Research Article
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Procrastination: Types, Components, Demographic Effects, and Cultural Differences

Year 2015, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 106 - 121, 24.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.09571

Abstract

Procrastination refers to put off intended tasks to another time (Lay, 1986). The purpose of procrastination is to make one’s life more pleasant, but it nearly always add stress, disorganization and failure. The idea underlying procrastination may be ‘later is better’. However, when tomorrow comes, the pattern resurfaces and the person excuses him/herself by promising that ‘I will do it tomorrow’. Hence, procrastination can be called as ‘tomorrow syndrome’. Research results have shown that procrastination should be overcome since engaging in procrastination lead to negative outcome along with negative affect on the individuals’ psychological wellbeing. National literature follows international results. In this respect, in the present review, definitions of procrastination, types and components of procrastination are presented along with the treatment programs. The national literature on procrastination and prevalence of procrastination among students and adults in terms of cross-cultural results will also be discussed

References

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  • Aydoğan, D. (2008). Akademik erteleme davranışının benlik saygısı, durumluk kaygı ve öz-yeterlik ile açıklanabilirliği. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Deniz, M. E., Traş, Z., ve Aydoğan, D. (2009). An Investigation of academic procrastination, locus of control, and emotional intelligence. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 9(2), 623-632.
  • Balkıs, M. (2006). Öğretmen adaylarının davranışlarındaki erteleme eğiliminin düşünme ve karar verme tarzları ile ilişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Balkıs, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: The mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychoterapies, (13)1, 57-74.
  • Balkıs, M., ve Duru, E. (2009). Prevalance of academic procrastination among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(1), 18-32.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Beck, B. L., Koons, S. R., ve Milgrim, D. L. (2001). Correlates and consequences of behavioral procrastination: The effects of academic procrastination, self-consciousness, self-esteem, and self-handicapping. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16(1), 3-11.
  • Beswick, G., Rothblum, E. D., ve Mann, L. (1988). Psychological antecedents of student procrastination. Australian Psychologist, 23(2), 207-217.
  • Bishop, J. B., Gallagher, R. P., ve Cohen, D. (2000). College students’ problems: Status, trends, and research. D. H. Davis, K (Edt.), College counseling: Issues and strategies for a new millennium: American Counseling Association.
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  • Cassady, J. C., ve Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295.
  • Chabaud, P., Ferrand, C., ve Maury, J. (2010). Individual diffrerences in undergraduate student athletes: The roles of perfectionism and trait anxiety perception of procrastination behavior. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 38(8), 1041-1056.
  • Choi, J. N., ve Moran, S. V. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195-212.
  • Chu, A. H. C., ve Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of "Active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264.
  • Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). Lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinde genel ve akademik erteleme davranışının incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Dietz, F., Hofer, M., ve Fries, S. (2007). Individual values, learning routines and academic procrastination. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 893-906.
  • Doyle, J. A. ve Paludi, M. A. (1998). Sex and gender: The human experience. Boston: McGrow Hill.
  • Effert, B. R., ve, J. R. (1989). Decisional Procrastination - Examining Personality-Correlates. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(1), 151-156.
  • Ellis, A., ve Knaus, W. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. NY: Signet.
  • Eun Hee, S. E. O. (2009). The relationship of procrastination with a mastery goal versus an avoidance goal. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 37(7), 911-919.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Compulsive procrastination: Some self-reported characteristics. Psychological Reports, 68(2), 455-458.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 75-84.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1994). Dysfunctional procrastination and its relationship with self-esteem, interpersonal dependency, and self-defeating behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 673-679.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16, 185-196.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Emmons, R. A. (1994). Procrastination as revenge: Do people report using delays as a strategy for vengeance? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(4), 539-544.
  • Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., ve McCown, W. G. (Eds.) (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory research, and treatment. NY: Plenum Press.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Tice, D. M. (2000). Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(1), 73-83.
  • Harrington, N. (2005b). It's too difficult! Frustration intolerance beliefs and procrastination. Cognitive Therapy Research, 30, 699–709.
  • Harriot, J., ve Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among sample of adults. Psychological Reports, 78, 611-616.
  • Howell, A. J., Watson, D. C., Powell, R. A., ve Buro, K. (2006). Academic procrastination: The pattern and correlates of behavioural postponement. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1519-1530.
  • Kachgal, M. M., Hansen, L. S., ve Nutter, K. J. (2001). Academic procrastination prevention/intervention strategies and recommendations. Journal of Developmental Education, 25(1), 14-20.
  • Kandemir, M. (2014). The predictors of academic procrastination: Responsibility, attributional styles regarding sucsess/failure, and beliefs in academic self-efficacy. Education and Science, 39(171), 99-114.
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Erteleme: Türleri, Bileşenleri, Demografik Etkenler ve Kültürel Farklılıklar

