Araştırma Makalesi
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Visual Detection of Microplastics Derived from Plastic Mulch in Soil

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 375, 67 - 74, 06.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33724/zm.1104557

Öz

This preliminary study aimed to visually investigate the presence and disturbance of microplastic particles among soil aggregate fractions (1000- 2000 µm - <0.053 μm) in a mulch applied soil. In the extraction of microplastics from the soil samples, two separate treatments were applied, by changing the order of applied solutions (NaCl-H2O2 and H2O2-NaCl), through density separation. In the first treatment, the soil sample was shaken first with a saturated NaCl solution, then filtered through the filter paper and the microplastics remaining on the filter paper were determined. Then, 30% H2O2 was added to the remaining soil sample. In the second treatment, H2O2 (30%) solution was applied first, and then saturated NaCl solution was added. Microplastics were counted and defined by stereo binocular microscope. In the first treatment 29 particles of 20g soil-1 and in the second treatment 16 particles of 20g soil-1 microplastics were found. Microplastics were found in all fractions and dominated form was “fiber” and in the form of 'round bead' were also found in the fraction smaller than 0.053 mm. As a result, in the extraction of microplastics, changing the order of application of solutions did not have a different effect on the extraction, showed that both treatments can be used for visual identification.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad M, Li JL, Wang PD, Hozzein WN, Li WJ. 2020. Environmental perspectives of microplastic pollution in the aquatic environment: a review. Marine Life Science & Technology, 2: 414–430.
  • Andrady AL. 2015. Persistence of plastic litter in the oceans. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M, editors. Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham, pp. 57-72.
  • Bläsing M, Amelung W. 2018. Plastics in soil: Analytical methods and possible sources. Science of the Total Environment, 612: 422-435.
  • Briassoulis D, Babou E, Hiskakis M, Kyrikou I. 2015. Analysis of long-term degradation behaviour of polyethylene mulching films with pro-oxidants under real cultivation and soil burial conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 2584-2598.
  • Chen Y, Leng Y, Liu X, Wang J. 2020. Microplastic pollution in vegetable farmlands of suburb Wuhan, central China. Environmental Pollution, 257: 113449.
  • Choi, Y. R., Kim, Y. N., Yoon, J. H., Dickinson, N., & Kim, K. H. (2021). Plastic contamination of forest, urban, and agricultural soils: a case study of Yeoju City in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(5), 1962-1973.
  • Hale RC, Seeley ME, La Guardia MJ, Mai L. Zeng EY. 2020. A global perspective on microplastics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 125(1): e2018JC014719.
  • Helmberger MS, Tiemann LK, Grieshop MJ. 2020. Towards an ecology of soil microplastics. Functional Ecology, 34: 550–560.
  • Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. 2012. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6):3060-75.
  • Huang Y, Liu Q, Jia W, Yan C, Wang J. 2020. Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial environment. Environmental Pollution, 260:114096.
  • Imhof HK, Schmid J, Niessner R, Ivleva NP, Laforsch C. 2012. A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 10: 524–537.
  • Iqbal, R, Raza MAS, Valipour M, Saleem MF, Zaheer MS, Ahmad S, Toleikiene M, Haider I, Aslam MU, Nazar MA. 2020. Potential agricultural and environmental benefits of mulches—a review. Bulletin National Research Centre, 44: 1-16.
  • Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL. 2015. Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Sci-ence, 347:768-71.
  • Liu, X., He, S., Tong, Y., Liu, Z., Li, W., Xiayihazi, N., & Lu, J. (2022). Microplastic pollution in urban green-belt soil in Shihezi City, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-11.
  • Lv L, Yan X, Feng L, Jiang S, Lu, Z, Xie H, Sun S, Chen J, Li C. 2021. Challenge for the detection of microplastics in the environment. Water Environment Research, 93: 5–15.
  • Makhijani K, Kumar R, Sharma SK. 2015. Biodegradability of blended polymers: a comparison of various properties. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 45:1801-1825.
  • Ngouajio M, McGiffen ME. 2004. Sustainable vegetable production: effects of cropping systems on weed and insect population dynamics. Acta Hortic, 638:77–83.
  • Nizzetto L, Futter M, Langaas S. 2016. Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environmental Science and Technology, 50(20): 10777−10779.
  • Nuelle MT, Dekiff JH, Remy D, Fries E. 2014. A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environ Pollut, 184:161–169.
  • Rocha-Santos T, Duarte AC. 2015. A critical overview of the analytical approaches to the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of microplastics in the environment. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 65: 47–53.
  • Qi R, Jones DL, Li Z, Liu Q, Yan C. 2020. Behavior of microplastics and plastic film residues in the soil environment: A critical review. Sci Total Environ, 703:134722.
  • Schwinghammer L, Krause S, Schaum C. 2021. Determination of large microplastics: wet-sieving of dewatered digested sludge, co-substrates and compost . Water Sci Technol, 84(2): 384–392.
  • Silva AB, Bastos AS, Justino CIL, da Costa JP, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TAP. 2018. Microplastics in the environment: Challenges in analytical chemistry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1017: 1-19.
  • Thomas D, Schütze B, Heinze WM, Steinmetz Z. 2020. Sample preparation techniques for the analysis of microplastics in soil-a review. Sustainability, 12(21): 9074.
  • Wardrop P, Shimeta J, Nugegoda D, Morrison PD, Miranda A, Tang M, Clarke BO. 2016. Chemical pollutants sorbed to ingested microbeads from personal care products accumulate in fish. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(7): 4037-4044.
  • Wright SL, Kelly FJ. 2017. Plastic and human health: a micro issue? Environmental Science and Technology, 51: 6634-6647.
  • Zhang D, Liu HB, Hu WL, Qin XH, Ma XW, Yan CR. 2016. The status and distribution characteristics of residual mulching film in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(11): 2639–2646.
  • Zhang GS, Liu YF. 2018. The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China. Sci Total Environ, 642: 12−20.
  • Zhang S, Yang X, Gertsen H, Peters P, Salánki T, Geissen V. 2018. A simple method for the extraction and identification of light density microplastics from soil. Science of the Total Environment, 616: 1056-1065.

