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Biofortification in Cultivation of Crop Plants

Year 2016, Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 221 - 227, 30.12.2016

Şule Orman Hüseyin Ok

Abstract

Malnutrition which is one of the most important problems of the humanity at a recent time, threatens a large part of the world population, notably underdeveloped and developing countries. It is considered that this condition known as secret starvation affects 3 billion humans around the world. When undernourished people cannot take necessary vitamins and minerals from foods, they may confront with various health problems. Noticing the importance of the subject, such foundations as World Health Organization (WHO) and Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR) accept the enrichment of the edible parts of the agronomic crops with such elements as amino acid, protein, vitamin A, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, selenium and iodine as a primary subject. In order to prevent malnutrition, use of the supportive food supplement has been considered as one of the solutions. However, it’s been seen that the sustainability of providing pharmacological supplements from outside is difficult due to the difficulty in transportation to the target population and economic cost since the problem is common in rural population of the underdeveloped and developing countries. Therefore, new solutions have been searched and it has been notified that biofortification is one of the methods to be followed in solving nutrition problems. Biofortification is based on the principle of dissolving the lack in humans by increasing concentrations in the most consumed agronomic crops of vitamins and minerals whose deficiency is commonly seen in public. Overcoming the malnutrition by this way has been applied in many regions of the world, especially China (iodine), Finland (selenium), Thailand (zinc) and Turkey (zinc) and succeeded results have been obtained. Along with biofortification’s being a complex process in which several disciplines work together, agronomic applications are indicative in the success of the study. Agronomic biofortification technic which has brought a new point of view to the fertilization of the crops contains differences from known agricultural production methodology. Becoming widespread of the new model agronomic applications composed of a synthesis of biofortification and conventional production technics in time is predicted by the scientists. In this collected work, literatures about biofortification in agricultural production have been investigated and information on the subject has been given. Our aim is to provide awareness to the efforts for enhancing the quality in agricultural production for healthy tomorrows.

Keywords

Biofortification fertilization crop quality plant nutrition human nutrition malnutrition

