Bitki Çaylarında Mikrobiyal Kalite ve Mikotoksin Varlığı

Year 2018, , 362 - 380, 30.12.2018

Nuray Can , Serap Duraklı Velioğlu

https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.413371

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bitki çayları, Camellia sinensis dışındaki bitkisel materyalden elde edilmekte
olup hem hoşa giden tatları nedeniyle hem de sağlığı korumak ve çeşitli
rahatsızlıkları gidermek gibi amaçlarla eski zamanlardan beri kullanılmaktadır.
Bununla birlikte, bu ürünlerin hasat öncesinde ve hasat sonrası üretim
aşamalarında kontaminasyona uğrayabildiği bilinmektedir. Bu kontaminantlar
arasında patojen bakteriler ve mikotoksijenik küfler önemli bir yer
tutmaktadır. Bitki çaylarında uygun şartlarda gelişen mikotoksijenik küfler,
insan sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz etkileri bulunan mikotoksinleri
oluşturabilmektedir. Bu derlemede çay yapımında kullanılan bitkisel
materyallerin mikrobiyal kalitesi ve bu ürünlerdeki mikotoksinlerin varlığı
üzerine yapılmış çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

Bitki Çayı, Mikotoksinler, Mikrobiyal Kalite

Microbial Quality and Presence of Mycotoxins in Herbal Teas

Abstract

Herbal teas are derived from herbal materials
other than Camellia sinensis and have
been used since ancient times for their pleasurable tastes and for the purpose
of maintaining health and relieving various ailments. However, it is known that
these crops can undergo contamination prior to harvest and at post-harvest
stage of production. Among these contaminants, pathogenic bacteria and
mycotoxigenic molds are important. Mycotoxigenic molds that grow under suitable
conditions in herbal teas can produce mycotoxins with adverse effects on human
health. This review includes the studies that focused on the microbial quality
of herbal materials used in tea making and presence of mycotoxins in these
products.

