OKULLARDA BİLGİ UÇURMA: İŞ DOYUMU VE ÖRGÜTSEL BAĞLILIK İLİŞKİSİ

Yıl 2014, Sayı: 22, 261 - 282, 01.06.2014

Asiye Toker Gökçe

Öz

Bu araştırma, Türkiye’de kamu okullarında yaşanan bilgi uçurmayı irdelemektedir. Tarama modelinde yapılan araştırmada kamu okullarında görev yapan öğretmelerin okullarda tanık oldukları yanlışları; bu yanlışları rapor etme durumları ortaya konmuştur; bilgi uçuran öğretmenler ile bilgi uçurmayı tercih etmeyen öğretmenler arasında kişisel değişkenler, iş doyumu ve okula bağlılık açısından farklılık incelenmiştir. Örneklem 164 öğretmenden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma verileri araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen bir anket ile elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, en çok tanık olunan eylemler; okulun kaynaklarının boşa harcanması; kişisel çıkar için makamın kullanılması; okulun parasının boşa harcanması ve yönetmeliklerin ihlalidir. Kıdem arttıkça bilgi uçurma da artmaktadır. Öğretmenlerin çoğu resmi olmayan bilgi uçurmayı tercih etmekte; içe bilgi uçurmada üst makamları; dışa bilgi uçurmada velileri bilgilendirmeyi tercih etmektedir. İki grup arasında, iş doyumu bakımından fark bulunmamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bağlılık, bilgi uçurma, eğitim, iş doyumu, öğretmen

Whistle-blowing at Schools: The relationship between Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment

Öz

This paper examines whistle-blowing at schools in Turkey. For this aims, firstly, wrongdoings, and reporting ways of these acts were analyzed. Then, differences between the teachers, who whistle-blowed and did not whistle-blow, were examined in terms of their personal factors, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The sample involves 164 teachers. The data was obtained by a questionnaire which was developed by the researchers. Results showed that the most witnessed wrongdoings are listed as; wasting school resources, using official position for personal interest, wasting school’s money, and violate regulations. Besides, whistle-blowing intention of the teachers increases according to the seniority increase. Most of the teachers prefer informal reporting. They inform superior managers during internal reporting and they inform parents during external reporting. There is no difference between the groups in terms of job satisfaction.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Commitment, education, job satisfaction, teacher, whistle-blowing