References

  • Açıksöz S. B., Yazıcı A., Öztürk L., Cakmak I. (2011). Biofortification of wheat with iron through soil and foliar application of nitrogen and iron fertilizers. Plant Soil 349, 215–225 10.1007/s11104-011-0863-2.
  • Cakmak and R. M. Welch, eds. UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers: Oxford.
  • Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant Soil 302:1-17.
  • Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification. Plant Soil 302:1-17.
  • Cakmak, I., Ekiz, H., Yılmaz, A., Torun, B., Köleli, N., Gültekin, I., Alkan, A., and Eker, S. 1997. Differential response of rye, triticale, bread and durum wheats to zinc deficiency in calcareous soils. Plant Soil 188:1-10.
  • Cakmak, I., Ekiz, H., Yılmaz, A., Torun, B., Köleli, N., Gültekin, I., Alkan, A., and Eker, S. 1997. Differential response of rye, triticale, bread and durum wheats to zinc deficiency in calcareous soils. Plant Soil 188:1-10.
  • Cakmak, I., Graham, R., and Welch, R. M. 2002. Agricultural and mo-lecular genetic approaches to improving nutrition and preventing mi-cronutrient malnutrition globally. Pages 1075-1099 in: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. I. Cakmak and R. M. Welch, eds. UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers: Oxford.
  • Cakmak, I., Graham, R., and Welch, R. M. 2002. Agricultural and molecular genetic approaches to improving nutrition and preventing micronutrient malnutrition globally. Pages 1075-1099 in: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. I
  • Cakmak, I., Kalaycı, M., Ekiz, H., Braun, H. J., and Yılmaz, A. 1999a. Zinc deficiency as a practical problem in plant and human nutrition in Turkey: A NATO-Science for Stability Project. Field Crops Res. 60:175-188.
  • Cakmak, I., Kalaycı, M., Ekiz, H., Braun, H.J. ve Yılmaz, A., 1999a. Zinc Defficiency as an Actual Problem in Plant and Human Nutrition in Turkey: A-NATO- Science for Stability Project. Fieled Crops Research., 60: 175-188.
  • Cakmak, I., Pfeiffer, WH. and McClafferty, B. 2010: Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chem. 87: 10-20.
  • Cakmak, I., Tolay, I., Ozdemir, A., Ozkan, H., and Kling, C. I. 1999b. Differences in zinc efficiency among and within diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Ann. Bot. 84:163-171.
  • Cakmak, I., Tolay, I., Ozdemir, A., Ozkan, H., and Kling, C. I. 1999b. Differences in zinc efficiency among and within diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Ann. Bot. 84:163-171.
  • Cavdar, A.O., Arcasoy, A., Cin, S., Babacan, S. ve Gözdaşoğlu, S., 1991. Geophagia in Turkey: Iron and zinc deficiency and zinc absorption studies and response to treatments with zinc in geophagia cases, 71-79. In: Zinc Deficiency in Human Subjects. Alan R, Liss, New York, NY.
  • Çakmak, İ., Torun, B., Erenoğlu, B., Kalaycı, M., Yılmaz, A., Ekiz, H., Braun, H., 1996. Türkiye’de Toprak ve Bitkilerde Çinko Eksikliği ve Bitkilerin Çinko Eksikliğine Dayanıklılık Mekanizmaları Tr.J.of Agriculture and Forestry 20: 13-23 Özel sayı TÜBİTAK.
  • Ekiz, H., Bagci, S. A., Kiral, A. S., Eker, S., Gultekin, I., Alkan, A., and Cakmak, I. 1998. Effects of zinc fertilization and irrigation on grain yield and zinc concentration of various cereals grown in zinc-deficient calcareous soil. J. Plant Nutr. 21:2245-2256.
  • Erdal, I. 1998. Effects of various zinc application methods on grain zinc and phytic acid concentration of different cereal species and wheat cul-tivars grown in Central Anatolia. PhD thesis. (In Turkish) Ankara Uni-versity, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences: Ankara.
  • Eyüpoğlu, F., Kurucu, N. ve Sanisa, U., 1994. Status of plant available micronutrients in Turkish soils (in Turkish). Annual Report, Report No: R- 118. Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Ankara, 1994. s: 25-32.
  • Gibson, R. S. 2006. Zinc: The missing link in combating micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 65:51-60.
  • Graham, R. D., Ascher, J. S., and Hynes, S. C. 1992. Selection of zinc-efficient cereal genotypes for soils of low zinc status. Plant Soil 146:241-250.
  • Grusak, M. A., Pearson, J. N., and Marentes, E. 1999. The physiology of micronutrient homeostasis in field crops. Field Crops Res. 60:41-56
  • Hambidge, K. M., Miller, L. V., Westcott, J. E., and Krebs, N. F. 2008. Dietary reference intakes for zinc may require adjustment for phytate intake based upon model predictions. J. Nutr. 138:2363-2366.
  • Kutman, UB., (2010). Roles of nitrogen and zinc nutrient in biofortification of wheat grain. Sabanci Üniversity. PhD Thesis.
  • Lott, J. N. A., Ockenden, I., Raboy, V., and Batten, G. D. 2000. Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seeds and fruits: A global estimate. Seed Sci. Res. 10:11-33.
  • Marschner, H. 1993. Zinc uptake from soils. Pages 59-77 in: Zinc in Soils and Plants. A. D. Robson, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht: The Netherlands.
  • Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. Aca-demic Press: London.
  • Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. Academic Press: London.
  • Miller, G.W., Pushnık, J.C. ve Welkıe, G.W., 1984. Iron Chlorosis, a World Wide Problem, the Relation of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis to Iron. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 7(15): 1-22.
  • Monasterio I, Graham RD (2000) Breeding for trace minerals in wheat. Food Nutr Bull 21:392–396 Also available via http://foodandnutritionbulletin.org/FNB/index.php/FNB/article/view/304
  • Oberleas, D., and Harland, B. F. 2005. Diagnosis of zinc deficiency in population studies. Trace Elem. Elec. 22:282-287.
  • Orman Ş., Ok H., "Effects of sulphur and zinc applications on growth and nutrition of bread wheat in calcareous clay loam soil", Afrıcan Journal of Bıotechnology, vol.11, pp.3080-3086, 2012.
  • Ozturk, L., Yazici, M. A., Yucel, C., Torun, A., Cekic, C., Bagci, A., Ozkan, H., Braun, H. J., Sayers, Z., and Cakmak, I. 2006. Concen-tration and localization of zinc during seed development and germ-ination in wheat. Physiol. Plant 128:144-152.
  • Qaim M, Stein AJ, Meenakshi JV (2007) Economics of biofortification. Agric Econ 37[Suppl 1]: 119–133.
  • Rimbach, G., Pallauf, J., Moehring, J.,Kraemer, K., and Minihane, A. M. 2008. Effect of dietary phytate and microbial phytate and microbial phy-tase on mineral and trace element bioavailability—A literature review. Curr. Top. Nutraceut. Res. 6:131-144.
  • Römheld, V. and Marschner, H., 1986. Evidence for a specific uptake system for iron phytosiderophores in roots of grasses. Plant Physiol. 80: 175-180.
  • Shiway, Y. S., Kumar, D., and Prasad, R. 2008. Effect of zinc-enriched urea on productivity, zinc uptake and efficiency of an aromatic rice-wheat cropping system. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 81:229-243.
  • Waters, B. M., and Grusak, M. A. 2008. Whole-plant mineral partitioning throughout the life cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg erecta, Cape Verde Islands, and the mutant line ysl1ysl3. New Phytol. 177:389-405.
  • Waters, B. M., and Grusak, M. A. 2008. Whole-plant mineral partitioning throughout the life cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg erecta, Cape Verde Islands, and the mutant line ysl1ysl3. New Phytol. 177:389-405.
  • Waters, B. M., and Grusak, M. A. 2008. Whole-plant mineral partitioning throughout the life cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg erecta, Cape Verde Islands, and the mutant line ysl1ysl3. New Phytol. 177:389-405.
  • Welch, R. M., 2002. The impact of mineral nutrients in food crops on global human health. Plant and Soil 247: 83-90. USDA, ARS, U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
  • White, P. J., and Broadley, M. R. 2005. Biofortifying crops with essential mineral elements. Trends Plant Sci. 10:586-583.
  • White, P. J., and Broadley, M. R. 2005. Biofortifying crops with essential mineral elements. Trends Plant Sci. 10:586-583.
  • Wise, A. 1995. Phytate and zinc bioavailability. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 46:53-63.
  • Wise, A. 1995. Phytate and zinc bioavailability. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 46:53-63.
  • Yilmaz, A., Ekiz, H., Torun, B., Gultekin, I., Karanlik, S., Bagci, S. A., and Cakmak, I. 1997. Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils in Central Anatolia. J. Plant Nutr. 20:461-471.
  • Yilmaz, A., Ekiz, H., Torun, B., Gultekin, I., Karanlik, S., Bagci, S. A., and Cakmak, I. 1997. Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils in Central Anatolia. J. Plant Nutr. 20:461-471.
  • Yücecan, S. 1991. Besinlerin Zenginleştirilmesi. Gıda 16 (4) 269-275.

Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon

Year 2016, Volume: 31 Issue: 3, 221 - 227, 30.12.2016

Şule Orman Hüseyin Ok

Abstract

Çağımızda insanlığın en önemli sorunları arasında yer alan yetersiz beslenme; başta gelişmemiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler olmak üzere dünya nüfusunun büyük bölümünü tehdit etmektedir. Gizli açlık olarak da bilinen bu durumun dünya genelinde 3 milyar insanı etkilediği düşünülmektedir. Yetersiz beslenen insanlar, tükettikleri besinlerden kendileri için gerekli olan vitamin ve mineralleri alamadıkları zaman çeşitli sağlık sorunlarıyla karşılaşabilirler. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO) ve Uluslararası Tarımsal Araştırmalar Danışma Grubu (CGIAR) gibi kuruluşlar konunun önemini fark ederek tarımsal ürünlerin tüketilen kısımlarının aminoasit, protein, vitamin A ve kalsiyum, magnezyum, demir, çinko, bakır, selenyum, iyot gibi elementler ile zenginleştirilmesini öncelikli konu olarak kabul etmektedir. Yetersiz beslenmeyi önlemek için destekleyici gıda takviyesi kullanımı çözüm yollarından biri olarak düşünülmüştür. Ancak problemin gelişmemiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki kırsal nüfusta yaygın olmasından dolayı dışarıdan farmakolojik takviyeler sağlamanın hedef nüfusa ulaşım güçlüğü ve ekonomik maliyet nedeniyle sürdürülebilirliğinin zor olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle yeni çözüm yolları aranmış ve beslenme sorunlarının çözümünde izlenecek yöntemlerden birinin de biofortifikasyon olduğu belirtilmiştir. Biyofortifikasyon, toplum genelinde yaygın eksikliği görülen vitamin ve minerallerin toplum tarafından en çok tüketilen ürünlerdeki konsantrasyonlarının arttırılarak, insanlardaki noksanlığının giderilmesi prensibine dayanır. Bu yolla beslenme bozukluğunun önlenmesi başta Çin (iyot), Finlandiya (selenyum), Tayland (çinko), Türkiye (çinko) olmak üzere dünyanın birçok bölgesinde uygulanmış ve başarılı sonuçlar alınmıştır. Biyofortifikasyon çok sayıda disiplinin birlikte çalıştığı kompleks bir süreç olmakla birlikte çalışmanın başarısında agronomik uygulamalar belirleyici olmaktadır. Kültür bitkilerinin gübrelenmesine yeni bir bakış açısı kazandıran biyofortifikasyon tekniği, bilinen zirai üretim metodolojisinden farklılıklar içermektedir. Zamanla biyofortifikasyon ile konvansiyonel üretim tekniklerinin sentezinden oluşan yeni model agronomik uygulamaların yaygınlaşacağı bilim insanları tarafından öngörülmektedir. Yapılan bu derleme çalışmasında tarımsal üretimde biofortifikasyon ile ilgili literatürler incelenerek konu hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. Amacımız sağlıklı yarınlar için tarımsal üretimde kaliteyi arttırma çabalarına farkındalık sağlamaktır.

Keywords

Biyofortifikasyon gübreleme ürün kalitesi bitki besleme insan beslenmesi yetersiz beslenme

