bridging the EKC and EPC hypotheses. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04106-y
  • Deng, S., Tiwari, S., Khan, S., Hossain, M. R., & Chen, R. (2024). Investigating the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis in leading emitter economies: Role of clean energy and energy security for sustainable development. Gondwana Research, 128, 283-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.10.020
  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
  • Dimnwobi, S. K., Ekesiobi, C., Madichie, C. V., & Asongu, S. A. (2021). Population dynamics and environmental quality in Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 797, 149172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149172
  • Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 4(2), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00011-8
  • Dogan, A., & Pata, U. K. (2022). The role of ICT, R&D spending and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: Testing the LCC hypothesis for G7 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 380, 135038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135038
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth: Complacency concerning this component of man's predicament is unjustified and counterproductive. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Erdogan, S. (2023). Linking natural resources and environmental sustainability: a panel data approach based on the load capacity curve hypothesis. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2836
  • Fang, Z., Wang, T., & Yang, C. (2024). Nexus among natural resources, environmental sustainability, and political risk: Testing the load capacity factor curve hypothesis. Resources Policy, 90, 104791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104791
  • Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., & Timmer, M. P. (2015). The next generation of the Penn World Table. American economic review, 105(10), 3150-3182.
  • Global Footprint Network (2024). Country Trends. https://www.footprintnetwork.org (Accessed 5 February 2024).
  • Gross, R., Leach, M., & Bauen, A. (2003). Progress in renewable energy. Environment international, 29(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00130-7
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER WORKING PAPER 3914. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  • Guloglu, B., Caglar, A. E., & Pata, U. K. (2023). Analyzing the determinants of the load capacity factor in OECD countries: evidence from advanced quantile panel data methods. Gondwana Research, 118, 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.02.013
  • Hakkak, M., Altintaş, N., & Hakkak, S. (2023). Exploring the relationship between nuclear and renewable energy usage, ecological footprint, and load capacity factor: A study of the Russian Federation testing the EKC and LCC hypothesis. Renewable Energy Focus, 46, 356-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.07.005
  • Huilan, W., Akadiri, S. S., Haouas, I., Awosusi, A. A., & Odu, A. T. (2024). Impact of trade liberalization and renewable energy on load capacity factor: Evidence from novel dual adjustment approach. Energy & Environment, 35(2), 795-814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221137559
  • IEA (2021), Turkey 2021, IEA, Paris. https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021, Licence: CC BY 4.0 (Accessed 20 March 2024).
  • Jahanger, A. (2022). Impact of globalization on CO2 emissions based on EKC hypothesis in developing world: the moderating role of human capital. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(14), 20731-20751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17062-9
  • Jahanger, A., Ogwu, S. O., Onwe, J. C., & Awan, A. (2024). The prominence of technological innovation and renewable energy for the ecological sustainability in top SDGs nations: Insights from the load capacity factor. Gondwana Research, 129, 381-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.05.021
  • Khan, I., Hou, F., & Le, H. P. (2021). The impact of natural resources, energy consumption, and population growth on environmental quality: Fresh evidence from the United States of America. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142222
  • Khan, U., Khan, A. M., Khan, M. S., Ahmed, P., Haque, A., & Parvin, R. A. (2023). Are the impacts of renewable energy use on load capacity factors homogeneous for developed and developing nations? Evidence from the G7 and E7 nations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(9), 24629-24640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 022-24002-8
  • Koc, S., & Bulus, G. C. (2020). Testing validity of the EKC hypothesis in South Korea: role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29043-29054.
