Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques

Year 2026, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 1 - 18, 20.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1638170

Abstract

DNA markers are essential tools for exploring genetic diversity and understanding population structure within plant species. These markers provide valuable insights into plant adaptation to environmental challenges and aid in uncovering genetic variations associated with traits of economic importance. A diverse array of marker techniques exists, including arbitrarily amplified DNA-based markers (e.g., RAPD, AFLP, SSR), targeted fingerprinting-based markers (e.g., TRAP, CoRAP, ESTP), transposable element-dependent markers (e.g., SSAP, ISAP, IRAP), DNA sequencing-based markers (e.g., SNP, GBS-SNPs, RADSeq), markers based on restriction enzymes, specifically restriction endonucleases (e.g., CAPS), and hybridization-based markers (e.g., RFLP). Each marker type possesses distinct advantages and limitations, making it suitable for specific research objectives and experimental designs. The optimal marker selection depends on several factors, such as the degree of polymorphism, reproducibility, cost-effectiveness, as well as access to genomic resources for the organism of interest. By integrating multiple marker systems with cutting-edge sequencing technologies, researchers can obtain a comprehensive genome-wide perspective of genetic diversity. This comprehensive approach enhances our understanding and enables the development of strategies for conserving rapidly diminishing plant genetic resources.

References

  • Abdelghaffar A M, Alshegaihi R M, Alkhateeb M A, Alshamrani R, Abuzaid A O, Soliman S, Ismail T, Elzohery A, Abd El-Moneim D, Felemban W F, Almoshadak A S & Hassanin A A (2023). Genetic diversity assessment and in vitro propagation of some date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 51(4): 13449. 10.15835/nbha51413449.
  • Aga E, Bekele E & Bryngelsson T (2005). Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) variation in forest coffee trees (Coffea arabica L.) populations from Ethiopia. Genetica 124(2): 213-221. 10.1007/s10709-005-1484-6.
  • Al-Khayri J M, Alshamrani S M, Rezk A A, Shehata W F, Almaghasla M I, Shalaby T A, Saad A M, Safhi F A, Sattar M N, Latef A A A, Sitohy M Z & Hassanin A A (2023). Pre-Breeding Genetic Diversity Assessment of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Cultivars Based on Molecular, Morphological and Physicochemical Parameters. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 92(5): 1493-1512. 10.32604/phyton.2023.027375.
  • Al-Khayri J M, Mahdy E M B, Taha H S A, Eldomiaty A S, Abd-Elfattah M A, Abdel Latef A A H, Rezk A A, Shehata W F, Almaghasla M I, Shalaby T A, Sattar M N, Ghazzawy H S, Awad M F, Alali K M, Jain S M & Hassanin A A (2022). Genetic and Morphological Diversity Assessment of Five Kalanchoe Genotypes by SCoT, ISSR and RAPD-PCR Markers. Plants 11(13): 1722. 10.3390/plants11131722.
  • Alexander D H, Novembre J & Lange K (2009). Fast model-based estimation of ancestry in unrelated individuals. Genome research 19(9): 1655-1664. 10.1101/gr.094052.109.
  • Ali Z, Maryam H, Saddique M A B & Ikram R M (2023). Exploiting genetic diversity in enhancing phenotypic plasticity to develop climate resilient cotton. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 70(5): 1305-1320. 10.1007/s10722-023-01554-3.
  • Amiteye S (2021a). Basic concepts and methodologies of DNA marker systems in plant molecular breeding. Heliyon 7(10): e08093. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08093.
  • Amiteye S (2021b). Basic concepts and methodologies of DNA marker systems in plant molecular breeding. Heliyon 7(10). 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08093.
  • An H, Lee H-Y, Shim D, Choi S H, Cho H, Hyun T K, Jo I-H & Chung J-W (2021). Development of CAPS Markers for Evaluation of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in the Germplasm of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Journal of Fungi 7(5): 375. 10.3390/jof7050375.
  • Andrews K R, Good J M, Miller M R, Luikart G & Hohenlohe P A (2016). Harnessing the power of RADseq for ecological and evolutionary genomics. Nature Reviews Genetics 17(2): 81-92. 10.1038/nrg.2015.28.
  • Arvas Y E, Marakli S, Kaya Y & Kalendar R (2023). The power of retrotransposons in high-throughput genotyping and sequencing. Frontiers in Plant Science 14. 10.3389/fpls.2023.1174339.
  • Baran N, Shimira F, nadeem M A, altaf M T, andirman M, Baloch F S & Gültekin Temiz M (2023). Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of upland cotton germplasm by iPBS-retrotransposons markers. Molecular Biology Reports 50(6): 4799-4811. 10.1007/s11033-023-08399-0.
  • Bardini M, Lee D, Donini P, Mariani A, Gianì S, Toschi M, Lowe C & Breviario D (2004). Tubulin-based polymorphism (TBP): a new tool, based on functionally relevant sequences, to assess genetic diversity in plant species. Genome 47(2): 281-291. 10.1139/g03-132 %M 15060580.
  • Başak İ, Özer G & Muradoğlu F (2022). Morphometric traits and iPBS based molecular characterizations of walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 69(8): 2731-2743. 10.1007/s10722-022-01394-7.
  • Ben-Ari G & Lavi U (2012). 11 - Marker-assisted selection in plant breeding, in: Altman, A., Hasegawa, P.M. (Eds.), Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 163-184. 10.1016/B978-0-12-381466-1.00011-0.
  • Benson G (1999). Tandem repeats finder: a program to analyze DNA sequences. Nucleic acids research 27(2): 573-580. 10.1093/nar/27.2.573.
  • Bernardo R & Yu J (2007). Prospects for Genomewide Selection for Quantitative Traits in Maize. Crop Science 47(3): 1082-1090. 10.2135/cropsci2006.11.0690.
  • Bibi T, Mustafa H S B, Hasan E, Rauf S, Mahmood T & Ali Q (2015). Analysis of genetic diversity in linseed using molecular markers. Life Sci J 12 (4s): 28-37
  • Bidyananda N, Jamir I, Nowakowska K, Varte V, Vendrame W A, Devi R S & Nongdam P (2024). Plant Genetic Diversity Studies: Insights from DNA Marker Analyses. International Journal of Plant Biology 15(3): 607-640. 10.3390/ijpb15030046.
  • Bilska K & Szczecińska M (2016). Comparison of the effectiveness of ISJ and SSR markers and detection of outlier loci in conservation genetics of Pulsatilla patens populations. PeerJ 4: e2504. 10.7717/peerj.2504.
  • Biswas M K, Chai L, Amar M H, Zhang X & Deng X-x (2011). Comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Citrus germplasm collection using AFLP, SSAP, SAMPL and SSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae 129(4): 798-803. 10.1016/j.scienta.2011.06.015.
  • Bobowski B R, Hole D, Wolf P G & Bryant L (1999). Identification of roots of woody species using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Molecular Ecology 8(3): 485-491. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1999.00603.x.
  • Bolger A M, Lohse M & Usadel B (2014). Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30(15): 2114-2120. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170.
  • Borna F, Luo S, Ahmad N M, Nazeri V, Shokrpour M & Trethowan R (2017). Genetic diversity in populations of the medicinal plant Leonurus cardiaca L. revealed by inter-primer binding site (iPBS) markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 64(3): 479-492. 10.1007/s10722 016-0373-4.
  • Boronnikova S V & Kalendar R N (2010). Using IRAP markers for analysis of genetic variability in populations of resource and rare species of plants. Russian Journal of Genetics 46(1): 36-42. 10.1134/S1022795410010060.
  • Bradbury P J, Zhang Z, Kroon D E, Casstevens T M, Ramdoss Y & Buckler E S (2007). TASSEL: software for association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics 23(19): 2633-2635. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btm308.
  • Braglia L, Gavazzi F, Morello L, Gianì S, Nick P & Breviario D (2020). On the applicability of the Tubulin-Based Polymorphism (TBP) genotyping method: a comprehensive guide illustrated through the application on different genetic resources in the legume family. Plant methods 16(1): 86. 10.1186/s13007-020-00627-z.