References

  • Açıksöz S. B., Yazıcı A., Öztürk L., Cakmak I. (2011). Biofortification of wheat with iron through soil and foliar application of nitrogen and iron fertilizers. Plant Soil 349, 215–225 10.1007/s11104-011-0863-2.
  • Cakmak and R. M. Welch, eds. UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers: Oxford.
  • Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant Soil 302:1-17.
  • Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: Agronomic or genetic biofortification. Plant Soil 302:1-17.
  • Cakmak, I., Ekiz, H., Yılmaz, A., Torun, B., Köleli, N., Gültekin, I., Alkan, A., and Eker, S. 1997. Differential response of rye, triticale, bread and durum wheats to zinc deficiency in calcareous soils. Plant Soil 188:1-10.
  • Cakmak, I., Ekiz, H., Yılmaz, A., Torun, B., Köleli, N., Gültekin, I., Alkan, A., and Eker, S. 1997. Differential response of rye, triticale, bread and durum wheats to zinc deficiency in calcareous soils. Plant Soil 188:1-10.
  • Cakmak, I., Graham, R., and Welch, R. M. 2002. Agricultural and mo-lecular genetic approaches to improving nutrition and preventing mi-cronutrient malnutrition globally. Pages 1075-1099 in: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. I. Cakmak and R. M. Welch, eds. UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers: Oxford.
  • Cakmak, I., Graham, R., and Welch, R. M. 2002. Agricultural and molecular genetic approaches to improving nutrition and preventing micronutrient malnutrition globally. Pages 1075-1099 in: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. I
  • Cakmak, I., Kalaycı, M., Ekiz, H., Braun, H. J., and Yılmaz, A. 1999a. Zinc deficiency as a practical problem in plant and human nutrition in Turkey: A NATO-Science for Stability Project. Field Crops Res. 60:175-188.
  • Cakmak, I., Kalaycı, M., Ekiz, H., Braun, H.J. ve Yılmaz, A., 1999a. Zinc Defficiency as an Actual Problem in Plant and Human Nutrition in Turkey: A-NATO- Science for Stability Project. Fieled Crops Research., 60: 175-188.
  • Cakmak, I., Pfeiffer, WH. and McClafferty, B. 2010: Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chem. 87: 10-20.
  • Cakmak, I., Tolay, I., Ozdemir, A., Ozkan, H., and Kling, C. I. 1999b. Differences in zinc efficiency among and within diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Ann. Bot. 84:163-171.
  • Cakmak, I., Tolay, I., Ozdemir, A., Ozkan, H., and Kling, C. I. 1999b. Differences in zinc efficiency among and within diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Ann. Bot. 84:163-171.
  • Cavdar, A.O., Arcasoy, A., Cin, S., Babacan, S. ve Gözdaşoğlu, S., 1991. Geophagia in Turkey: Iron and zinc deficiency and zinc absorption studies and response to treatments with zinc in geophagia cases, 71-79. In: Zinc Deficiency in Human Subjects. Alan R, Liss, New York, NY.
  • Çakmak, İ., Torun, B., Erenoğlu, B., Kalaycı, M., Yılmaz, A., Ekiz, H., Braun, H., 1996. Türkiye’de Toprak ve Bitkilerde Çinko Eksikliği ve Bitkilerin Çinko Eksikliğine Dayanıklılık Mekanizmaları Tr.J.of Agriculture and Forestry 20: 13-23 Özel sayı TÜBİTAK.
  • Ekiz, H., Bagci, S. A., Kiral, A. S., Eker, S., Gultekin, I., Alkan, A., and Cakmak, I. 1998. Effects of zinc fertilization and irrigation on grain yield and zinc concentration of various cereals grown in zinc-deficient calcareous soil. J. Plant Nutr. 21:2245-2256.
  • Erdal, I. 1998. Effects of various zinc application methods on grain zinc and phytic acid concentration of different cereal species and wheat cul-tivars grown in Central Anatolia. PhD thesis. (In Turkish) Ankara Uni-versity, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences: Ankara.
  • Eyüpoğlu, F., Kurucu, N. ve Sanisa, U., 1994. Status of plant available micronutrients in Turkish soils (in Turkish). Annual Report, Report No: R- 118. Soil and Fertilizer Research Institute, Ankara, 1994. s: 25-32.
  • Gibson, R. S. 2006. Zinc: The missing link in combating micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 65:51-60.
  • Graham, R. D., Ascher, J. S., and Hynes, S. C. 1992. Selection of zinc-efficient cereal genotypes for soils of low zinc status. Plant Soil 146:241-250.
  • Grusak, M. A., Pearson, J. N., and Marentes, E. 1999. The physiology of micronutrient homeostasis in field crops. Field Crops Res. 60:41-56
  • Hambidge, K. M., Miller, L. V., Westcott, J. E., and Krebs, N. F. 2008. Dietary reference intakes for zinc may require adjustment for phytate intake based upon model predictions. J. Nutr. 138:2363-2366.