  • Küçük, G., & Yüce Dural, B. (2024). Türkiye’nin Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatına Uyumu Kapsamında Yeşil Ekonomi Performansı: Değerlendirme ve Perspektifler. Sosyoekonomi, 32(60), 445-467. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.02.21
  • Lindsey, R. (2022). Climate Change: Global Sea Level. Climate. gov. https://www.climate.gov/news- features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
  • Lindsey, R., & Dahlman, L. (2024). Climate Change: Global Temperature. Climate. gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature
  • Liu, X., Olanrewaju, V. O., Agyekum, E. B., El-Naggar, M. F., Alrashed, M. M., & Kamel, S. (2022). Determinants of load capacity factor in an emerging economy: the role of green energy consumption and technological innovation. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1028161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1028161
  • Markandya, A., Arto, I., González-Eguino, M., & Román, M. V. (2016). Towards a green energy economy? Tracking the employment effects of low-carbon technologies in the European Union. Applied energy, 179, 1342-1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.122
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643
  • Mehmood, U., Tariq, S., Aslam, M. U., Agyekum, E. B., Uhunamure, S. E., Shale, K., Kamal, M., & Khan, M. F. (2023). Evaluating the impact of digitalization, renewable energy use, and technological innovation on load capacity factor in G8 nations. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 9131. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36373-0
  • Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy policy, 38(6), 2911-2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.024
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye (2024), Türkiye’s International Energy Strategy. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa
  • Mishra, A. K. (2019). Quantifying the impact of global warming on precipitation patterns in India. Meteorological Applications, 26(1), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1749
  • Moussaid, F. Z., Bachegour, H., Jerry, M., & Qafas, A. (2023). Probing the asymmetric impact of clean energy technologies on environmental quality: testing load capacity curve hypothesis in Spain. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04083-2
  • Naimoglu, M. (2022). The impact of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in Turkey: Fourier EG cointegration approach. Ege Akademik Bakis, 22(3), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.984127
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied economics, 37(17), 1979-1990. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500278103
  • NASA (2024). Vital Signs, Carbon Dioxide. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/? intent=121#:~:text=Since%20the%20onset%20of%20industrial,ice%20age%2020%2C000%20years%20ago (Accessed 10 March 2024).
  • NOAA (2023). Broken record: Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels jump again. https://www.noaa.gov/news- release/broken-record-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-levels-jump-again (Accessed 10 March 2024).
  • Our World in Data (2023a). Energy, Explore Data on Energy. https://ourworldindata.org/energy (Accessed 5 February 2024)
  • Our World in Data (2023b). CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Explore Data on CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions (Accessed 5 February 2024)
  • Ozbek, S., & Naimoglu, M. (2022). Çevre Kalitesi-Ekonomik Karmaşıklık İlişkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi üzerine fourier eşbütünleşme analizi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi - Istanbul Journal of Economics, 72(1), 407-431. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1061837.
  • Özkan, O., Saleem, F., & Sharif, A. (2024). Evaluating the impact of technological innovation and energy efficiency on load capacity factor: empirical analysis of India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(4), 5610-5624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31233-w
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Do renewable energy and health expenditures improve load capacity factor in the USA and Japan? A new approach to environmental issues. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(9), 1427-1439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01321-0
  • Pata, U. K., & Caglar, A. E. (2021). Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy, 216, 119220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119220
  • Pata, U. K., & Ertugrul, H. M. (2023). Do the Kyoto Protocol, geopolitical risks, human capital and natural resources affect the sustainability limit? A new environmental approach based on the LCC hypothesis. Resources Policy, 81, 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103352
  • Pata, U. K., & Isik, C. (2021). Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: a novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting. Resources Policy, 74, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102313
  • Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations?. Sustainability, 15(2), 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020960