  • Brugmans B, van der Hulst R G M, Visser R G F, Lindhout P & van Eck H J (2003). A new and versatile method for the successful conversion of AFLP™ markers into simple single locus markers. Nucleic Acids Research 31(10): e55-e55. 10.1093/nar/gng055.
  • Brunner I, Brodbeck S, BÜchler U & Sperisen C (2001). Molecular identification of fine roots of trees from the Alps: reliable and fast DNA extraction and PCR–RFLP analyses of plastid DNA. Molecular Ecology 10(8): 2079-2087. 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01325.x.
  • Caetano-Anollés G & Bassam B J (1993). DNA amplification fingerprinting using arbitrary oligonucleotide primers. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 42(2): 189-200. 10.1007/BF02788052.
  • Caetano-Anollés G & Gresshoff P M (1994). DNA amplification fingerprinting: A general tool with applications in breeding, identification and phylogenetic analysis of plants, in: Schierwater, B., Streit, B., Wagner, G.P., DeSalle, R. (Eds.), Molecular Ecology and Evolution: Approaches and Applications. Birkhäuser Basel, Basel, pp. 17-31. 10.1007/978-3-0348-7527-1_2.
  • Campos-Rivero G, Cazares-Sanchez E, Tamayo-Ordonez M, Tamayo-Ordonez Y, Padilla-RamÃrez J, Quiroz-Moreno A & Sanchez-Teyer L (2017). Application of sequence specific amplified polymorphism (SSAP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for variability and molecular assisted selection (MAS) studies of the Mexican guava. African Journal of Agricultural Research 12(29): 2372-2387. 10.5897/AJAR2017.12354.
  • Cao S, Yu T, Yang G, Li W, Ma X & Zhang J (2024). Genome-Wide Analysis and Genomic Prediction of Chilling Tolerance of Maize During Germination Stage Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing SNPs. Agriculture 14(11): 2048. 10.3390/agriculture14112048.
  • Celka Z, Szczecińska M & Sawicki J (2010). Genetic relationships between some of Malva species as determined with ISSR and ISJ markers. Biodiversity: Research and Conservation 19: 23-32. 10.2478/v10119-010-0006-2.
  • Chandra K, Chand S, Saini R P & Sharma R (2024). Smart breeding: molecular interventions and advancements for crop improvement. CRC Press.
  • Chen S, Dong M, Zhang Y, Qi S, Liu X, Zhang J & Zhao J (2020). Development and Characterization of Simple Sequence Repeat Markers for, and Genetic Diversity Analysis of Liquidambar formosana, Forests. 10.3390/f11020203.
  • Cheraghi A, Rahmani F & Hassanzadeh-Ghorttapeh A (2018). IRAP and REMAP based genetic diversity among varieties of Lallemantia iberica. Molecular biology research communications 7(3): 125-132. 10.22099/mbrc.2018.29924.1327.
  • Chhajer S, Jukanti A K & Kalia R K (2017). Start codon targeted (SCoT) polymorphism-based genetic relationships and diversity among populations of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem—an endangered timber tree of hot arid regions. Tree Genetics & Genomes 13(4): 84. 10.1007/s11295-017-1169-1.
  • Choi H-K, Kim D, Uhm T, Limpens E, Lim H, Mun J-H, Kalo P, Penmetsa R V, Seres A, Kulikova O, Roe B A, Bisseling T, Kiss G B & Cook D R (2004). A Sequence-Based Genetic Map of Medicago truncatula and Comparison of Marker Colinearity with M. sativa. Genetics 166(3): 1463-1502. 10.1534/genetics.166.3.1463.
  • Collard B C Y & Mackill D J (2009). Conserved DNA-Derived Polymorphism (CDDP): A Simple and Novel Method for Generating DNA Markers in Plants. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 27(4): 558-562. 10.1007/s11105-009-0118-z.
  • Desmarais E, Lanneluc I & Lagnel J (1998). Direct amplification of length polymorphisms (DALP), or how to get and characterize new genetic markers in many species. Nucleic Acids Res 26(6): 1458-1465. 10.1093/nar/26.6.1458.
  • Drikvand R, Salahvarzi E, Salahvarzi A & Hossinpour T (2012). Study of genetic diversity among rainfed barley genotypes using ISJ markers and morphological traits. Journal of Agricultural Science 4(9): 137. 10.5539/jas.v4n9 137 pp
  • El-Esawi M A, Elashtokhy M M A, Shamseldin S A M, El-Ballat E M, Zayed E M & Heikal Y M (2023). Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes Using Phenological, Molecular and DNA Barcoding Markers. Genes 14(1): 34. 10.3390/genes14010034.
  • El zayat M A S, Hassan A H, Nishawy E, Ali M & Amar M H (2021). Patterns of genetic structure and evidence of Egyptian Citrus rootstock based on informative SSR, LTR-IRAP and LTR-REMAP molecular markers. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 19(1): 29. 10.1186/s43141-021-00128-z.
  • Essa S M, Wafa H A, Mahgoub E-S I, Hassanin A A, Al-Khayri J M, Jalal A S, El-Moneim D A, ALshamrani S M, Safhi F A & Eldomiaty A S (2023). Assessment of Eight Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Cultivars for Drought Stress Tolerance through Molecular, Morphological, and Physiochemical Parameters. Sustainability 15(4): 3291. 10.3390/su15043291.
  • Excoffier L & Lischer H E (2010). Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular ecology resources 10(3): 564-567. 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x.
  • Ezzat M A, Alotaibi N M, Soliman S S, Sultan M, Kamara M M, Abd El-Moneim D, Felemban W F, Al Aboud N M, Aljabri M & Abdelmalek I B (2024). Molecular and agro-morphological diversity assessment of some bread wheat genotypes and their crosses for drought tolerance. PeerJ 12: e18104. 10.7717/peerj.18104.
  • Fabriki-Ourang S & Yousefi-Azarkhanian M (2018). Genetic variability and relationships among Salvia ecotypes/species revealed by TRAP CoRAP markers. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment 32(6): 1486-1495. 10.1080/13102818.2018.1534555.
  • Fan F, Cui B, Zhang T, Ding G & Wen X (2014). LTR-retrotransposon activation, IRAP marker development and its potential in genetic diversity assessment of masson pine (Pinus massoniana). Tree Genetics & Genomes 10(1): 213-222. 10.1007/s11295-013-0677-x.
  • Foster J T, Allan G J, Chan A P, Rabinowicz P D, Ravel J, Jackson P J & Keim P (2010). Single nucleotide polymorphisms for assessing genetic diversity in castor bean (Ricinus communis). BMC Plant Biology 10(1): 13. 10.1186/1471-2229-10-13.
  • Garg P, Kashyap A, Tanwar K, Kumari S, Tripathi S, Sharma J, Ha P T T, Gupta A K, Rao M & Singh S (2024). Molecular Marker-Based Approaches for Crop Improvement, in: Singh, V.K., Akhtar, J., Singh, K.P. (Eds.), Diseases of Field Crops: Diagnostics and Management. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, pp. 383-398. 10.1007/978-981-97-6160-9_18.
  • Gelaw Y M, Eleblu J S Y, Ofori K, Fenta B A, Mukankusi C, Emam E A & Offei S (2023). High-density DArTSeq SNP markers revealed wide genetic diversity and structured population in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) germplasm in Ethiopia. Molecular Biology Reports 50(8): 6739-6751. 10.1007/s11033-023-08498-y.
  • Gibas C & Jambeck P (2001). Developing bioinformatics computer skills. " O'Reilly Media, Inc.". Hamon P, Grover C E, Davis A P, Rakotomalala J-J, Raharimalala N E, Albert V A, Sreenath H L, Stoffelen P, Mitchell S E, Couturon E, Hamon S, de Kochko A, Crouzillat D, Rigoreau M, Sumirat U, Akaffou S & Guyot R (2017). Genotyping-by-sequencing provides the first well-resolved phylogeny for coffee (Coffea) and insights into the evolution of caffeine content in its species: GBS coffee phylogeny and the evolution of caffeine content. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 109: 351-361. 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.009.
  • Hasan N, Choudhary S, Naaz N, Sharma N & Laskar R A (2021). Recent advancements in molecular marker-assisted selection and applications in plant breeding programmes. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 19(1): 128. 10.1186/s43141-021-00231-1.
  • He L, Dong W, Qiu Z, Jiang H, Liu L, Chen Q & Huang S (2023). Development of polymorphic SSR markers in Chinese water chestnut based on RAD-seq. Molecular Plant Breeding 14. 10.5376/mpb.2023.14.0018.