Toprakta Plastik Malçtan Kaynaklanan Mikroplastiklerin Görsel Olarak Saptanması

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 375, 67 - 74, 06.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.33724/zm.1104557

Öz

Bu ön çalışmada, malç uygulanmış bir toprakta toprağın farklı agregat fraksiyonları (1000- 2000 µm - <0.053 µm) arasında mikroplastik partiküllerin varlığının ve dağılımının görsel olarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Toprak örneklerinden mikroplastiklerin ekstraksiyonunda, uygulanan çözeltilerin sırası (NaCl-H2O2 ve H2O2-NaCl) değiştirilmiş ve yoğunluk ayrımı yapılarak iki ayrı işlem uygulanmıştır. İlk işlemde toprak örneği önce doymuş NaCl çözeltisi ile muamele edilmiş, ardından filtre kağıdından süzülerek filtre kağıdı üzerinde kalan mikroplastikler görüntülenmiştir. Daha sonra kalan toprak örneğine %30 H2O2 ilave edilmiştir. İkinci işlemde ise önce H2O2 (%30) çözeltisi uygulanmış ve ardından doymuş NaCl çözeltisi ilave edilmiştir. Mikroplastikler, binoküler bir mikroskopla görüntülenmiş ve görsel tanımlamaları yapılmıştır. İlk işlemde 20 g toprakta 29 parçacık, ikinci işlemde ise 16 mikroplastik parçacık bulunmuştur. Mikroplastiklerin tüm fraksiyonlarda bulunduğu ve baskın formun “lif” olduğu, ancak 0.053 mm'den küçük fraksiyonda “yuvarlak boncuk” şeklinde de olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, topraktan mikroplastiklerin ekstraksiyonunda, çözeltilerin uygulama sırasının değiştirilmesinin ekstraksiyon üzerinde farklı bir etkisinin olmadığı, her iki işlemin de görsel tanımlama için kullanılabileceği ortaya konulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad M, Li JL, Wang PD, Hozzein WN, Li WJ. 2020. Environmental perspectives of microplastic pollution in the aquatic environment: a review. Marine Life Science & Technology, 2: 414–430.
  • Andrady AL. 2015. Persistence of plastic litter in the oceans. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M, editors. Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer, Cham, pp. 57-72.
  • Bläsing M, Amelung W. 2018. Plastics in soil: Analytical methods and possible sources. Science of the Total Environment, 612: 422-435.
  • Briassoulis D, Babou E, Hiskakis M, Kyrikou I. 2015. Analysis of long-term degradation behaviour of polyethylene mulching films with pro-oxidants under real cultivation and soil burial conditions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22: 2584-2598.
  • Chen Y, Leng Y, Liu X, Wang J. 2020. Microplastic pollution in vegetable farmlands of suburb Wuhan, central China. Environmental Pollution, 257: 113449.
  • Choi, Y. R., Kim, Y. N., Yoon, J. H., Dickinson, N., & Kim, K. H. (2021). Plastic contamination of forest, urban, and agricultural soils: a case study of Yeoju City in the Republic of Korea. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(5), 1962-1973.
  • Hale RC, Seeley ME, La Guardia MJ, Mai L. Zeng EY. 2020. A global perspective on microplastics. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 125(1): e2018JC014719.
  • Helmberger MS, Tiemann LK, Grieshop MJ. 2020. Towards an ecology of soil microplastics. Functional Ecology, 34: 550–560.
  • Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. 2012. Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6):3060-75.
  • Huang Y, Liu Q, Jia W, Yan C, Wang J. 2020. Agricultural plastic mulching as a source of microplastics in the terrestrial environment. Environmental Pollution, 260:114096.
  • Imhof HK, Schmid J, Niessner R, Ivleva NP, Laforsch C. 2012. A novel, highly efficient method for the separation and quantification of plastic particles in sediments of aquatic environments. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 10: 524–537.