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pham, N. M., Huynh, T. L. D., & Nasir, M. A. (2020). Environmental consequences of population, affluence and technological progress for European countries: A Malthusian view. Journal of environmental management, 260, 110143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110143
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001
  • Saqib, N., Sharif, A., Razzaq, A., & Usman, M. (2023). Integration of renewable energy and technological innovation in realizing environmental sustainability: the role of human capital in EKC framework. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 16372-16385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23345-6
  • Shabani, Z. D. (2024). Renewable energy and CO2 emissions: Does human capital matter?. Energy Reports, 11, 3474-3491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.03.021
  • Shahgedanova, M. (2021). Climate change and melting glaciers. The impacts of climate change, 53-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822373-4.00007-0
  • Shahzad, U., Tiwari, S., Mohammed, K. S., & Zenchenko, S. (2024). Asymmetric nexus between renewable energy, economic progress, and ecological issues: testing the LCC hypothesis in the context of sustainability perspective. Gondwana Research, 129, 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.07.008
  • Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182-3192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.027
  • Sinha, A., Sengupta, T., & Alvarado, R. (2020). Interplay between technological innovation and environmental quality: formulating the SDG policies for next 11 economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118549
  • Solarin, S. A., Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in India and China: The role of hydroelectricity consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1578-1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.028
  • Sun, A., Bao, K., Aslam, M., Gu, X., Khan, Z., & Uktamov, K. F. (2024). Testing load capacity and environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for China: Evidence from novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lags model. Gondwana Research, 129, 476-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.07.018
  • Sun, Y., Usman, M., Radulescu, M., Pata, U. K., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024). New insights from the STIPART model on how environmental-related technologies, natural resources and the use of the renewable energy influence load capacity factor. Gondwana Research, 129, 398-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.05.018
  • Tang, C. F., & Tan, E. C. (2013). Exploring the nexus of electricity consumption, economic growth, energy prices and technology innovation in Malaysia. Applied Energy, 104, 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.061
  • U.S. Department of Energy (2024). Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Renewable energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/renewable- energy#:~:text=Renewable%20energy%20comes%20from%20unlimited,%2C%20natural%20gas%2C%20and%20 oil. (Accessed 20 March 2024)
  • United Nations (2024). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development, the 17 Goals. https://sdgs.un.org/goals (Accessed 26 March 2024)
  • Wang, S., Zafar, M. W., Vasbieva, D. G., & Yurtkuran, S. (2024). Economic growth, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and environmental quality: Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve and load capacity curve hypothesis. Gondwana Research, 129, 490-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.06.009
  • Williamson, P., & Guinder, V. A. (2021). Effect of climate change on marine ecosystems. The impacts of climate change, 115-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822373-4.00024-0
  • World Bank (2024). World Deevelopment Indicator. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world- development-indicators (Accessed 5 February 2024).
  • Xu, D., Salem, S., Awosusi, A. A., Abdurakhmanova, G., Altuntaş, M., Oluwajana, D., Kirikkaleli, D., & Ojekemi, O. (2022). Load capacity factor and financial globalization in Brazil: the role of renewable energy and urbanization. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 823185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.823185
  • Yang, M., Magazzino, C., Awosusi, A. A., & Abdulloev, N. (2023a). Determinants of Load capacity factor in BRICS countries: A panel data analysis. In Natural Resources Forum. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12331
  • Yang, M., She, D., Abbas, S., Ai, F., & Adebayo, T. S. (2023b). Environmental cost of financial development within the framework of the load capacity curve hypothesis in the BRICS economies: Do renewable energy consumption and natural resources mitigate some burden?. Geological Journal, 58(10), 3915-3927. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4817
  • Yang, Q., Huo, J., Saqib, N., & Mahmood, H. (2022). Modelling the effect of renewable energy and public-private partnership in testing EKC hypothesis: evidence from methods moment of quantile regression. Renewable Energy, 192, 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.123
  • Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S., & Andreoni, V. (2023). Reinvestigation of the validity of the EKC hypothesis extended with energy: A time-varying analysis for the United Kingdom. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139284
  • Zafar, M. W., Zaidi, S. A. H., Khan, N. R., Mirza, F. M., Hou, F., & Kirmani, S. A. A. (2019). The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: the case of the United States. Resources Policy, 63, 101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428
  • Zhao, W. X., Samour, A., Yi, K., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). Do technological innovation, natural resources and stock market development promote environmental sustainability? Novel evidence based on the load capacity factor. Resources Policy, 82, 103397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103397

Yenilenebilir Enerji, Teknolojik Yenilik ve Beşeri Sermayenin Türkiye’nin Çevre Kalitesi Üzerindeki Rolü: LCC Hipotezinin Yumuşak Yapısal Kırılmalarla Test Edilmesi

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 65, 76 - 91, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1480175

Öz

Yeni sanayileşen ekonomiler, batılı ulusların refah düzeyini yakalama arzusuyla hızlı bir kalkınma çabası içindedir. Ancak, bu güçlü ekonomik dinamizmin ortasında, dünya giderek derinleşen bir iklim değişikliği kriziyle yüzleşmektedir. Bu bakımdan, gelişmekte olan ülkelerin sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedeflerini desteklerken aynı zamanda çevresel kalitelerini artırmalarına katkıda bulunan faktörlerin belirlenmesi zorunlu hale gelmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle bu çalışma, STIRPAT modelini genişleterek Türkiye'de yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, teknolojik yenilik ve beşeri sermayenin çevresel etkilerini incelemeyi ve "Yük Kapasite Eğrisi" (YKE) hipotezinin geçerliliğini test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla çalışmada 1980’den 2019’a uzanan yıllık veriler literatüre henüz yeni kazandırılan Fourier terimli "genişletilmiş gecikmesi dağıtılmış otoregresif" (A-ARDL) yaklaşımı kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Ampirik bulgular, LCC hipotezinin Türkiye'de hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde geçerli olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Ayrıca sonuçlar, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve beşeri sermayenin uzun vadede çevresel kaliteyi önemli ölçüde artırdığını, teknolojik inovasyonun ise çevre üzerinde istatistiki açıdan anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bulgular nüfus artışının kısa vadede çevre üzerinde olumlu bir etkiye sahip olduğunu, ancak uzun vadede çevresel kaliteyi düşürdüğünü göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulmagid Basheer Agila, T., Khalifa, W. M., Saint Akadiri, S., Adebayo, T. S., & Altuntaş, M. (2022). Determinants of load capacity factor in South Korea: does structural change matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(46), 69932-69948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20676-2
  • Alola, A. A., Özkan, O., & Usman, O. (2023). Role of non-renewable energy efficiency and renewable energy in driving environmental sustainability in India: evidence from the load capacity factor hypothesis. Energies, 16(6), 2847.
  • Alvarado, R., Deng, Q., Tillaguango, B., Méndez, P., Bravo, D., Chamba, J., Alvarado-Lopez, M., & Ahmad, M. (2021). Do economic development and human capital decrease non-renewable energy consumption? Evidence for OECD countries. Energy, 215, 119147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119147
  • Awosusi, A. A., Adebayo, T. S., Kirikkaleli, D., Rjoub, H., & Altuntaş, M. (2023). Evaluating the determinants of load capacity factor in Japan: The impact of economic complexity and trade globalization. In Natural Resources Forum. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12334
  • Awosusi, A. A., Kutlay, K., Altuntaş, M., Khodjiev, B., Agyekum, E. B., Shouran, M., Elgbaily, M., & Kamel, S. (2022). A roadmap toward achieving sustainable environment: evaluating the impact of technological innovation and globalization on load capacity factor. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063288
  • Aydin, M., & Degirmenci, T. (2023). The impact of clean energy consumption, green innovation, and technological diffusion on environmental sustainability: New evidence from load capacity curve hypothesis for 10 European Union countries. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2794
  • Aydin, M., Erdem, A., Sogut, Y., & Ahmed, Z. (2024). A path towards environmental sustainability: exploring the effects of technological innovation and investment freedom on load capacity factor. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2024.2326855
  • Caglar, A. E., Avci, S. B., Daştan, M., & Destek, M. A. (2024a). Investigation of the effect of natural resource dependence on environmental sustainability under the novel load capacity curve hypothesis. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 31(4), 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2023.2296495