  • Kutman, UB., (2010). Roles of nitrogen and zinc nutrient in biofortification of wheat grain. Sabanci Üniversity. PhD Thesis.
  • Lott, J. N. A., Ockenden, I., Raboy, V., and Batten, G. D. 2000. Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seeds and fruits: A global estimate. Seed Sci. Res. 10:11-33.
  • Marschner, H. 1993. Zinc uptake from soils. Pages 59-77 in: Zinc in Soils and Plants. A. D. Robson, ed. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht: The Netherlands.
  • Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. Aca-demic Press: London.
  • Marschner, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2nd Ed. Academic Press: London.
  • Miller, G.W., Pushnık, J.C. ve Welkıe, G.W., 1984. Iron Chlorosis, a World Wide Problem, the Relation of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis to Iron. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 7(15): 1-22.
  • Monasterio I, Graham RD (2000) Breeding for trace minerals in wheat. Food Nutr Bull 21:392–396 Also available via http://foodandnutritionbulletin.org/FNB/index.php/FNB/article/view/304
  • Oberleas, D., and Harland, B. F. 2005. Diagnosis of zinc deficiency in population studies. Trace Elem. Elec. 22:282-287.
  • Orman Ş., Ok H., "Effects of sulphur and zinc applications on growth and nutrition of bread wheat in calcareous clay loam soil", Afrıcan Journal of Bıotechnology, vol.11, pp.3080-3086, 2012.
  • Ozturk, L., Yazici, M. A., Yucel, C., Torun, A., Cekic, C., Bagci, A., Ozkan, H., Braun, H. J., Sayers, Z., and Cakmak, I. 2006. Concen-tration and localization of zinc during seed development and germ-ination in wheat. Physiol. Plant 128:144-152.
  • Qaim M, Stein AJ, Meenakshi JV (2007) Economics of biofortification. Agric Econ 37[Suppl 1]: 119–133.
  • Rimbach, G., Pallauf, J., Moehring, J.,Kraemer, K., and Minihane, A. M. 2008. Effect of dietary phytate and microbial phytate and microbial phy-tase on mineral and trace element bioavailability—A literature review. Curr. Top. Nutraceut. Res. 6:131-144.
  • Römheld, V. and Marschner, H., 1986. Evidence for a specific uptake system for iron phytosiderophores in roots of grasses. Plant Physiol. 80: 175-180.
  • Shiway, Y. S., Kumar, D., and Prasad, R. 2008. Effect of zinc-enriched urea on productivity, zinc uptake and efficiency of an aromatic rice-wheat cropping system. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 81:229-243.
  • Waters, B. M., and Grusak, M. A. 2008. Whole-plant mineral partitioning throughout the life cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg erecta, Cape Verde Islands, and the mutant line ysl1ysl3. New Phytol. 177:389-405.
  • Waters, B. M., and Grusak, M. A. 2008. Whole-plant mineral partitioning throughout the life cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg erecta, Cape Verde Islands, and the mutant line ysl1ysl3. New Phytol. 177:389-405.
  • Waters, B. M., and Grusak, M. A. 2008. Whole-plant mineral partitioning throughout the life cycle in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes Columbia, Landsberg erecta, Cape Verde Islands, and the mutant line ysl1ysl3. New Phytol. 177:389-405.
  • Welch, R. M., 2002. The impact of mineral nutrients in food crops on global human health. Plant and Soil 247: 83-90. USDA, ARS, U.S. Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory, Cornell University, Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
  • White, P. J., and Broadley, M. R. 2005. Biofortifying crops with essential mineral elements. Trends Plant Sci. 10:586-583.
  • White, P. J., and Broadley, M. R. 2005. Biofortifying crops with essential mineral elements. Trends Plant Sci. 10:586-583.
  • Wise, A. 1995. Phytate and zinc bioavailability. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 46:53-63.
  • Wise, A. 1995. Phytate and zinc bioavailability. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 46:53-63.
  • Yilmaz, A., Ekiz, H., Torun, B., Gultekin, I., Karanlik, S., Bagci, S. A., and Cakmak, I. 1997. Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils in Central Anatolia. J. Plant Nutr. 20:461-471.
  • Yilmaz, A., Ekiz, H., Torun, B., Gultekin, I., Karanlik, S., Bagci, S. A., and Cakmak, I. 1997. Effect of different zinc application methods on grain yield and zinc concentration in wheat grown on zinc-deficient calcareous soils in Central Anatolia. J. Plant Nutr. 20:461-471.
  • Yücecan, S. 1991. Besinlerin Zenginleştirilmesi. Gıda 16 (4) 269-275.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Agricultural Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şule Orman