Keywords

Herbal Tea, Microbial Quality, Mycotoxins

References

• Abou-Arab, A.A.K., Kawther, M.S., El Tantawy, M.E, Badeaa, R.İ., Khayria, N. 1999. Quantity estimation of some contaminants in commonly used medicinal plants in the Egyptian market. Food Chemistry, 67, 357-363.
• Abou Donia, M.A. 2008. Microbiological quality and aflatoxinogenesis of Egyptian spices and medicinal plants. Global Veterinaria, 2(4), 175-181.
• Adams, M.R., Moss, M.O. 2007. Food Microbiology, Third Edition. Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 478.
• Aiko, V., Mehta, A. 2015. Occurrence, detection and detoxification of mycotoxins. Journal of Biosciences, 40(5), 943-954.
• Aiko, V., Mehta, A. 2016. Prevalence of toxigenic fungi in common medicinal herbs and spices in India. 3 Biotech, 6, 150-159.
• Akgül, A., Ünver, A. 2001. Bitkisel Çaylar. Gıda Mühendisliği Dergisi, 11, 21-34.
• Aksoy, H., Yılmaz, S., Çelik, M., Yüzbaşıoğlu, D., Ünal, F. 2008. Moniliformin mikotoksininin in vitro genotoksik etkileri. Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Edebiyat Dergisi, 10(2), 1-14.
• Anonim 1998. Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials. World Health Organization Geneva.
• Anonim 2005. General Monographs. Herbal Teas. European Pharmacopoeia 5.0 (01/2005:1435).
• Anonim 2006. Setting Maximum Levels for Certain Contaminants in Foodstuffs. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19.12.2006.
• Anonim 2011a. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Mikrobiyolojik Kriterler Yönetmeliği. Resmi Gazete: 29.12.2011/ 28157 (3. Mükerrer).
• Anonim 2011b. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği, Gıdalardaki Bulaşanların Maksimum Limitleri. Resmi Gazete: 29.12.2011/28157 (3. Mükerrer).
• Araújo, M.G.F, Bauab TM. 2012. Microbial Quality of Medicinal Plant Materials. In: Latest Research into Quality Control, (Edited by I. Akyar), InTech, 67-81.
• Arslan, R. 2013. Türkiye’de Üretilen Bazı Organik Baharat ve Bitkisel Çayların Aflatoksin B1 Düzeyleri ve Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesinin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Manisa.
• Ashiq, S., Hussain, M., Ahmad, B. 2014. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants: A review. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 66, 1-10.
• Atoui, A.K., Mansouri, A., Boskou, G., Kefalas, P. 2005. Tea and herbal infusions: Their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Food Chemistry, 89, 27-36.
• Aydın, M., Aydın, S., Bacanlı, M., Başaran, N. 2015. Aflatoxin levels in chronic hepatitis B patients with cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in Balıkesir, Turkey. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 22, 926-935.
• Aydın, M.F., Çelik, İ., Sur, E., Özparlak, H., Telatar, T. 2005. Yumurtaya verilen aflatoksin B1’in civciv çıkış ağırlığı üzerindeki etkileri. Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi 21(1-2), 85-89.
• Bayramoğlu, M.M., Toksoy, D., Şen, G. 2009. Türkiye’de tıbbi bitki ticareti. II. Ormancılıkta Sosyo-Ekonomik Sorunlar Kongresi, 19-21 Şubat, Isparta.
• Belmadani, A., Tramu, G., Betbeder, A.M., Steyn, P.S., Creppy, E.E. 1998. Regional selectivity to ochratoxin A, distribution and cytotoxicity in rat brain. Archives of Toxicology, 72, 656-662.
• Bentley, R. 1997. Microbial Secondary Metabolites Play Important Roles in Medicine; Prospects for Discovery of New Drugs. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 40(3), 364-394. Bokhari, F.M., Aly, M.M. 2013. Unexpected hazard due to fumonisins contaminating herbal teas used traditionally by Saudi people. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(1), 35-40.
• Can, N., Duraklı Velioğlu, S. 2016. Tekirdağ'da satışa sunulan ıhlamur (Tilia spp.) ve kuşburnu (Rosa canina) örneklerinde aflatoksin varlığının araştırılması. Gıda, 42(3), 287-296.
• Chan, K. 2003. Some aspects of toxic contaminants in herbal medicines. Chemosphere, 52, 1361-1371.
• Chen, G., Mujumdar, A.S. 2006. Drying of Herbal Medicines and Tea, Third Edition. In: Handbook of Industrial Drying, (Edited by A.S. Mujumdar), CRC Press, USA, 635-646.
• Çelik, D., Oğuz, H., Demet, Ö., Boydak, M., Dönmez, H.H., Sur, E., Nizamlıoğlu F. 2000. Embryotoxicity assay of aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus parasiticus Nrrl 2999. British Poultry Science, 41(4), 401-409.