  • Caglar, A. E., Daştan, M., & Rej, S. (2024c). A new look at China’s environmental quality: how does environmental sustainability respond to the asymmetrical behavior of the competitive industrial sector?. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 31(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2023.2248584
  • Caglar, A. E., Daştan, M., Mehmood, U., & Avci, S. B. (2023a). Assessing the connection between competitive industrial performance on load capacity factor within the LCC framework: Implications for sustainable policy in BRICS economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023- 29178-1
  • Caglar, A. E., Destek, M. A., & Manga, M. (2024b). Analyzing the load capacity curve hypothesis for the Turkiye: A perspective for the sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 141232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141232
  • Caglar, A. E., Pata, U. K., Ulug, M., & Zafar, M. W. (2023b). Examining the impact of clean environmental regulations on load capacity factor to achieve sustainability: evidence from APEC economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429, 139563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139563
  • Çamkaya, S., & Karaaslan, A. (2024). Do renewable energy and human capital facilitate the ımprovement of environmental quality in the United States? A new perspective on environmental ıssues with the load capacity factor. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 17140-17155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32331-z
  • Carfora, A., Pansini, R. V., & Scandurra, G. (2022). Energy dependence, renewable energy generation and import demand: Are EU countries resilient?. Renewable energy, 195, 1262-1274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.06.098
  • Chen, W., & Lei, Y. (2018). The impacts of renewable energy and technological innovation on environment- energy-growth nexus: New evidence from a panel quantile regression. Renewable energy, 123, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.026
  • Cheng, Y., Awan, U., Ahmad, S., & Tan, Z. (2021). How do technological innovation and fiscal decentralization affect the environment? A story of the fourth industrial revolution and sustainable growth. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 162, 120398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120398
  • Dai, J., Ahmed, Z., Alvarado, R., & Ahmad, M. (2024). Assessing the nexus between human capital, green energy, and load capacity factor: policymaking for achieving sustainable development goals. Gondwana Research, 129, 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.04.009
  • Daştan, M. (2024). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkileri: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23(2), 633-653. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1412409
  • Daştan, M., & Eygü, H. (2023). An empirical investigation of the link between economic growth, unemployment, and ecological footprint in Turkey: Bridging the EKC and EPC hypotheses. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04106-y
  • Deng, S., Tiwari, S., Khan, S., Hossain, M. R., & Chen, R. (2024). Investigating the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis in leading emitter economies: Role of clean energy and energy security for sustainable development. Gondwana Research, 128, 283-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.10.020
  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
  • Dimnwobi, S. K., Ekesiobi, C., Madichie, C. V., & Asongu, S. A. (2021). Population dynamics and environmental quality in Africa. Science of the Total Environment, 797, 149172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149172
  • Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 4(2), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-0321(99)00011-8
  • Dogan, A., & Pata, U. K. (2022). The role of ICT, R&D spending and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: Testing the LCC hypothesis for G7 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 380, 135038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135038
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth: Complacency concerning this component of man's predicament is unjustified and counterproductive. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217.
  • Enders, W., & Lee, J. (2012). The flexible Fourier form and Dickey–Fuller type unit root tests. Economics Letters, 117(1), 196-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.04.081
  • Erdogan, S. (2023). Linking natural resources and environmental sustainability: a panel data approach based on the load capacity curve hypothesis. Sustainable Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2836
  • Fang, Z., Wang, T., & Yang, C. (2024). Nexus among natural resources, environmental sustainability, and political risk: Testing the load capacity factor curve hypothesis. Resources Policy, 90, 104791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104791
  • Feenstra, R. C., Inklaar, R., & Timmer, M. P. (2015). The next generation of the Penn World Table. American economic review, 105(10), 3150-3182.
  • Global Footprint Network (2024). Country Trends. https://www.footprintnetwork.org (Accessed 5 February 2024).