  • Heinze B, Westcott R, Schmidt J & Glössl J (1996). Application of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to detect genetic variation in Norway spruce. New Forests 11(2): 173-184. 10.1007/BF00033412.
  • Hu J & Vick B A (2003). Target region amplification polymorphism: a novel marker technique for plant genotyping. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 21: 289-294. 10.1007/BF02772804.
  • Huebner R, Mugabi R, Hetesy G, Fox L, De Vliegher S, De Visscher A, Barlow J W & Sensabaugh G (2021). Characterization of genetic diversity and population structure within Staphylococcus chromogenes by multilocus sequence typing. PLOS ONE 16(3): e0243688. 10.1371/journal.pone.0243688.
  • Igwe D O, Ihearahu O C, Osano A A, Acquaah G & Ude G N (2021). Genetic Diversity and Population Assessment of Musa L. (Musaceae) Employing CDDP Markers. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 39(4): 801-820. 10.1007/s11105-021-01290-x.
  • Jena R C & Chand P K (2025). Validation of PCR amplicon-based directed amplified minisatellite DNA (DAMD) markers for analysis of population structure and fruit trait association of promising Indian mangoes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 10.1007/s10722-025 02327-w.
  • Jo I-H, Sung J, Hong C-E, Raveendar S, Bang K-H & Chung J-W (2018). Development of cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and high-resolution melting (HRM) markers from the chloroplast genome of Glycyrrhiza species. 3 Biotech 8(5): 220. 10.1007/s13205 018-1245-8.
  • Kalendar R, Antonius K, Smýkal P & Schulman A H (2010). iPBS: a universal method for DNA fingerprinting and retrotransposon isolation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 121(8): 1419-1430. 10.1007/s00122-010-1398-2.
  • Kerry R G, Montalbo F J P, Das R, Patra S, Mahapatra G P, Maurya G K, Nayak V, Jena A B, Ukhurebor K E, Jena R C, Gouda S, Majhi S & Rout J R (2022). An overview of remote monitoring methods in biodiversity conservation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29(53): 80179-80221. 10.1007/s11356-022-23242-y.
  • Khan M, Pan Y B & Iqbal J (2017). Development of an RAPD-based SCAR marker for smut disease resistance in commercial sugarcane cultivars of Pakistan. Crop Protection 94: 166-172. 10.1016/j.cropro.2016.12.024.
  • Khidr Y A, Mekuriaw S A, Hegazy A E & Amer E (2020). Suitability of target region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) markers to discern genetic variability in sweet sorghum. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology 18(1): 59. 10.1186/s43141-020-00071-5.
  • Kiran U, Khan S, Mirza K J, Ram M & Abdin M Z (2010). SCAR markers: A potential tool for authentication of herbal drugs. Fitoterapia 81(8): 969-976. 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.08.002.
  • Kumar S, Kumar M, Mir R R, Kumar R & Kumar S (2021). Advances in Molecular Markers and Their Use in Genetic Improvement of Wheat, in: Wani, S.H., Mohan, A., Singh, G.P. (Eds.), Physiological, Molecular, and Genetic Perspectives of Wheat Improvement. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 139-174. 10.1007/978-3-030-59577-7_8.
  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C & Tamura K (2018). MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. Molecular biology and evolution 35(6): 1547-1549.
  • Kushanov F N, Pepper A E, Yu J Z, Buriev Z T, Shermatov S E, Saha S, Ulloa M, Jenkins J N, Abdukarimov A & Abdurakhmonov I Y (2016). Development, genetic mapping and QTL association of cotton PHYA, PHYB, and HY5-specific CAPS and dCAPS markers. BMC Genetics 17(1): 141. 10.1186/s12863-016-0448-4.
  • Leśniowska-Nowak J, Okoń S & Wieremczuk A (2021). Molecular diversity analysis of genotypes from four Aegilops species based on retrotransposon–microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) markers. Cereal Research Communications 49(1): 37-44. 10.1007/s42976-020-00086-1.
  • Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, Marth G, Abecasis G, Durbin R & Subgroup G P D P (2009). The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. bioinformatics 25(16): 2078-2079. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352.
  • Lischer H E & Excoffier L (2012). PGDSpider: an automated data conversion tool for connecting population genetics and genomics programs. Bioinformatics 28(2): 298-299. 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr642.
  • Liu C, Yu W, Cai C, Huang S, Wu H, Wang Z, Wang P, Zheng Y, Wang P & Ye N (2022). Genetic Diversity of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Germplasm Resources in Wuyi Mountain of China Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers. Horticulturae 8(10): 932. 10.3390/horticulturae8100932.
  • Liu J, Wang X, Lu T, Wang J & Shi W (2023). Identification of the Efficacy of Ex Situ Conservation of Ammopiptanthus nanus Based on Its ETS-SSR Markers. Plants 12(14): 2670. 10.3390/plants12142670.
  • Liu S, Gao P, Zhu Q, Luan F, Davis A R & Wang X (2016). Development of cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers and a CAPSbased genetic linkage map in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus [Thunb.] Matsum. and Nakai) constructed using whole-genome re-sequencing data. Breeding Science 66(2): 244-259. 10.1270/jsbbs.66.244.
  • Ma M, Yan Z & Lu B (2022). Assessment of Genetic Diversity of the Medicinal and Aromatic Crop, Amomum tsao-ko, Using PAAP and CDDP Markers. Agriculture 12(10): 1536. 10.3390/agriculture12101536.
  • Mammadov J, Aggarwal R, Buyyarapu R & Kumpatla S (2012). SNP markers and their impact on plant breeding. International journal of plant genomics 2012 (1): 728398. 10.1155/2012/728398.
  • MCCLEARY T S, ROBICHAUD R L, NUANES S, ANAGNOSTAKIS S L, SCHLARBAUM S E & ROMERO-SEVERSON J (2009). Four cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers for the detection of the Juglans ailantifolia chloroplast in putatively native J. cinerea populations. Molecular Ecology Resources 9(2): 525-527. 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02465.x.
  • McCouch S R, Zhao K, Wright M, Tung C-W, Ebana K, Thomson M, Reynolds A, Wang D, DeClerck G & Ali M L (2010). Development of genome-wide SNP assays for rice. Breeding Science 60(5): 524-535.
  • Meng Y, Su W, Ma Y, Liu L, Gu X, Wu D, Shu X, Lai Q, Tang Y, Wu L & Wang Y (2021). Assessment of genetic diversity and variety identification based on developed retrotransposon-based insertion polymorphism (RBIP) markers in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.). Scientific reports 11(1): 17116. 10.1038/s41598-021-95876-w.
  • Mir R R, Hiremath P J, Riera-Lizarazu O & Varshney R K (2013). Evolving Molecular Marker Technologies in Plants: From RFLPs to GBS, in: Lübberstedt, T., Varshney, R.K. (Eds.), Diagnostics in Plant Breeding. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp. 229-247. 10.1007/978-94 007-5687-8_11.
  • Mohamed H M, El-Assal S E-D S M, Gamal El-Din A-K Y & El-Khishin D A (2024). Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure in some Egyptian Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) accessions based on ISSR, SCoT and SRAP markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 71(8): 4885-4899. 10.1007/s10722-024-01940-5.
  • Mondini L, Noorani A & Pagnotta M A (2009). Assessing Plant Genetic Diversity by Molecular Tools. Diversity 1(1): 19-35. 10.3390/d1010019.
  • Odesola K A, Olawuyi O J, Paliwal R, Oyatomi O A & Abberton M T (2023). Genome-Wide association analysis of phenotypic traits in Bambara groundnut under drought-stressed and non-stressed conditions based on DArTseq SNP. Frontiers in Plant Science 14. 10.3389/fpls.2023.1104417.
  • Orman E, Çakar D, Alkan M, Özer G, Güler E & Gündoğdu M (2025). Genetic diversity and population structure of Turkish European chestnut (Castanea sativa) genotypes assessed using start codon targeted polymorphism (SCoT) markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 10.1007/s10722-025-02342-x.
  • Ouyang Z, Wang Y, Ma T, Kanzana G, Wu F & Zhang J (2021). Genome-Wide Identification and Development of LTR Retrotransposon Based Molecular Markers for the Melilotus Genus. Plants 10(5): 890. 10.3390/plants10050890.