Hüseyin Ok

Publication Date December 30, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 31 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Orman, Ş., & Ok, H. (2016). Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon. Çukurova Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(3), 221-227.
AMA Orman Ş, Ok H. Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon. Çukurova J. Agric. Food. Sciences. December 2016;31(3):221-227.
Chicago Orman, Şule, and Hüseyin Ok. “Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon”. Çukurova Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi 31, no. 3 (December 2016): 221-27.
EndNote Orman Ş, Ok H (December 1, 2016) Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi 31 3 221–227.
IEEE Ş. Orman and H. Ok, “Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon”, Çukurova J. Agric. Food. Sciences, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 221–227, 2016.
ISNAD Orman, Şule - Ok, Hüseyin. “Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon”. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi 31/3 (December 2016), 221-227.
JAMA Orman Ş, Ok H. Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon. Çukurova J. Agric. Food. Sciences. 2016;31:221–227.
MLA Orman, Şule and Hüseyin Ok. “Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon”. Çukurova Tarım Ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 31, no. 3, 2016, pp. 221-7.
Vancouver Orman Ş, Ok H. Kültür Bitkileri Yetiştiriciliğinde Biyofortifikasyon. Çukurova J. Agric. Food. Sciences. 2016;31(3):221-7.
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From January 1, 2016 “Çukurova University Journal of Faculty of Agriculture” continuous its publication life as “Çukurova Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences”.