  • Gross, R., Leach, M., & Bauen, A. (2003). Progress in renewable energy. Environment international, 29(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00130-7
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. NBER WORKING PAPER 3914. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  • Guloglu, B., Caglar, A. E., & Pata, U. K. (2023). Analyzing the determinants of the load capacity factor in OECD countries: evidence from advanced quantile panel data methods. Gondwana Research, 118, 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.02.013
  • Hakkak, M., Altintaş, N., & Hakkak, S. (2023). Exploring the relationship between nuclear and renewable energy usage, ecological footprint, and load capacity factor: A study of the Russian Federation testing the EKC and LCC hypothesis. Renewable Energy Focus, 46, 356-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.07.005
  • Huilan, W., Akadiri, S. S., Haouas, I., Awosusi, A. A., & Odu, A. T. (2024). Impact of trade liberalization and renewable energy on load capacity factor: Evidence from novel dual adjustment approach. Energy & Environment, 35(2), 795-814. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221137559
  • IEA (2021), Turkey 2021, IEA, Paris. https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021, Licence: CC BY 4.0 (Accessed 20 March 2024).
  • Jahanger, A. (2022). Impact of globalization on CO2 emissions based on EKC hypothesis in developing world: the moderating role of human capital. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(14), 20731-20751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17062-9
  • Jahanger, A., Ogwu, S. O., Onwe, J. C., & Awan, A. (2024). The prominence of technological innovation and renewable energy for the ecological sustainability in top SDGs nations: Insights from the load capacity factor. Gondwana Research, 129, 381-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.05.021
  • Khan, I., Hou, F., & Le, H. P. (2021). The impact of natural resources, energy consumption, and population growth on environmental quality: Fresh evidence from the United States of America. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142222
  • Khan, U., Khan, A. M., Khan, M. S., Ahmed, P., Haque, A., & Parvin, R. A. (2023). Are the impacts of renewable energy use on load capacity factors homogeneous for developed and developing nations? Evidence from the G7 and E7 nations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(9), 24629-24640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356- 022-24002-8
  • Koc, S., & Bulus, G. C. (2020). Testing validity of the EKC hypothesis in South Korea: role of renewable energy and trade openness. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29043-29054.
  • Küçük, G., & Yüce Dural, B. (2024). Türkiye’nin Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatına Uyumu Kapsamında Yeşil Ekonomi Performansı: Değerlendirme ve Perspektifler. Sosyoekonomi, 32(60), 445-467. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2024.02.21
  • Lindsey, R. (2022). Climate Change: Global Sea Level. Climate. gov. https://www.climate.gov/news- features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-sea-level
  • Lindsey, R., & Dahlman, L. (2024). Climate Change: Global Temperature. Climate. gov. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature
  • Liu, X., Olanrewaju, V. O., Agyekum, E. B., El-Naggar, M. F., Alrashed, M. M., & Kamel, S. (2022). Determinants of load capacity factor in an emerging economy: the role of green energy consumption and technological innovation. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 1028161. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1028161
  • Markandya, A., Arto, I., González-Eguino, M., & Román, M. V. (2016). Towards a green energy economy? Tracking the employment effects of low-carbon technologies in the European Union. Applied energy, 179, 1342-1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.122
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the autoregressive distributed lag test for cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1366643
  • Mehmood, U., Tariq, S., Aslam, M. U., Agyekum, E. B., Uhunamure, S. E., Shale, K., Kamal, M., & Khan, M. F. (2023). Evaluating the impact of digitalization, renewable energy use, and technological innovation on load capacity factor in G8 nations. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 9131. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36373-0
  • Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy policy, 38(6), 2911-2915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.01.024
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Türkiye (2024), Türkiye’s International Energy Strategy. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkeys-energy-strategy.en.mfa
  • Mishra, A. K. (2019). Quantifying the impact of global warming on precipitation patterns in India. Meteorological Applications, 26(1), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/met.1749
  • Moussaid, F. Z., Bachegour, H., Jerry, M., & Qafas, A. (2023). Probing the asymmetric impact of clean energy technologies on environmental quality: testing load capacity curve hypothesis in Spain. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04083-2
  • Naimoglu, M. (2022). The impact of economic growth, trade openness and technological progress on renewable energy use in Turkey: Fourier EG cointegration approach. Ege Akademik Bakis, 22(3), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.984127
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied economics, 37(17), 1979-1990. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500278103
  • NASA (2024). Vital Signs, Carbon Dioxide. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/? intent=121#:~:text=Since%20the%20onset%20of%20industrial,ice%20age%2020%2C000%20years%20ago (Accessed 10 March 2024).