  • Pakhrou O, Medraoui L, Belkadi B, Rachidi F, Errahmani H, Alami M & Filali-Maltouf A (2020). Using two retrotransposon-based marker systems (SRAP and REMAP) for genetic diversity analysis of Moroccan Argan tree. Molecular biology research communications 9 (3): 93-103. 10.22099/mbrc.2020.36390.1478.
  • Pelgas B, Isabel N & Bousquet J (2004). Efficient screening for expressed sequence tag polymorphisms (ESTPs) by DNA pool sequencing and gel electrophoresis (DGGE) in spruces. Molecular Breeding 13(3): 263-279. 10.1023/B:MOLB.0000022528.01656.c8.
  • Perry D J & Bousquet J (1998). Sequence-Tagged-Site (STS) Markers of Arbitrary Genes: Development, Characterization and Analysis of Linkage in Black Spruce. Genetics 149(2): 1089-1098. 10.1093/genetics/149.2.1089.
  • Pfaff T & Kahl G (2003). Mapping of gene-specific markers on the genetic map of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). Molecular Genetics and Genomics 269(2): 243-251. 10.1007/s00438-003-0828-0.
  • Poczai P, Varga I, Laos M, Cseh A, Bell N, Valkonen J P & Hyvönen J (2013a). Advances in plant gene-targeted and functional markers: a review. Plant methods 9(1): 6. 10.1186/1746-4811-9-6.
  • Poczai P, Varga I, Laos M, Cseh A, Bell N, Valkonen J P T & Hyvönen J (2013b). Advances in plant gene-targeted and functional markers: a review. Plant methods 9(1): 6. 10.1186/1746-4811-9-6.
  • Prasad M, Varshney R K, Roy J K, Balyan H S & Gupta P K (2000). The use of microsatellites for detecting DNA polymorphism, genotype identification and genetic diversity in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100(3): 584-592. 10.1007/s001220050077.
  • Pritchard J K, Stephens M & Donnelly P (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155(2): 945-959. 10.1093/genetics/155.2.945.
  • Probowati W, Koga S, Harada K, Nagano Y, Nagano A J, Ishimaru K, Ohshima K & Fukuda S (2023). RAD-Seq analysis of wild Japanese garlic (Allium macrostemon Bunge) growing in Japan revealed that this neglected crop was previously actively utilized. Scientific reports 13(1): 16354. 10.1038/s41598-023-43537-5.
  • Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira M A, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, De Bakker P I & Daly M J (2007). PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. The American journal of human genetics 81(3): 559-575. 10.1086/519795
  • Putri T K, Anindita P A, Wicaksana N, Suganda T, Concibido V & Karuniawan A (2020). Genetic diversity of 64 turmeric accessions from indonesia based on P450-based analogue (PBA) marker. 10.21082/bullittro.v31n2.2020.123-134.
  • Qiao L, Liu S, Li J, Li S, Yu Z, Liu C, Li X, Liu J, Ren Y, Zhang P, Zhang X, Yang Z & Chang Z (2021). Development of Sequence-Tagged Site Marker Set for Identification of J, JS, and St Sub-genomes of Thinopyrum intermedium in Wheat Background. Frontiers in Plant Science 12. 10.3389/fpls.2021.685216.
  • Ramadan E, Anis G, Gawish M & Elshenawy M (2017). Fingerprinting of some Egyptian rice genotypes using Intron-exon Splice Junctions (ISJ) markers. Journal of Plant Molecular Breeding 5(2): 38-49. 10.22058/JPMB.2019.87092.1161.
  • Randig O, Bongiovanni M, Carneiro R M D G & Castagnone-Sereno P (2002). Genetic diversity of root-knot nematodes from Brazil and development of SCAR markers specific for the coffee-damaging species. Genome 45(5): 862-870. 10.1139/g02-054.
  • Rasouli M, Martínez-Gómez P & Karimi R (2015). Application of Random Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphism (RAMP) in Prunus characterization and mapping. Journal of Nuts 6(01): 1-5. https://sid.ir/paper/654971/en.
  • Reiche B, Kögler A, Morgenstern K, Brückner M, Weber B, Heitkam T, Seibt K M, Tröber U, Meyer M, Wolf H, Schmidt T & Krabel D (2021). Application of retrotransposon-based Inter-SINE Amplified Polymorphism (ISAP) markers for the differentiation of common poplar genotypes. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51(11): 1650-1663. 10.1139/cjfr-2020-0209.
  • Ren R, Ray R, Li P, Xu J, Zhang M, Liu G, Yao X, Kilian A & Yang X (2015). Construction of a high-density DArTseq SNP-based genetic map and identification of genomic regions with segregation distortion in a genetic population derived from a cross between feral and cultivated-type watermelon. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 290(4): 1457-1470. 10.1007/s00438-015-0997-7.
  • Roberto T N, de Carvalho J A, Beale M A, Hagen F, Fisher M C, Hahn R C, de Camargo Z P & Rodrigues A M (2021). Exploring genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogeography in Paracoccidioides species using AFLP markers. Studies in Mycology 100: 100131. 10.1016/j.simyco.2021.100131.
  • Saeidnia F, Majidi M M & Mirlohi A (2021). Marker-trait association analysis for drought tolerance in smooth bromegrass. BMC Plant Biology 21(1): 116. 10.1186/s12870-021-02891-0.
  • Saleh B (2019a). Molecular Characterization using Directed Amplification of Minisatellite-region DNA (DAMD) Marker in Ficus Sycomorus L.(Moraceae). The Open Agriculture Journal 13(1). 10.2174/1874331501913010074.
  • Saleh B (2019b). Molecular Characterization using Directed Amplification of Minisatellite-region DNA (DAMD) Marker in Ficus Sycomorus L.(Moraceae). The Open Agriculture Journal 13(1). 10.2174/1874331501913010074.
  • Saleh M, Al-Doss A, Elshafei A, Moustafa K, Al-Qurainy F & Barakat M (2014). Identification of new TRAP markers linked to chlorophyll content, leaf senescence, and cell membrane stability in water-stressed wheat. Biologia plantarum 58: 64-70. 10.1007/s10535-013-0351-z.
  • Shalan E-E, Soliman S-S, Mahmoud A-A, Al-Khayri J-M, ALshamrani S-M, Safhi F-A, Jalal A-S, El-Moneim D-A & Hassanin A-A (2023). Micropropagation of Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) from Crown-Tip Explants and Assessment of Somaclonal Variation of in Vitro Propagated Plants Using SCoT Markers. Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 92(7): 2183-2196. 10.32604/phyton.2023.028537.
  • Sharma R S, Vaidya N, Maloo S R, Kumar A, Sharma S, Ramkrishnan R S & Kumari V (2023). Application of Molecular Markers in Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Medicinal Plants, in: Kumar, N. (Ed.), Molecular Marker Techniques: A Potential Approach of Crop Improvement. Springer Nature Singapore, Singapore, pp. 103-116. 10.1007/978-981-99-1612-2_6.
  • Shavrukov Y N (2016). CAPS markers in plant biology. Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research 6(3): 279-287. 10.1134/S2079059716030114.
  • Shen A, Li H, Wang K, Ding H, Zhang X, Fan L & Jiang B (2011). Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers-based rapid molecular typing and identification of unninghamia lanceolata. African journal of biotechnology 10(82): 19066-19074. 10.5897/AJB11.2815.
  • Shen Y, He X, Zu F, Huang X, Yin S, Wang L, Geng F & Cheng X (2024). Development of Genome-Wide Intron Length Polymorphism (ILP) Markers in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and related applications for genetics research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25(6): 3241. 10.3390/ijms25063241.
  • Shimira F, Boyaci H F, Çilesiz Y, Nadeem M A, Baloch F S & Taşkin H (2021). Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of scarlet eggplant germplasm from Rwanda through iPBS-retrotransposon markers. Molecular Biology Reports 48(9): 6323-6333. 10.1007/s11033-021-06626-0.
  • Singh B D & Singh A K (2015). Hybridization-Based Markers, in: Singh, B.D., Singh, A.K. (Eds.), Marker-Assisted Plant Breeding: Principles and Practices. Springer India, New Delhi, pp. 19-46. 10.1007/978-81-322-2316-0_2.
  • Song M-F, Guan Y-H, Zhang Y, Li H-T, Zhang L-X & Zhang Z-L (2021a). Genetic Diversity Assessment of a Chinese Medicinal Endemic Species, Aspidopterys obcordata var. obcordata, by Combined Molecular Marker Methods (ISSR & SRAP). Biochemical Genetics 59(1): 283-299. 10.1007/s10528-020-10001-2.
  • Song X, Li N, Guo Y, Bai Y, Wu T, Yu T, Feng S, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liu Z & Lin H (2021b). Comprehensive identification and characterization of simple sequence repeats based on the whole-genome sequences of 14 forest and fruit trees. Forestry research 1: 7. 10.48130/fr-2021-0007.