• Çelik, M., Yılmaz, S., Aksoy, H., Ünal, F., Yüzbaşıoğlu, D., Dönbak, L. 2009. Evaluation of the genotoxicity of Fusarium mycotoxin moniliformin in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 50, 431-434.
• Dağdelen, A.F., Aşyemez, A.Ü., Tokat, İ.E., Cumbul, D., Dağdelen, A. 2014. Mikrobiyolojik ve aflatoksin yönünden bazı tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler ve çaylarının incelenmesi. II. Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Sempozyumu, 23-25 Eylül, Yalova.
• Do, K.H., An, T.J., Oh, S.K., Moon, Y. 2015. Nation-based occurrence and endogenous biological reduction of mycotoxins in medicinal herbs and spices. Toxins, 7, 4111-4130.
• Dönmez Altuntas H., Gökalp Yıldız, P., Bitgen, N., Hamurcu, Z. 2013. Evaluation of genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and cytostasis in human lymphocytes exposed to patulin by using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN cyt) assay. Mycotoxin Research, 29, 63-70.
• Durmuş, E., İnan, O., Çelik, I., Sur, E., Özkan, Y., Acar, A., Aydın, M.F. 2005. Use of the fertilized hen’s egg in the evaluation of embryotoxicity of dental alloys. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 72(B), 322-327.
• Erginkaya, Z., Kabak, B. 2010. Fırsatçı Patojenler, Küfler, Parazitler, Virüsler, Prionlar ve Alg Toksinleri. In: Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi, (Edited by O. Erkmen), Eflatun Basım, Ankara, Türkiye, 183-203.
• Faydaoğlu, E., Sürücüoğlu, M.S. 2011. Geçmişten günümüze tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerin kullanılması ve ekonomik önemi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 52-67.
• Gürbüzel, M., Uysal, H., Kizilet, H., 2010. Assessment of genotoxicity of the mycotoxin paxilline using the somatic mutation and recombination test in Drosophila melanogaster. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 19, 1038-1041.
• Halt, M. 1998. Moulds and mycotoxins in herb tea and medicinal plants. European Journal of Epidemiology, 14, 269-274. Hayes, A.W., Hood R.D., Lee, H.L. 1974. Teratogenic effects of ochratoxin A in mice. Teratology, 9(1), 93-97.
• Heperkan, D. 2006. Detecting and Controlling Mycotoxin Contamination of Herbs and Spices. In: Handbook of Herb and Spices Volume 3, (Edited by K.V. Peter), Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England, 3-40.
• Hu, L., Rychlik, M. 2014. Occurrence of enniatins and beauvericin in 60 Chinese medicinal herbs. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(7), 1240-1245.
• Hussein, H.S., Brasel, J.M. 2001. Toxicity, metabolism, and ımpact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology, 167, 101-134.
• Huwig, A., Freimund, S., Käppeli, O., Dutler, H. 2001. Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicology Letters, 122, 179-188.
• IARC 2012. “Aflatoxins” https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100F/mono100F-23.pdf. Son Erişim Tarihi: 04.07. 2018.
• IARC 1993. “Ochratoxin A” https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol56/mono56-18.pdf. Son Erişim Tarihi: 04.07. 2018.
• IARC 2002. “Fumonisin B1” https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol82/mono82-7B.pdf. Son Erişim Tarihi: 04.07. 2018.
• Ivanova, D., Gerova, D., Chervenkov, T., Yankova, T. 2005. Polyphenols and antioxidant capasitiy of Bulgarian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 96, 145-150.
• Jeswal, P., Kumar, D. 2013. Mycofloral association and co-occurrence of ochratoxin A and citrinin in aromatic herbs and spices from Bihar state (India) detected by ELISA and LC-MS/MS. American Journal of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(8), 96-105.
• Kaume, L., Foote, J.C., Gbur, E.E. 2012. Microbial contamination of herbs marketed to HIV-infected people in Nairobi (Kenya). South African Journal of Science, 108(9/10), 80-83.
• Kaya, D.B. 2006. Piyasada Satışa Sunulan Bazı Bitkisel Çayların Mikrobiyolojik Kalitesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
• Khattak, K.F. 2012. 3Microbiological quality assessment of commercially available medicinal plants in Peshawar city, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44(4), 1203-1208.
