Modern Kuramların Postmodern Yansımaları: Okur Odaklı Edebiyat Kuramlarında Okurun Konumlandırılışı

Year 2017, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 49 - 70, 30.06.2017

Berna Köseoğlu Metin Toprak

Abstract

20.
yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren edebiyat alanında önemli bir paradigma
değişikliğinin gerçekleştiği söylenebilir. Bu değişiklik genel olarak edebiyat
kuram ve eleştirilerinin o güne kadar ihmal ettiği ancak en başından itibaren
edebiyatın en önemli parçası olan okurun yeni bir yönüyle keşfedilmesi ve
yeniden tanımlanmasıyla gerçekleşir. Yazar ve onun yazdığı metin karşısında o
güne kadar edilgen bir rol biçilen okur, dönemin koşullarının da elverişli
olması nedeniyle aşama aşama etken bir role büründürülür. 1970’li yıllardan
itibaren ise okurun bu özelliğini ele alan bir dizi yeni bakış açısı ve
yaklaşım ortaya çıkar. Özellikle Almanya, Amerika ve Fransa’da ortaya çıkan bu
yaklaşımların her birisi beslendikleri felsefi geleneğin etkisi altında farklı
bir okur modeli geliştirirler. Bu çalışmada bu farklı okur modellerinden üç
tanesi incelenerek okur kavramı ile neyi veya kimi kastettikleri üzerinde
durulmuştur. Bu üç farklı yaklaşımın ele alınmasındaki amaç ise, günümüzde
edebiyat metnini anlamlandırmada etken bir rol üstlenen okuru tanımlamak üzere
kullanılan “postmodern okur” modeline katkılarının olup olmadığını
sorgulamaktır.

Keywords

Okur, anlam, yorum, okuma, boş alan, okurun bilinçaltı, öngörülmüş okur, bilgi sahibi okur, Iser, Fish, Holland

The Postmodern Reflections of Modern Theories: The Role of the Reader in the Reader Response Literary Theory

Abstract

From the second half of the 20^th
century, it can be expressed that a paradigmatic change took place in the field
of literature. This change came into view when the new role of the reader was
discovered and when a new definition was put forward about the reader, who was
generally ignored by the literary theorists and critics until that time but in
fact who has played the most important role in literature from the very
beginning. The reader, who had a passive status in front of the author and the
literary work s/he produced, has gradually acquired an active position since
the circumstances of the period were appropriate. From 1970s, a vast number of
new perspectives and philosophical understandings dealing with the reader’s new
role came to the fore. Each of these perspectives, particularly those emerging
in Germany, America and France, under the effect of the philosophical
traditions leading them to emerge, introduced a different reader model. In this
study, three of these different reader models have been analysed in order to
discuss how they describe and define the concept related to the reader. By
dwelling on these three different perspectives, what is questioned in this
article is whether or not these understandings have contributed to the “postmodern
reader” model which has been employed to define the position of the reader, who
has a significant role nowadays in identifying the literary texts.

Keywords

Reader, meaning, interpretation, reading, gap, subconscious of the reader, implied reader, informed reader, Iser, Fish, Holland

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