  • Syed N H, Sørensen A P, Antonise R, van de Wiel C, van der Linden C G, van ‘t Westende W, Hooftman D A P, den Nijs H C M & Flavell A J (2006). A detailed linkage map of lettuce based on SSAP, AFLP and NBS markers. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 112(3): 517-527. 10.1007/s00122-005-0155-4.
  • Temesgen B, Brown G R, Harry D E, Kinlaw C S, Sewell M M & Neale D B (2001). Genetic mapping of expressed sequence tag polymorphism (ESTP) markers in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102(5): 664-675. 10.1007/s001220051695.
  • Thakor M C, Fougat R S, Kumar S & Sakure A A (2019). Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) analysis of teak (Tectona grandis L.) germplasm. Ecological Genetics and Genomics 12: 100041. 10.1016/j.egg.2019.100041.
  • Thuillet A-C, Renard D, Cubry P, Barnaud A & Berthouly C (2022). Biodiversity as a cornerstone of agrosystem's sustainability in West Africa, in: Kane, N.A., Foncéka, D., Dalton, T.J. (Eds.), Crop adaptation and improvement for drought-prone environments. New Prairie Press, Manhattan, pp. 331-360.
  • Tomlekova N, Aziz S, Nacheva E, Weber B, Raina A & Seibt K M (2023). SINE Markers as a Powerful Tool for Assessing Genetic Diversity to Improve Potato, in: Raina, A., Wani, M.R., Laskar, R.A., Tomlekova, N., Khan, S. (Eds.), Advanced Crop Improvement, Volume 2: Case Studies of Economically Important Crops. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 47-75. 10.1007/978-3-031-26669-0_2.
  • Van der Auwera G A, Carneiro M O, Hartl C, Poplin R, Del Angel G, Levy‐Moonshine A, Jordan T, Shakir K, Roazen D & Thibault J (2013). From FastQ data to high‐confidence variant calls: the genome analysis toolkit best practices pipeline. Current protocols in bioinformatics 43(1): 11.10. 11-11.10. 33. 10.1002/0471250953.bi1110s43.
  • Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, Reijans M, Lee T v d, Hornes M, Friters A, Pot J, Paleman J & Kuiper M (1995). AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic acids research 23(21): 4407-4414. 10.1093/nar/23.21.4407.
  • Waldron J, Peace C P, Searle I R, Furtado A, Wade N, Findlay I, Graham M W & Carroll B J (2002). Randomly Amplified DNA Fingerprinting: A Culmination of DNA Marker Technologies Based on Arbitrarily-Primed PCR Amplification. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology 2(3): 141-150. 10.1155/s1110724302206026.
  • Wang C, Wang Y, Diao G, Jiang J & Yang C (2010). Isolation and Characterization of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from Cambium Tissue of Birch (Betula platyphylla Suk). Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 28(3): 438-449. 10.1007/s11105-009-0172-6.
  • Wang Q, Zhang B & Lu Q (2009). Conserved Region Amplification Polymorphism (CoRAP), a Novel Marker Technique for Plant Genotyping in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 27(2): 139-143. 10.1007/s11105-008-0065-0.
  • Wang X, Guo L, Zhou R, Liu Y, Hu H & Wang P (2022). cDNA-AFLP analysis reveals altered gene expression profiles involved in juice sac granulation in pummelo (Citrus grandis). Fruit Research 2(1): 1-10. 10.48130/FruRes-2022-0016.
  • Wang X, Sun M, Xiong Y, Liu X, Li C, Wang Y & Tang X (2024). Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in Sichuan province, China, provides insights into free amino acid and polyphenol contents of tea. PLOS ONE 19(12): e0314144. 10.1371/journal.pone.0314144.
  • Wang Y, Ma Y, Jia B, Wu Q, Zang D & Yu X (2020). Analysis of the genetic diversity of the coastal and island endangered plant species Elaeagnus macrophylla via conserved DNA-derived polymorphism marker. PeerJ 8: e8498. 10.7717/peerj.8498.
  • Warlarphih D, Suchiang W, Susngi A M & Lamo J M (2022). Genetic diversity and species relationship of Hedychium J. Köenig as revealed by DAMD and ISJ markers. The Nucleus 65(3): 359-367. 10.1007/s13237-022-00401-7.
  • Weising K, Nybom H, Pfenninger M, Wolff K & Kahl G (2005). DNA fingerprinting in plants: principles, methods, and applications. CRC press.
  • Weising K, Nybom H, Pfenninger M, Wolff K & Meyer W (1994). DNA fingerprinting in plants and fungi. CRC press.
  • Wenke T, Seibt K M, Döbel T, Muders K & Schmidt T (2015). Inter-SINE Amplified Polymorphism (ISAP) for Rapid and Robust Plant Genotyping, in: Batley, J. (Ed.), Plant Genotyping: Methods and Protocols. Springer New York, New York, NY, pp. 183-192. 10.1007/978 1-4939-1966-6_14.
  • Williams R C (1989). Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32(S10): 159-184. 10.1002/ajpa.1330320508.
  • Wong C K & Bernardo R (2008). Genomewide selection in oil palm: increasing selection gain per unit time and cost with small populations. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 116(6): 815-824. 10.1007/s00122-008-0715-5.
  • Xiong F, Liu J, Zhong R, Jiang J, Han Z, He L, Li Z, Tang X & Tang R (2013). Intron targeted amplified polymorphism (ITAP), a new sequence related amplified polymorphism-based technique for generating molecular markers in higher plant species. Plant Omics 6(2): 128-134. 10.3316/informit.316353142036595.
  • Yu Z Y, Luo Q, Peng Z S, Wei S H, Yang Z J & Yamamoto N (2021). Genetic mapping of the three-pistil gene Pis1 in an F2 population derived from a synthetic hexaploid wheat using multiple molecular marker systems. Cereal Research Communications 49(1): 31-36. 10.1007/s42976-020-00078-1.
  • Yuanyuan Li C L, Rong Wang, Shuixing Luo, Shouqian Nong, Jingwen Wang, Xiaoyong Chen (2020). Applications of molecular markers in conserving endangered species. Biodiv Sci 28(3): 367-375. 10.17520/biods.2019414.
  • Zhang C, He P, He J, Zhang Y, Qiao Y, Zhang M, Shi Z & Hu S (2010). [RAPD analysis for genetic diversity of medicinal plant Coptis omeiensis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 35(2): 138-141. 10.4268/cjcmm20100202.
  • Zhang C, Shangguan L, Ma R, Sun X, Tao R, Guo L, Korir N & Yu M (2012). Genome-wide analysis of the AP2/ERF superfamily in peach (Prunus persica). Genet Mol Res 11(4): 4789-4809. 10.4238/2012.October.17.6.
  • Zhang D-q & Zhang Z-y (2005). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovery and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in forest trees. Forestry Studies in China 7(3): 1-14. 10.1007/s11632-005-0024-x.
  • Zhang J & Panthee D R (2021). Development of codominant SCAR markers to detect the Pto, Tm2, I3 and Sw5 genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Plant Breeding 140(2): 342-348. 10.1111/pbr.12902.
  • Zhang J, Xie W, Wang Y & Zhao X (2015a). Potential of Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) Markers to Estimate Genetic Diversity and Relationships among Chinese Elymus sibiricus Accessions. Molecules 20(4): 5987-6001. 10.3390/molecules20045987.
  • Zhang X, Pérez-Rodríguez P, Semagn K, Beyene Y, Babu R, López-Cruz M A, San Vicente F, Olsen M, Buckler E, Jannink J L, Prasanna B M & Crossa J (2015b). Genomic prediction in biparental tropical maize populations in water-stressed and well-watered environments using low-density and GBS SNPs. Heredity 114(3): 291-299. 10.1038/hdy.2014.99.
  • Zhao M, Shu G, Hu Y, Cao G & Wang Y (2023). Pattern and variation in simple sequence repeat (SSR) at different genomic regions and its implications to maize evolution and breeding. BMC Genomics 24(1): 136. 10.1186/s12864-023-09156-0.
  • Zhong S, Dekkers J C M, Fernando R L & Jannink J-L (2009). Factors Affecting Accuracy From Genomic Selection in Populations Derived From Multiple Inbred Lines: A Barley Case Study. Genetics 182(1): 355-364. 10.1534/genetics.108.098277.
  • Zhou Z, Bebeli P J, Somers D J & Gustafson J P (1997). Direct amplification of minisatellite-region DNA with VNTR core sequences in the genus Oryza. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 95(5): 942-949. 10.1007/s001220050645.
There are 148 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Plant Biotechnology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Thana Khan 0000-0001-9831-2210