• Khazaeli, P., Mehrabani, M., Heidari, M.R., Asadıkaram, G., Ları Najafı, M. 2017. Prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in herbs and spices in different regions of Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 46(11), 1540-1545.
• Kolb, N. 1999. Microbiological status of untreated herbal materials. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 95(7), 263-268.
• Kosalec, I., Cvek, J., Tomic, S. 2009. Contaminants of medicinal herbs and herbal products. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 60, 485-501.
• Kökdil, G. 2002. Tıbbi çaylar. Galenova, 19-21.
• Kumar, A., Shukla, R., Singh, P., Dubey, N.K. 2009. Biodeterioration of some herbal raw materials by storage fungi and aflatoxin and assessment of cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil and ıts components as antifungal. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63, 712-716.
• Legnani, P.P., Leoni, E., Righi, F., Zarabini, L.A. 2001. Effect of microwave heating and gamma ırradiation on microbiological quality of spices and herbs. Italian Journal of Food Science, 13(3), 337-345.
• Liu, L., Jin, H., Sun, L., Ma, S., Lin, R. 2012. Determination of aflatoxins in medicinal herbs by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Phytochemical Analysis, 23, 469-476.
• Marin, S., Ramos., A.J., Cano-Sancho, G., Sanchis, V. 2013. Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 60, 218-237.
• Martins, M.L., Martins, H.M., Bernardo, F. 2001a. Fumonisins B1 and B2 in black tea and medicinal plants. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 1268-1270.
• Martins, H.M., Martins, M.L., Dias, M.I., Bernardo, F. 2001b. Evaluation of microbiological quality of medicinal plants used in natural infusions. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 68, 149-153.
• Megahee, L. 1995. Rediscovering herbal teas. Flower and Garden, 39(4), 52-55.
• Omogbai, B.A., Ikenebomeh, M. 2013. Microbiological characteristics and phytochemical screening of some herbal teas in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, 9(18), 149-160.
• Omurtag, G.Z., Yazıcıoğlu, D. 2004. Determination of fumonisins B1 and B2 in herbal tea and medicinal plants in Turkey by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Food Protection, 67, 1782-1786.
• Oğuz, H., Hadımlı, H.H., Kurtoğlu, V., Erganiş, O. 2003. Evaluation of humoral immunity of broilers during chronic aflatoxin (50 and 100 ppb) and clinoptilolite exposure. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 154(7), 483-486.
• Öznurlu, Y., Celik, İ., Sur, E., Özaydın, T., Oğuz, H., Altunbaş, K. 2012. Determination of the effects of aflatoxin B1 given in ovo on the proximal tibial growth plate of broiler chickens: histological, histometric and immunohistochemical findings. Avian Pathology, 41(5), 469-477.
• Özyaral, O., Tarkan, Ö., Çevikbaş, A., Johansson, C.B. 1994. Farmasötik önemi olan bazı droglarda mikolojik analizler. Mikrobiyoloji Bülteni, 28, 359-365.
• Peraica, M., Radic, B., Lucic, A., Pavlovic, M. 1999. Toxic effects of mycotoxins in humans. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 77(9), 754-766.
• Řezáčová, V., Kubátová, A. 2005. Saprobic microfungi in tea based on Camellia sinensis and on other dried herbs. Czech Mycology, 57(1-2), 79-89.
• Rizzo, I., Varsavsky, E., Vedoya, G., Haidukowski, M., Frade, H., Chiale, C. 1998. Fungal and aflatoxin contamination of medicinal herbs. Mycotoxin Research, 14, 46-53.
• Rizzo, I., Vedoya, G., Maurutto, S., Haidukowski, M., Varsavsky, E. 2004. Assessment of toxigenic fungi on Argentinean medicinal herbs. Microbiological Research, 159, 113-120.
• Romagnoli, B., Menna, V., Gruppioni, N., Bergamini, C. 2007. Aflatoxins in spices, aromatic herbs, herb-teas and medicinal plants marketed in Italy. Food Control, 18, 697-701.
• Sabuncuoğlu, S.A., Baydar, T., Giray, B., Şahin, G. 2008. Mikotoksinler: Toksik etkileri, degredasyonları, oluşumlarının önlenmesi ve zararlı etkilerinin azaltılması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(1), 63-92.
• Santos, L., Marin, S., Sanchis, V., Ramos, A.J. 2009. Screening of mycotoxin multicontamination in medicinal and aromatic herbs sampled in Spain. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 89, 1802-1807.