  • NOAA (2023). Broken record: Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels jump again. https://www.noaa.gov/news- release/broken-record-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-levels-jump-again (Accessed 10 March 2024).
  • Our World in Data (2023a). Energy, Explore Data on Energy. https://ourworldindata.org/energy (Accessed 5 February 2024)
  • Our World in Data (2023b). CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Explore Data on CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions (Accessed 5 February 2024)
  • Ozbek, S., & Naimoglu, M. (2022). Çevre Kalitesi-Ekonomik Karmaşıklık İlişkisi: Türkiye ekonomisi üzerine fourier eşbütünleşme analizi. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi - Istanbul Journal of Economics, 72(1), 407-431. https://doi.org/10.26650/ISTJECON2022-1061837.
  • Özkan, O., Saleem, F., & Sharif, A. (2024). Evaluating the impact of technological innovation and energy efficiency on load capacity factor: empirical analysis of India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(4), 5610-5624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31233-w
  • Pata, U. K. (2021). Do renewable energy and health expenditures improve load capacity factor in the USA and Japan? A new approach to environmental issues. The European Journal of Health Economics, 22(9), 1427-1439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-021-01321-0
  • Pata, U. K., & Caglar, A. E. (2021). Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy, 216, 119220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119220
  • Pata, U. K., & Ertugrul, H. M. (2023). Do the Kyoto Protocol, geopolitical risks, human capital and natural resources affect the sustainability limit? A new environmental approach based on the LCC hypothesis. Resources Policy, 81, 103352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103352
  • Pata, U. K., & Isik, C. (2021). Determinants of the load capacity factor in China: a novel dynamic ARDL approach for ecological footprint accounting. Resources Policy, 74, 102313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102313
  • Pata, U. K., & Tanriover, B. (2023). Is the load capacity curve hypothesis valid for the top ten tourism destinations?. Sustainability, 15(2), 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15020960
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Pham, N. M., Huynh, T. L. D., & Nasir, M. A. (2020). Environmental consequences of population, affluence and technological progress for European countries: A Malthusian view. Journal of environmental management, 260, 110143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110143
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An augmented autoregressive distributed lag bounds test for cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.11.001
  • Saqib, N., Sharif, A., Razzaq, A., & Usman, M. (2023). Integration of renewable energy and technological innovation in realizing environmental sustainability: the role of human capital in EKC framework. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 16372-16385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23345-6
  • Shabani, Z. D. (2024). Renewable energy and CO2 emissions: Does human capital matter?. Energy Reports, 11, 3474-3491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.03.021
  • Shahgedanova, M. (2021). Climate change and melting glaciers. The impacts of climate change, 53-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822373-4.00007-0
  • Shahzad, U., Tiwari, S., Mohammed, K. S., & Zenchenko, S. (2024). Asymmetric nexus between renewable energy, economic progress, and ecological issues: testing the LCC hypothesis in the context of sustainability perspective. Gondwana Research, 129, 465-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.07.008
  • Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182-3192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.027
  • Sinha, A., Sengupta, T., & Alvarado, R. (2020). Interplay between technological innovation and environmental quality: formulating the SDG policies for next 11 economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118549
  • Solarin, S. A., Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Validating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in India and China: The role of hydroelectricity consumption. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 80, 1578-1587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.028