Kaynakça

• Aktifhaber (2007). Müdürü Şikayet Eden Öğretmen Sürüldü. www.aktifhaber.com
• Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The Measurement And Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.
• Asian Institute of Management. (2006). Whistleblowing in the Philippines: Awareness, Attitudes and Structures. Contract No. 7137453. Hills Governance Center. Retriewed from
• Baycan, A. (1985). An Analysis of the Several Aspects of Job Satisfaction Between Different Occupational Groups. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
• Brabeck, M. M. (1984). Ethical Characteristics of Whistle-blowers. Journal of Research in Personality, 18, 41–53.
• Brown, U. J. ve Gaylor, K. P. (n.d). Organizational Commitment in Higher Education. Unpublished manuscript, http://www.midwestacademy.org/Proceedings adresinden 06.01.2012 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
• Cameron, K.S. ve Freeman, S.J. (1991). Cultural Congruence, Strength, and Type. Research in Organizational Change and Development, 5, 23-58.
• Cohen, J.R., Pant, L.W., Sharp, D.J. (2001). An Experimentation Of Differences İn Ethical Decision–Making Between Canadian Business Students And Accounting Professionals, Journal of Business Ethics, 30, 319-336.
• Dawson, S. (2000). Whistleblowing: A Broad Definition and Some Issues for Australia. Working http://www.bmartin.cc/dissent/documents/Dawson.html tarihinde indirilmiştir. Victoria University of Technology 06.01.2012 adresinden
• Deshpandé, R. ve Farley, J.U. (2007). Interdisciplinary Research Within a Modified Competing Values Model of Organizational Performance: Results From Brazil. Journal of Global Marketing, 20 (2/3) 5-16.
• Dozier, J. B. ve Miceli, M.P. (1985). Potential Predictors of Whistle-Blowing: A Prosocial Behavior Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 10 (4), 823-836.
• Egitimbirsen (2010). Milli Eğitimden ilginç savunma istemi. www.ogretmenportali.net.
• Elliston, F. A. (1982). Civil Disobedience and Whistleblowing: A Comparative Appraisal of Two Forms Of Dissent. Journal of Business Ethics, 1, 167-177.
• Gökçe, A.T. (2013a). Teachers’ Value Orientations as Determinants of Preference For External and Anonymous Whistleblowing. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, (3)4, 163-173.
• Gökçe, A.T. (2013b). Prospective Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Whistle-Blowing According to Type of Intelligence. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, (4)4. 11-23.
• Graham, J. W. (1986). Principled Organizational Dissent: A Theoretical Essay. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8,1-52.
• Gundlach, M. J., Douglas, S. C. and Martinko, M. J. (2003). The Decision to Blow theWhistle: A Social Information Processing Framework. Academy of Management Review, 28 (1), 107–123.
• Institute of Public Administration Australia. (n.d). Whistleblowing. http://www.ipaa.org.au/
• Kaplan, S. E., & Schultz, J. J. (2007). Intentions to Report Questionable Acts: An Examination of The İnfluence of Anonymous Reporting Channel, İnternal Audit Quality, and Setting, Journal of Business Ethics, 71(2), 109-124.
• Keenan, J.P. (2002). Comparing Indian and American Managers on Whistleblowing. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 14, 79-89. Krebsbach, K. (2005). The Long Lonely Battle of David E. Welch. http://www.americanbanker.com adresinden 12.01.2011 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
• Lewis, D., Ellis, C., Kyprıanou, A. (2001). Whistleblowing at Work: The Results of A Survey of Procedures in Further and Higher Education. Educatıon And The Law, 13 (3). 215- 225.
• Liyanarachchi, G., Newdick, C. (2009). The Impact Of Moral Reasoning And Retaliation On Whistle-Blowing: New Zealand Evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 89, 37–57.
• Meyer, J. P. ve Allen, N. J. (2004). TCM Employee Commitment Survey Academic Users Guide. 06.01.2012 tarihinde Department of Psychology, The University of Western Ontario www.audacityblog.info adresinden indirilmiştir.
• Miceli, M. P. ve Near, J. P. (1985). Characteristics of Organizational Climate And Perceived Wrongdoing Associated With Whistleblowing Decisions, Personnel Psychology, 38(3), 525-544.
• Miceli, M.P. ve Near, J.P. (1988). Individual and Sıtuatıonal Correlates Of Whistle-blowing Personnel Psychology, 41, 267-281.
• Miceli, M. P., M. Rehg, J. P. Near ve Ryan, K. C. (1999). Can Laws Protect Whistle-Blowers? Results Of A Naturally Occurring Field Experiment. Work and Occupations, 26, 129– 151.
• Miceli, M. P., Near, J. P. ve Schwenk, C. R. (1991). Who blows the Whistle and Why? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45 (1), 113-130.
• Miceli, M. P., Near. J. P. (1994). Relationships Among Value Congruence, Perceived Victimization, And Retaliation Against Whistleblowers: The Case Of Internal Auditors. J. Management, 20, 773–794.
• Miceli, M. P., M. Rehg, J. P. Near ve Ryan, K. C. (1999). Can Laws Protect Whistle-Blowers? Results of a Naturally Occurring Field Experiment. Work and Occupations, 26, 129– 151.
• Miceli, M. P. Scotter, J. R. V., Near, J.P., ve Rehg, M.T. (2001). Individual Differences and Whistle-blowing. Academy of Management Proceedings. PNP: C:1-6.
• Miceli, M. P. ve Near,. J. P. (2002). What Makes Whistle-Blowers Effective: Three Field Studies. Human Relations, 55: 455-479.
• Miethe, T. D. ve Rothschild, J. (1994). Whistleblowing and the Control Of Organizational Misconduct. Sociological Inquiry, 64, 322-347.
• Mueller, C.W., Wallace, J.E. ve Prıce, J.L. (1992). Employee Commitment Resolving Some Issues. Work and Occupations, 3.
• Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (1977). http://www.psych.umn.edu adresinden 12.01.2012 tarihinde indirilmiştir.
• Nayir, D. Z., Herzig, H. (2012). Value Orientations As Determinants Of Preference For External And Anonymous Whistleblowing. J Bus Ethics, 107, 197–213.
• Near, J.P. ve Miceli, M.P. (1985). Organizational dissidence: The case of Whistle-blowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 4, 1, 1-16
• Near, J. P. ve Miceli, M. P. (1987). Whistleblowers in Organizations: Dissidents or reformers? Research in Organizational Behavior, 9, 321-68.
• Near, J. P., Dworkin, T. M., Miceli, M.P. (1993). Explaining the Whistleblowing Process: Suggestions from power theory and justice theory. Organization Science, 4 (3).
• Near, J. P., ve Miceli, M. P. (1995). Effective Whistle-blowing. Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 679-708.
• Near, J. P., ve Miceli, M. P. (1990). When whistleblowing succeeds: Predictors of effective whistle-blowing. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, San Francisco.
• Near, J.P., Rehg, M.T., Scotter, J.R.V., Miceli, M.P. (2004). Does Type of Wrongdoing Affect The Whistleblowing Process? Business Ethics Quarterly, 14 (2), 219-242.
• Ohnishi, K., Hayama, Y., Asai, A. ve Kosugi, S. (2008). The Process of Whistleblowing in A Japanese Psychiatric Hospital. Nursing Ethics, 15, 5.
• 'Reilly, C. A., ve Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment: The Effects of Compliance, Identification, and Internalization on Prosocial Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 (3), 492-499.
• Park, H., Blenkinsopp, J., Oktem, M. K., Omurgonulsen, U. (2008). Cultural Orientation And Attitudes Toward Different Forms of Whistleblowing: A Comparison of South Korea, Turkey, And The U.K. Journal of Business Ethics, 82, 929–939.
• Rehg, M.T., Miceli, M.P., Near, J.P., Scotter J.R.V. (2008). Antecedents and Outcomes of Retaliation Against Whistleblowers: Gender Differences and Power Relationships. Organization Science, 19, 2, 221–240.
• Rhodes, R, Strain JJ. (2004) Whistleblowing in Academic Medicine. J Med Ethics, 30, 35-39
• Spector P.E. (1982). Behavior in Organizations as a Function of Employee’s Locus of Control. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 482-497.
• Tavakoli, A. A., Keenan, J.P., Crnjak-Karanovic, B. (2003). Culture and Whistleblowing An Empirical Study Of Croatian And United States Managers Utilizing Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. Journal of Business Ethics, 43 (1-2), 49.
• Vandekerckhove, W. ve Commers, M.S.R. (2004). Whistle-blowing and Rational loyalty. Journal of Business Ethics, 53, 225-233.
• Vinten, G. (1996). Whistleblowing in the Health-Related Professions. The Indian Journal of Medical Ethics.
• Zhang J., Chiu, R., Wei, L. (2009). Decision-making Process Of Internal Whistleblowing Behavior İn China: Empirical Evidence And Implications. Journal of Business Ethics, 88, 25–41.