  • Iqbal, R, Raza MAS, Valipour M, Saleem MF, Zaheer MS, Ahmad S, Toleikiene M, Haider I, Aslam MU, Nazar MA. 2020. Potential agricultural and environmental benefits of mulches—a review. Bulletin National Research Centre, 44: 1-16.
  • Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, Andrady A, Narayan R, Law KL. 2015. Marine pollution. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Sci-ence, 347:768-71.
  • Liu, X., He, S., Tong, Y., Liu, Z., Li, W., Xiayihazi, N., & Lu, J. (2022). Microplastic pollution in urban green-belt soil in Shihezi City, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-11.
  • Lv L, Yan X, Feng L, Jiang S, Lu, Z, Xie H, Sun S, Chen J, Li C. 2021. Challenge for the detection of microplastics in the environment. Water Environment Research, 93: 5–15.
  • Makhijani K, Kumar R, Sharma SK. 2015. Biodegradability of blended polymers: a comparison of various properties. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol, 45:1801-1825.
  • Ngouajio M, McGiffen ME. 2004. Sustainable vegetable production: effects of cropping systems on weed and insect population dynamics. Acta Hortic, 638:77–83.
  • Nizzetto L, Futter M, Langaas S. 2016. Are agricultural soils dumps for microplastics of urban origin? Environmental Science and Technology, 50(20): 10777−10779.
  • Nuelle MT, Dekiff JH, Remy D, Fries E. 2014. A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environ Pollut, 184:161–169.
  • Rocha-Santos T, Duarte AC. 2015. A critical overview of the analytical approaches to the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of microplastics in the environment. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 65: 47–53.
  • Qi R, Jones DL, Li Z, Liu Q, Yan C. 2020. Behavior of microplastics and plastic film residues in the soil environment: A critical review. Sci Total Environ, 703:134722.
  • Schwinghammer L, Krause S, Schaum C. 2021. Determination of large microplastics: wet-sieving of dewatered digested sludge, co-substrates and compost . Water Sci Technol, 84(2): 384–392.
  • Silva AB, Bastos AS, Justino CIL, da Costa JP, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos TAP. 2018. Microplastics in the environment: Challenges in analytical chemistry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1017: 1-19.
  • Thomas D, Schütze B, Heinze WM, Steinmetz Z. 2020. Sample preparation techniques for the analysis of microplastics in soil-a review. Sustainability, 12(21): 9074.
  • Wardrop P, Shimeta J, Nugegoda D, Morrison PD, Miranda A, Tang M, Clarke BO. 2016. Chemical pollutants sorbed to ingested microbeads from personal care products accumulate in fish. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(7): 4037-4044.
  • Wright SL, Kelly FJ. 2017. Plastic and human health: a micro issue? Environmental Science and Technology, 51: 6634-6647.
  • Zhang D, Liu HB, Hu WL, Qin XH, Ma XW, Yan CR. 2016. The status and distribution characteristics of residual mulching film in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(11): 2639–2646.
  • Zhang GS, Liu YF. 2018. The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China. Sci Total Environ, 642: 12−20.
  • Zhang S, Yang X, Gertsen H, Peters P, Salánki T, Geissen V. 2018. A simple method for the extraction and identification of light density microplastics from soil. Science of the Total Environment, 616: 1056-1065.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Toprak Bilimi ve Ekolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhittin Onur Akça 0000-0003-4540-9371

Sonay Sözüdoğru Ok 0000-0002-4629-7140

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 3 Eylül 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 375

Kaynak Göster

APA Akça, M. O., & Sözüdoğru Ok, S. (2022). Visual Detection of Microplastics Derived from Plastic Mulch in Soil. Ziraat Mühendisliği(375), 67-74. https://doi.org/10.33724/zm.1104557