  • Sun, A., Bao, K., Aslam, M., Gu, X., Khan, Z., & Uktamov, K. F. (2024). Testing load capacity and environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for China: Evidence from novel dynamic autoregressive distributed lags model. Gondwana Research, 129, 476-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.07.018
  • Sun, Y., Usman, M., Radulescu, M., Pata, U. K., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024). New insights from the STIPART model on how environmental-related technologies, natural resources and the use of the renewable energy influence load capacity factor. Gondwana Research, 129, 398-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.05.018
  • Tang, C. F., & Tan, E. C. (2013). Exploring the nexus of electricity consumption, economic growth, energy prices and technology innovation in Malaysia. Applied Energy, 104, 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.061
  • U.S. Department of Energy (2024). Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Renewable energy. https://www.energy.gov/eere/renewable- energy#:~:text=Renewable%20energy%20comes%20from%20unlimited,%2C%20natural%20gas%2C%20and%20 oil. (Accessed 20 March 2024)
  • United Nations (2024). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Sustainable Development, the 17 Goals. https://sdgs.un.org/goals (Accessed 26 March 2024)
  • Wang, S., Zafar, M. W., Vasbieva, D. G., & Yurtkuran, S. (2024). Economic growth, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and environmental quality: Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve and load capacity curve hypothesis. Gondwana Research, 129, 490-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.06.009
  • Williamson, P., & Guinder, V. A. (2021). Effect of climate change on marine ecosystems. The impacts of climate change, 115-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822373-4.00024-0
  • World Bank (2024). World Deevelopment Indicator. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world- development-indicators (Accessed 5 February 2024).
  • Xu, D., Salem, S., Awosusi, A. A., Abdurakhmanova, G., Altuntaş, M., Oluwajana, D., Kirikkaleli, D., & Ojekemi, O. (2022). Load capacity factor and financial globalization in Brazil: the role of renewable energy and urbanization. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 823185. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.823185
  • Yang, M., Magazzino, C., Awosusi, A. A., & Abdulloev, N. (2023a). Determinants of Load capacity factor in BRICS countries: A panel data analysis. In Natural Resources Forum. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12331
  • Yang, M., She, D., Abbas, S., Ai, F., & Adebayo, T. S. (2023b). Environmental cost of financial development within the framework of the load capacity curve hypothesis in the BRICS economies: Do renewable energy consumption and natural resources mitigate some burden?. Geological Journal, 58(10), 3915-3927. https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4817
  • Yang, Q., Huo, J., Saqib, N., & Mahmood, H. (2022). Modelling the effect of renewable energy and public-private partnership in testing EKC hypothesis: evidence from methods moment of quantile regression. Renewable Energy, 192, 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.123
  • Yilanci, V., Gorus, M. S., & Andreoni, V. (2023). Reinvestigation of the validity of the EKC hypothesis extended with energy: A time-varying analysis for the United Kingdom. Journal of Cleaner Production, 428, 139284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139284
  • Zafar, M. W., Zaidi, S. A. H., Khan, N. R., Mirza, F. M., Hou, F., & Kirmani, S. A. A. (2019). The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: the case of the United States. Resources Policy, 63, 101428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101428
  • Zhao, W. X., Samour, A., Yi, K., & Al-Faryan, M. A. S. (2023). Do technological innovation, natural resources and stock market development promote environmental sustainability? Novel evidence based on the load capacity factor. Resources Policy, 82, 103397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103397
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekoloji, Sürdürülebilirlik ve Enerji
Bölüm Tam Sayı
Yazarlar

Muhammet Daştan 0000-0001-6067-8946

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 65

Kaynak Göster

APA Daştan, M. (2024). The Role of Renewable Energy, Technological Innovation, and Human Capital on Environmental Quality in Türkiye: Testing the LCC Hypothesis with Smooth Structural Shifts. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(65), 76-91. https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1480175

Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.