Katı-Sıvı Ekstraksiyonunda Kullanılan Modern Teknikler ve Bu Teknikler Arasında Ultrason Yardımlı Ekstraksiyonun Yeri

Year 2019, Volume: 50 Issue: 2, 201 - 216, 28.05.2019

Memnune Şengül Elif Feyza Topdaş

https://doi.org/10.17097/ataunizfd.466649

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Son yıllarda biyomoleküller nutrasötik potansiyelleri
nedeniyle ilgi çekmekte ve bu bileşenlerin çeşitli doğal kaynaklardan
ektraksiyonunda kullanılan tekniklerin geliştirilmesi yönünde yapılan
çalışmalar artmaktadır. Bitki hücre duvarında bulunan hemiselüloz, nişasta ve
pektin gibi polisakkaritlerin varlığı klasik ekstraksiyon tekniklerinin
etkinliğini azaltmaktadır. Ayrıca klasik teknikler; uzun ekstraksiyon süreleri,
fazla miktarda çözgen ihtiyacı, düşük ekstraksiyon seçiciliği, yüksek maliyet
ve fazla miktarlarda çözgenin buharlaştırılma zorunluluğu gibi olumsuz yönlere de
sahiptir. Bu nedenle, biyomoleküllerin etkin şekilde kazanımı için yeşil ve yeni
ekstraksiyon tekniklerinin geliştirilmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Günümüzde yaygın
olarak kullanılan ultrason uygulaması ile oluşan mikron ebatındaki oyukcuklar
hücre duvarında bozunmaya ve parçacık boyutlarında küçülmeye neden olmakta ve
böylece kütle transferini hızlandırarak ekstraksiyon oranlarının artmasını
sağlamaktadır. Ultrason yardımlı ekstraksiyon, işlem süresini kısalmakla
birlikte daha yüksek saflıkta ürün eldesi sağlamakta, enerji sarfiyatını
azaltmakta ve daha az çözgen kullanımı ile çevreci bir teknoloji olarak
karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu
derlemede modern ekstraksiyon teknikleri bütünsel bir bakış açısı ile ele
alınmakta ve bu teknikler içerinde ultrason yardımlı ekstraksiyonun yeri
detaylı olarak ifade edilmektedir.

Keywords

Ekstraksiyon, Ultrason, Ultrason yardımlı ekstraksiyon, Biyomolekül

Modern Techniques Used in Solid-Liquid Extraction and the Place of Ultrasound Assisted Extraction Among These Techniques

Abstract

In
recent years, biomolecules have attracted attention due to their nutraceutical
potentials and studies on development of techniques for the extraction of these
components from various natural sources are increasing. The presence of
polysaccharides such as hemicelluloses, starch, pectin inside the plant cell
wall, reduces the extraction efficiency of conventional extraction techniques.
Also, conventional techniques has negative aspects namely,  long extraction times, large amount of
solvent, low extraction selectivity, high cost and the necessity of solvent
evaporation in excess amounts. Therefore, there is a need for the development of
green and new extraction techniques for the efficient recovery of biomolecules.
By ultrasound application which is a modern extraction technique, micron sized
cavites cause degradation in the cell wall and a decrease in particle size and
so it accelerates mass transfer and increase the extraction rates. Ultrasonic
extraction shortens the processing time and provides a higher product purity,
reduces energy consumption and results in an environmentally friendly
technology with less solvent usage. In this review, modern extraction
techniques are considered from a holistic point of view and the location of the
ultrasonic extraction among these techniques is expressed in detail.

Keywords

Extraction, Ultrasound, Ultrasound assisted extraction, Biomolecule

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