Year 2015, Volume: 16 Issue: 1, 106 - 121, 24.07.2015
https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.09571

Abstract

Yapılması planlanan iş ve görevlerin ileriki bir zamana bırakılıp ötelenmesi erteleme olarak adlandırılır (Lay, 1986). Erteleme sonucunda kişi iş ve görevlerin ileriki bir zamana bıraktığı için geçici bir süre rahatlamış olsa da, bu eğilimin davranışa dönüşmesi çoğu zaman stres artışı, organizasyon bozukluğuna ve başarısızlık ile sonuçlanır. Ertelemenin altında yatan ‘daha sonra daha iyi’ düşüncesi olsa da ertesi gün geldiğinde örüntü yinelenir ve kişi kendisine ‘bunu yarın yapacağım’ sözü verir. Bu nedenle erteleme ‘yarın sendromu’ olarakta adlandırılabilir. Araştırma bulguları, ertelemenin olumsuz sonuçlara neden olduğunu ve bu durumun kişinin psikolojik iyilik halini etkileyebildiğini ortaya koyduğundan, ertelemenin önlenmesinin  gerekli olduğuna dikkat çekmektedir. Ülkemizde de ertelemeyi ele alan  çalışmalar dünya alan yazınını takip eder durumdadır. Bu doğrultuda, bu derleme çalışmasında, ertelemenin tanımları, türleri ve bileşenlerine yer verilirken; erteleme ile başa çıkmak amacıyla oluşturulmuş bazı programlar sunulacak ve ardından ertelemeye ilişkin ulusal alan yazını ve öğrenci-yetişkin profili karşılaştırmalı bir çalışmanın katkılarıyla tartışılmıştır. 