Submission Date February 11, 2025
Acceptance Date July 19, 2025
Early Pub Date December 30, 2025
Publication Date January 20, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 32 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Khan, T. (2026). Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1638170
AMA Khan T. Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. January 2026;32(1):1-18. doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1638170
Chicago Khan, Thana. “Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32, no. 1 (January 2026): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1638170.
EndNote Khan T (January 1, 2026) Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32 1 1–18.
IEEE T. Khan, “Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques”, J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 2026, doi: 10.15832/ankutbd.1638170.
ISNAD Khan, Thana. “Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 32/1 (January2026), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1638170.
JAMA Khan T. Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32:1–18.
MLA Khan, Thana. “Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques”. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 32, no. 1, 2026, pp. 1-18, doi:10.15832/ankutbd.1638170.
Vancouver Khan T. Unveiling Plant Genetic Diversity: A Review of DNA Marker Techniques. J Agr Sci-Tarim Bili. 2026;32(1):1-18.

Aim & Scope

The Journal of Agricultural Sciences aims to publish original and review articles providing new insight into any aspect of agricultural sciences. All articles should demonstrate a high level of novelty, originality, uniquity and widespread impact. The journal publishes research articles and reviews in the field of agricultural sciences.

In line with its aims, JAS invites original research papers containing new insight into any aspect of Agricultural Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
(For more information: “Writing Rules” and “Article Types”)

Preliminary, confirmatory or inconclusive research, case and local studies and works presenting new records and identification/taxonomy will not be evaluated.

Authorship

Authorship gives credit, assigns responsibility, and implies academic, social, and financial accountability for the published work. Those who substantially contributed to a paper are credited as authors, understand, and take on their roles and responsibilities, and are held accountable for published research.

The journal’s definition of authorship is based on the ICMJE’s recommendation. The ICMJE recommends that authorship be based on the following 4 criteria:

  • Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work; AND
  • Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content; AND
  • Final approval of the version to be published; AND
  • Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Those who met all four criteria are identified as authors. In addition, responsibilities of co-authors for specific aspects of the work must be indicated. Please see the "Authorship information" section for details on how to indicate these responsibilities in the manuscript.

If the manuscript is authored by a large group or a consortium, all the members should meet all four authorship criteria. The corresponding author(s) must specify the group name and group members in line with the disclosure agreements.

For more information on how to acknowledge non-author contributors, equal contributors and corresponding author and other acknowledgements, please see the following sections and “Author Information” section.

Non-Author Contributions

Those who do not meet all the above-mentioned criteria are not qualified as authors, however, those who met at least one of the criteria should be acknowledged as non-author contributor and their contribution should be specified in the “Authors and Affiliations” section of the article. For more information on non-author contributions, please see: https://credit.niso.org/. Non-author contributions do not include but are not limited to the administrative support, general supervision, acquisition of funding, technical editing, language editing and proofreading. Non-author contributions should be specified and indicated in the title page on submission.

Equal Contributions

Authorship status and authors who contributed to the work equally should be indicated when submitting and publishing multi-author articles. JAS adopts the definitions of CreDIT and ICMJE for equal contribution. Accordingly, authorship status and equal contributions are defined as follows:

  • Equal contribution: The authors contributed equally to the research.
  • First authorship: The authors share first authorship.
  • Equal contribution and first authorship: The authors contributed equally to the research and share first authorship.
Corresponding Author

The corresponding author is the designated author handling all correspondence with the journal, from submission to publication processes, on behalf of the authors. The corresponding author is responsible for complying with the journal's administrative requirements, providing the necessary information and documents, including authorship details, contact details, ethics committee approval, registration documents, payment of the EPC and APC, and signing publication agreements.

Article Types

JAS publishes original research articles and invited reviews only. The journal invites original research papers containing new insight into any aspect of the Agricultural Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.

Preliminary, confirmatory or inconclusive research, case and local studies and works presenting new records and identification/taxonomy will not be evaluated.

Manuscript Formatting Guidelines

Manuscript Formatting Guidelines have been created to assist authors in meeting the structural requirements. Prior to submitting a manuscript to the journal, authors are strongly encouraged to carefully review the Manuscript Formatting Guidelines and refer to the most recent issue to acquaint themselves with the standard formatting.

Please check the Price Policy (Editorial Processing Charge/Article Processing Charge) before submitting an article.

Manuscripts should be submitted to the journal's online submission system by the corresponding author.

The manuscripts should comply with the following format requirements.