• Santos, L., Marín, S., Sanchis, V., Ramos, AJ. 2013. Mycotoxin in medicinal/aromatic herbs – a review. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 12(2), 119-142.
• Scolari, G., Zacconi, C., Vescovo, M.2001. Microbial contamination of tea and aromatic herb-tea products. Italian Journal of Food Science, 4(13), 429-433.
• Sezik, E. 2004. Bitkisel Çay Cenneti: Anadolu.http://webnaturel.com/urunbilgi/id/1243/katid/22/ustkatid/1/bitkisel-cay-cenneti-anadolu.html (Son Erişim Tarihi: 07.01.2018).
• Sezik, E. 2011. Bitkilerin dünyası: Dostlar. Klinik Toksikoloji Derneği 16. Kongresi, 18-21 Mayıs, Kayseri.
• Stević, T., Pavlovic, S., Stankovic, S., Savikin, S. 2012. Pathogenic microorganisms of medicinal herbal drugs. Archives of Biological Sciences, 64(1), 49-58.
• Storari, M., Dennert, F.G., Bigler, L., Gessler, C., Broggini, G.A.L. 2012. Isolation of mycotoxins producing black aspergilli in herbal teas available on the Swiss market. Food Control, 26, 157-161.
• Sur, E., Celik, İ., Öznurlu, Y., Aydın, M.F., Oğuz, H., Kurtoğlu, V., Özaydın T. 2011. Enzyme histochemical and serological investigations on the immune system from chickens treated in ovo with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire, 162(10), 443-448.
• Sweeney, M.J., Dobson, A.D.W. 1998. Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 43, 141-158.
• Şişman, T., Yıldırım, Y. 2007. Aflatoksin B1’in Zebra balığının (Danio rerio (Hamilton)) embriyo ve larvaları üzerine olan toksik etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(1), 13-17.
• Tosun, H., Günç Ergönül, P., Üçok, E.F. 2016. Occurrence of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) in herbal tea consumed in Turkey. Journal für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, 11, 265-269.
• Tournas, V.H., Katsoudas, E.J. 2008. Microbiological quality of various medicinal herbal teas and coffee substitutes. Microbiology Insights, 1, 47-55.
• Tripathy, V., Basak, B.B., Varghese, T.S., Saha, A. 2015. Residues and contaminants in medicinal herbs-a review. Phytochemistry Letters, 14, 67-78.
• Tschiggerl, C., Bucar, F. 2012. The volatile fraction of herbal teas. Phytochemistry Reviews, 11, 245-254.
• Tunail, N. 2000. Funguslar ve Mikotoksinler. In: Gıda Mikrobiyolojisi ve Uygulamaları, Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü yayını, Ankara, Türkiye, 3. bölüm, 13. Kısım, 1-50.
• Ulusoy, A., Şeker, M. 2013. Türkiye’de Değişen Çay Tüketim Alışkanlıkları Projesi. Trabzon Ticaret Borsası.
• Vidović, S., Cvetkovic, D., Ramić, M., Dunjić, M., Malbasa, R., Tepić, A., Sumić, Z., Velićanski, A., Jokić, S. 2013. Screening of changes in content of health benefit compounds, antioxidant activity and microbiological status of medicinal plants during the production of herbal filter tea. Industrial Crops and Products, 50, 338-345.
• Visconti, A., Minervini, F., Lucivero, G., Gambatesa, V. 1991. Cytotoxic and immunotoxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins using a rapid colorimetric bioassay. Mycopathologia, 113, 181-186.
• Vitullo, M., Ripabelli, G., Fanelli, I., Tamburro, M., Delfine, S., Sammarco, M.L. 2011. Microbiological and toxicological quality of dried herbs. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 52, 573-580.
• Wilson, D.M., Mubatanhema, W., Jurjevic, Z. 2004. Biology and Ecology of Mycotoxigenic Aspergillus Species as Related to Economic and Health Concerns. In: Mycotoxins and Food Safety Volume 504, (Edited by J.V. DeVries, M.W. Trucksess, & L.S. Jackson), Springer Science, New York, USA, 3-17.
• Wogan, G.N., Paglialunga, S., Newberne, P.M. 1974. Carcinogenic effects of low dietary levels of aflatoxin B1 in rats. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 12(5-6), 681-685.
• Zegarac, J.P., Samec, D., Piljac, A. 2013. Herbal Teas: A Focus on Antioxidant Properties. In: Tea in Health and Disease Prevention, (Edited by V.R. Preedy), Academic Press, UK, 129-140.
• Zhang, L., Dou, X., Kong, W., Liu, C., Han, X., Yang, M. 2017. Assessment of critical points and development of a practical strategy to extend the applicable scope of immunoaffinity column cleanup for aflatoxin detection in medicinal herbs. Journal of Chromatography A, 1483, 56-63.