References

  • Academic Skills Center, (2004). Procrastination is the thief of time. 12 Ağustos, 2004’te California Polytechnic Eyalet Üniversitesi, Öğrenci Akademik Servisinden alıntıdır, www.sas.calpdy.edu/asc/ssl/procrastination.html
  • Aydoğan, D. (2008). Academic procrastination among faculty of education students: The role of gender, age, academic achievement, perfectionism and depression. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Aydoğan, D. (2008). Akademik erteleme davranışının benlik saygısı, durumluk kaygı ve öz-yeterlik ile açıklanabilirliği. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Gazi Üniversitesi.
  • Deniz, M. E., Traş, Z., ve Aydoğan, D. (2009). An Investigation of academic procrastination, locus of control, and emotional intelligence. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 9(2), 623-632.
  • Balkıs, M. (2006). Öğretmen adaylarının davranışlarındaki erteleme eğiliminin düşünme ve karar verme tarzları ile ilişkisi. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
  • Balkıs, M. (2013). Academic procrastination, academic life satisfaction and academic achievement: The mediation role of rational beliefs about studying. Journal of Cognitive and Behavioral Psychoterapies, (13)1, 57-74.
  • Balkıs, M., ve Duru, E. (2009). Prevalance of academic procrastination among pre-service teachers, and its relationship with demographics and individual preferences. Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 5(1), 18-32.
  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Beck, B. L., Koons, S. R., ve Milgrim, D. L. (2001). Correlates and consequences of behavioral procrastination: The effects of academic procrastination, self-consciousness, self-esteem, and self-handicapping. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16(1), 3-11.
  • Beswick, G., Rothblum, E. D., ve Mann, L. (1988). Psychological antecedents of student procrastination. Australian Psychologist, 23(2), 207-217.
  • Bishop, J. B., Gallagher, R. P., ve Cohen, D. (2000). College students’ problems: Status, trends, and research. D. H. Davis, K (Edt.), College counseling: Issues and strategies for a new millennium: American Counseling Association.
  • Bridges, K. R., ve Roig, M. (1997). Academic procrastination and irrational thinking: A re-examination with context controlled. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(6), 941-944.
  • Burka, J. B., ve Yuen, L. M. (1983). Procrastination: Why do you do it, what to do about it. CA: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company.
  • Carden, R., Bryant, C., ve Moss, R. (2004). Locus of control, test anxiety, academic procrastination, and achievement among college students. Psychological Reports, 95(2), 581-582.
  • Cassady, J. C., ve Johnson, R. E. (2002). Cognitive test anxiety and academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 27(2), 270-295.
  • Chabaud, P., Ferrand, C., ve Maury, J. (2010). Individual diffrerences in undergraduate student athletes: The roles of perfectionism and trait anxiety perception of procrastination behavior. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 38(8), 1041-1056.
  • Choi, J. N., ve Moran, S. V. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195-212.
  • Chu, A. H. C., ve Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of "Active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264.
  • Çakıcı, D. Ç. (2003). Lise ve üniversite öğrencilerinde genel ve akademik erteleme davranışının incelenmesi. Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Dietz, F., Hofer, M., ve Fries, S. (2007). Individual values, learning routines and academic procrastination. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 893-906.
  • Doyle, J. A. ve Paludi, M. A. (1998). Sex and gender: The human experience. Boston: McGrow Hill.
  • Effert, B. R., ve, J. R. (1989). Decisional Procrastination - Examining Personality-Correlates. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(1), 151-156.
  • Ellis, A., ve Knaus, W. (1977). Overcoming procrastination. NY: Signet.
  • Eun Hee, S. E. O. (2009). The relationship of procrastination with a mastery goal versus an avoidance goal. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 37(7), 911-919.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1991). Compulsive procrastination: Some self-reported characteristics. Psychological Reports, 68(2), 455-458.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1992). Procrastinators and perfect behavior: An exploratory factor analysis of self-presentation, self-awareness, and self-handicapping components. Journal of Research in Personality, 26, 75-84.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (1994). Dysfunctional procrastination and its relationship with self-esteem, interpersonal dependency, and self-defeating behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 17(5), 673-679.
  • Ferrari, J. R. (2001). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 16, 185-196.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Emmons, R. A. (1994). Procrastination as revenge: Do people report using delays as a strategy for vengeance? Personality and Individual Differences, 17(4), 539-544.
  • Ferrari, J. R., Johnson, J. L., ve McCown, W. G. (Eds.) (1995). Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory research, and treatment. NY: Plenum Press.
  • Ferrari, J. R., ve Tice, D. M. (2000). Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(1), 73-83.
  • Harrington, N. (2005b). It's too difficult! Frustration intolerance beliefs and procrastination. Cognitive Therapy Research, 30, 699–709.
  • Harriot, J., ve Ferrari, J. R. (1996). Prevalence of procrastination among sample of adults. Psychological Reports, 78, 611-616.
  • Howell, A. J., Watson, D. C., Powell, R. A., ve Buro, K. (2006). Academic procrastination: The pattern and correlates of behavioural postponement. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(8), 1519-1530.
  • Kachgal, M. M., Hansen, L. S., ve Nutter, K. J. (2001). Academic procrastination prevention/intervention strategies and recommendations. Journal of Developmental Education, 25(1), 14-20.
  • Kandemir, M. (2014). The predictors of academic procrastination: Responsibility, attributional styles regarding sucsess/failure, and beliefs in academic self-efficacy. Education and Science, 39(171), 99-114.
  • Karas, D., ve Spada, M. M. (2009). Brief cognitive-behavioural coaching for procrastination: a case series. Coaching: An International Journal of Theory, Research & Practice, 2(1), 44-53.
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There are 89 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Bilge Uzun

Ayhan Demir

Publication Date July 24, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 16 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Uzun, B., & Demir, A. (2015). Erteleme: Türleri, Bileşenleri, Demografik Etkenler ve Kültürel Farklılıklar. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 16(1), 106-121. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.09571

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