All submissions should include following documents:

  1. Cover Letter
  2. Title Page: Title, author name(s), address and contact information, conflict of interest statement, ethics committee approval (if needed), author contributions.
  3. Blind Manuscript (in Word format version 2003 or above). All author names and affiliations should be EXCLUDED.
  4. Turnitin or iThenticate Report (max. 20% match is accepted).

Page Format

A4 Portrait, Margins (Normal) (top, bottom, left, right 2,5 cm)

Font Family

  • Manuscripts should be typed using Times New Roman font 12 pt. with numbered lines, in the left-hand margin and double spacing throughout the text (Also for abstracts, footnotes and references).
  • Avoid excessive use of italics to emphasize part of the text.

Author Information

Author(s) must be declared at the time of submission and in the publication. Author(s) are responsible for the correct declaration of their names. Exact and correct names of the authors should be given under the main title of the manuscript, listed together, and separated by comas.

The following information should be keyed to the authors’ names:

  • Full author names
  • Affiliation following the exact sequence (in line with the availability). In case of your affiliation changes, please list where your research is conducted and include your current status or affiliation.
  • Department, Institute or Faculty, University, City, Country (e.g: Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye)
  • E-mail addresses
  • ORCİD

e.g. Halit Apaydın, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye. tbdeditor@ankara.edu.tr. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9875-7321.

Corresponding Author

The corresponding author should be marked with an asterisk (*) in the author list.

e.g. (under the title): Ayşe Yılmaz*

e.g. (on the footer): *Corresponding Author

Equal Contribution
  • The authors who have contributed equally should be marked with a symbol (ؙƐ)
  • The authors who share first authorship should be marked with a symbol (Ω)
  • The authors who contributed equally to the research and share first authorship (±)
  • Please use the appropriate standard statement(s) to indicate equal contributions:
    • For (ؙƐ): The authors contributed equally to the research.
    • For (Ω): The authors share first authorship.
    • For (±): The authors contributed equally to the research and share first authorship.

e.g (under the title): Ayşe Yılmaz(±), Levent Doğan(±), Gündüz Kaya(ؙƐ), Güler Erdoğan (*)(ؙƐ)

e.g. (on the footer):

{Author information}

*Corresponding Authorؙ

Ɛ The authors contributed equally to the research.

± The authors contributed equally to the research and share first authorship.

Sections of the Manuscripts

Manuscripts should include the following sections:

  1. Title (short, specific and informative),
  2. Keywords (indexing terms, up to 6 items)
  3. Abstract (maximum 300 word)
  4. Introduction
  5. Material and Methods
  6. Results and Discussion
  7. Conclusions
  8. Acknowledgements* (if needed),
  9. Abbreviations and Symbols (if needed),
  10. References, Figures and Tables

- All headings and titles should be written in bold.

- The pages of the manuscript, including the title page, abstract, references, tables, etc. should be numbered consecutively.

- All the figures and tables should be embedded in the text. Each figure and table should be referred to in the text.

References

Everything cited in your manuscript must be in the reference list, and everything in your reference list must be referred to in your manuscript. References should be formatted according to APA 7 – Citation Guide. Authors are directly responsible for ensuring accurate citation and adherence to the specified reference and citation style. Reference management tools such as Zotero, Endnote and Mendeley are highly recommended.

Reference list and in-text reference examples: https://apastyle.apa.org/

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgments should be extended to those individuals or institutions whose contributions to the study were limited or minimal. Acknowledgements should be a brief statement at the end of the text.

Author Contribution

Author’s contribution should be explained in the title page as in the example . Initials of the authors must be in compliance with the following templates:

e.g. Study conception and design: MB, HK; data collection: HK; analysis and interpretation of results: HK, FA; draft manuscript preparation: MB, HK, FA, OB. All authors reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.

When submitting the manuscript to the Journal, information about author contribution should be included in the title page.

Appendices

Additional lists, tables, graphics and etc. should be given separately at the end of the manuscript. Each appendix should be numbered and titled.

e.g. Appendix 1 – List of Data Collection Tool.

Conflicts of Interest

Authors should declare any potential conflict of interest in the title page.

Authors must declare competing interest. There may be a conflict of interest when authors (or their employer, sponsor, or family/friends) have a financial, commercial, legal, or professional connection with other organizations or those working with them that could impact the research or the way the results are interpreted. Therefore, authors have to declare financial, commercial, legal or professional competing interests in their title page. If there is no conflict of interest, authors also must declare it in their manuscript using the standard wording below:

“The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest to disclose.”

For more information on publishing ethics policies and conflicts of interest, please see "Publishing Ethics Policies" section.

Funding

Authors are required to disclose all funding and financial support received during the development of the study. Authors should indicate this in the title page using the standard wording below:

  • The authors declare that the study received no funding.
  • The authors declare that the study is supported/funded by XXX.

Tables and Figures

Visual elements such as tables, figures and diagrams must be referred in the body text. Tables and figures should be small and simple, and placed in order of appearance in the body text. Each should be numbered and have a clear descriptive title. If visual elements are not created by the authors, they should be cited and added to the references. Visual elements are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) in JAS, therefore the acquisition of any necessary permissions is the responsibility of the authors. Copyright information of the visual elements is under the authors responsibilities and must be taken into consideration when reproduced or reused.

Figures should be in vector format (Illustrator, EPS, WMF, FreeHand, CorelDraw, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.) or bitmap format (Photoshop, TIFF, PNG, JPG, etc.). Figures presented in bitmap formats should be at least 600 DPI resolution. Figures, tables, and graphs must contain self-explanatory labels and unit tags for each parameter or axis.

Tables should be generated using drawing tools of programs such as Microsoft Word, Google Docs, LibreOffice. Each data should be given in separate table cells, and no insertions such as enter or spaces should be made. Tables should be editable and should not contain images.

If the diagrams include a picture or a visual that cannot be edited it should be transferred into Word with 600 DPI resolution and the original diagram should be included in the manuscript.

Tables and Figures should be numbered consecutively and accompanied by a title above the table or figure. All tables and figures should not exceed 16x20 cm in size. Avoid using vertical lines in tables.

Units

  • Ensure that all units of measurement are in SI units.
  • Use a period in decimal fractions (e.g., 1.24 instead of 1,24).
  • Maintain a single space between the number and the unit (e.g., 4 kg/ha, 20 N m, 100 kPa, 22 °C).
  • Exceptions for angular definitions, minutes, seconds, and percentage; do not include a space (e.g., 10°, 45’, 60’’, 29%).
  • The abbreviation of liter is "L".

Formulas and Equations

For clarity and consistency in formulas and equations, please follow these guidelines:

  • Number each formula with the reference number placed in parentheses at the end, e.g., (1).
  • Utilize a Word mathematical processor for formulas, ensuring a font size of 12pt.
  • Present variables in italics, while numbers and mathematical definitions should be in plain text.
  • When referencing a formula in the text, use a format similar to the example provided.

e.g. "...the model, as depicted in Equation 1."

Manuscript Length

There is no specific word limit for publication in JAS. However, the editors may ask authors to shorten their submissions if necessary.

Language Editing

The publication language of the Journal of Agricultural Sciences is English. Manuscripts can be submitted in English only. The submitted manuscript should comply with the grammar and spelling rules, and the relevant scientific literature, and meet language standards for publication.

Editors may ask authors for language editing and proofreading. The author(s) are responsible for submitting the language editing certificate. Accepted articles can be published only after the language editing and proofreading request are met.

Receiving language editing and proofreading services are independent of editorial decisions of the Journal.

Research and Publication Ethics

The Journal adopts and adheres to the ethical guidelines, frameworks and standards established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Ethical Responsibilities of Authors
  • Original Content: The Journal only publishes original scholar work. Manuscripts submitted to the Journal must not be published or under consideration for publication. However, authors can submit their manuscript to the Journal upon receiving the rejection letter from another publisher. Theses and dissertations that are not archived online are considered original and unpublished. However, authors submitting a manuscript using the content and data of theses or dissertations must declare it in the Acknowledgement section.
  • Authorship: Authors must follow the authorship criteria listed in “Authorship” section and avoid gift or ghost authorship.
  • Redundant Publication: Authors must avoid submitting a manuscript for publication based on the same data set, study or experiment. Redundant publications are considered unethical.
  • Citations and Plagiarism: Authors must cite relevant and verified literature to support their scholarly work. For more information about citation, also see (“References” section).
  • Authors must avoid any kind of citation manipulations and misconduct when citing other scholarly work, and also avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism.
  • Fabrication and Falsification: Authors must avoid data fabrication and falsification of any content. Authors obliged to ensure that data presented in their manuscript is accurate and representative of the manuscript. Authors may be asked to submit their raw data or supplemental data with the manuscript to ensure the transparency. Authors are responsible from submitting supplementary and ancillary material.
  • Ethical approval: Studies that require ethics committee approval should include Ethics Committee Approval in the Methods section and at the end of the article. It is imperative to ensure de-identification of any relevant identifying information within the ethics committee approval prior to submission. The title page must also include information on the university, date and number of the ethics committee approval. Ethics Committee Approval must be submitted.
  • Studies Involving Animal and Human Subjects: All manuscripts submitted to the journal and all studies involving animal or human subjects must comply with the guidelines and ethical principles established by the authorities.
  • Conflict of Interests: Authors must declare competing interest. There may be a conflict of interest when authors (or their employer, sponsor, or family/friends) have a financial, commercial, legal, or professional connection with other organizations or those working with them that could impact the research or the way the results are interpreted. Therefore, authors have to declare financial, commercial, legal or professional competing interests in their title page. If there is no conflict of interest, authors also must declare it in their manuscript.
  • Authors are required to notify the journal editor or publisher of any inaccuracy or error in a published, preprint, or under-review manuscript and to cooperate with the editor-in-chief correcting or withdrawing the manuscript.
Ethical Responsibilities of Editors and Reviewers

Editors and peer reviewers are obliged to

  • follow the COPE’s Code Of Conduct And Best Practice Guidelines For Journal Editors.
  • keep manuscripts and editorial reports confidential. Manuscripts, editorial reports and any information obtained cannot be shared or disclosed for any reasons.
  • keep their anonymity, refraining from disclosing their identity to authors or other editors and reviewers (Reviewers cannot not contact the authors directly without the permission of the journal).
  • declare all the competing interest (personal, financial, intellectual, professional, political or religious), seek advice from the editorial office or disagree to review in case of any competing interests.
  • keep an open and constructive communication with authors, and other editors and peer-reviewers (Inappropriate language or disruptive behavior is not acceptable. Journal follows COPE guidelines when dealing with such cases).
  • complete the tasks that are assigned on a timely manner, inform the journal in case of a need for an extension or a withdrawal from the task.
  • facilitate the review process, remain unbiased, ensure the review process proceed consistent and fair.
  • protect the integrity of the peer-review process.
  • inform the editorial office if come across any misconduct, unethical behavior, or irregularities with respect to research and publication ethics.

Retractions

JAS will initiate a retraction process for articles found to have ethical violations such as multiple submissions, false authorship, plagiarism, or fabrication of data. As part of its ethical policy, JAS adheres to the guidelines and recommendations set forth by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

The Journal of Agricultural Sciences charges the following fees for submitted research articles:

• Submission Fee: Free

The Submission Fee is the amount author(s) are charged per article after the manuscript is submitted to the journal/ before the peer review process.

• Editorial Processing Charge: 20.00 USD

The Editorial Processing Charge (EPC) is the amount author(s) are charged per article after the manuscript is accepted for peer-review.

• Article Processing Charge: 100.00 USD

The Article Processing Charge (APC) is the amount author(s) are charged per article after the manuscript is accepted for publication.

Corresponding authors are responsible for arranging the EPC (whether financed by authors, universities or third parties that funded the research) upon the acceptance of the manuscript for the peer-review process and the APC upon the acceptance of the article for publication.

There are no surcharges based on the length of an article, figures, or supplementary data.

Payment of the EPC does not guarantee acceptance of the article for publication in the Journal. In the event of non-acceptance, the fee will not be refunded.

No fee is requested for invited research or review articles. Invited articles should be submitted only after agreement with the editor.

Please do not pay EPC or APC until you receive the payment notification e-mail.

Recipient Account holder: Ankara Universitesi Döner Sermaye Isletmesi Ziraat Fakultesi Birimi
USD : TR 8900 0100 0799 0706 4093 5056
TRY : TR 9500 0100 0799 0706 4093 5045

Editor-in-Chief

Irrigation Systems , Agricultural Structures

Managing Editors

Environmental Pollution and Prevention, Soil Sciences and Plant Nutrition, Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility, Soil Chemistry and Soil Carbon Sequestration (Excl. Carbon Sequestration Science)
Post Harvest Horticultural Technologies (Incl. Transportation and Storage)

Editorial Board

Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical Botany
Biological Sciences, Hydrobiology, Freshwater Ecology, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Aquaculture and Fisheries
Dairy Technology
Food Technology
Field Crops and Pasture Production, Agronomy, Industrial Crops, Crop and Pasture Breeding
Food Engineering, Food Sciences
Food Sciences, Meat Technology, Food Chemistry and Food Sensory Science
Zootechny, Animal Feeding
Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Genetics
Plant Protection
Biological Sciences, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Industrial Biotechnology, Genetics, Entomology, Animal Cell and Molecular Biology, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology
Mechatronics Engineering, Agricultural Engineering
Animal Physiology-Ecophysiology
Behavioural Ecology, Acarology, Entomology
Remote Sensing , Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Sustainable Agricultural Development, Agricultural Spatial Analysis and Modelling
Entomology, Invertebrate Biology, Acarology in Agriculture, Entomology in Agriculture
Artificial Intelligence
Ecology, Sustainability and Energy, Landscape Architecture, Landscape Design, Landscape Management
Aquaculture and Fisheries
Phytopathology
Aquaculture and Fisheries, Fish Anatomy, Fisheries Management
Soil Sciences and Ecology, Conservation and Improvement of Soil and Water Resources
Phytopathology
Entomology, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Plant Protection
Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility
Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Supervised Learning, Machine Learning Algorithms, Classification Algorithms, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Natural Language Processing, Artificial Intelligence (Other), Computer Software, Programming Languages
Agronomy, Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility
Information and Computing Sciences, Machine Vision , Machine Learning (Other)
Phytopathology, Pesticides and Toxicology, Entomology in Agriculture
Biosystem, Agricultural Machine Systems, Agricultural Energy Systems
Water Harvesting, Biosystem, Irrigation Systems , Irrigation Water Quality
Agribusiness, Agricultural Land Management
Water Quality and Water Pollution, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences
Irrigation Systems , Irrigation Water Quality, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences
Entomology
Ecology, Oceanography
Plant Biotechnology, Plant Cell and Molecular Biology, Plant Morphology and Anatomy, Agricultural Biotechnology
Ecology, Plant and Fungus Systematics and Taxonomy, Ecological Applications, Herbology , Pesticides and Toxicology, Forest Botany
Food Sciences, Food Chemistry and Food Sensory Science, Dairy Technology
Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Industrial Crops, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility
Information and Computing Sciences, Image Processing, Machine Learning, Big Data, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Artificial Intelligence
Agricultural Biotechnology Diagnostics
Machine Learning (Other), Remote Sensing
Engineering, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Horticultural Production, Post Harvest Horticultural Technologies (Incl. Transportation and Storage), Green-House Growing and Treatment, Horticultural Production (Other)
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation (Other), Agricultural Engineering, Biosystem, Irrigation Systems

Journal of Agricultural Sciences is published as open access journal. All articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).