İNSANİ YARDIM SEKTÖRÜNDE DONÖR YORGUNLUĞU RİSKİNİN KİTLESEL FONLAMA YOLUYLA AZALTILMASI

Abstract

Donör ülkelerin benimsediği neo-liberal politikaların etkisiyle giderek derinleşen donör yorgunluğu, sürdürülebilir insani finansman için ciddi bir tehdit haline gelmiştir. Geleneksel bağış mekanizmalarının artan insani ihtiyaçlara yanıt vermekte yetersiz kalması, alternatif finansman stratejelerine olan ilgiyi artırmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, kitlesel fonlama, çevrimiçi platformlar aracılığıyla geniş ve çeşitli bir donör tabanını harekete geçirebilme potansiyeliyle dikkat çeken dijital bir araç olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, donör yorgunluğunu azaltmadaki etkinliğini inceleyerek, kitlesel fonlamanın başarısında belirleyici faktörleri ortaya koymakta ve beraberinde gelen risk ve zorlukları ele almaktadır. Literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılarak yürütülen araştırma, insani yardım bağlamında donör yorgunluğu ve kitlesel fonlama üzerine akademik görüşler ile ampirik verileri sentezlemektedir. Bulgular, kitlesel fonlamanın donör katılımını artırdığı ve finansman kaynaklarını çeşitlendirdiğini göstermektedir; ancak, donör güveni, platform güvenilirliği ve ölçeklenebilirlik gibi önemli sınırlamaları da beraberinde getirdiği görülmektedir. Bu sınırlamaların aşılması, kitlesel fonlamanın insani yardım sektöründe sürdürülebilir ve etkili bir finansman stratejisi olarak kullanılabilmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.

Keywords

• Donör Yorgunluğu
• İnsani Yardım Finansmanı
• Kitlesel Fonlama
• Dijital Finansman
• Alternatif Fonlama Modelleri
• İnsani Yardım

MITIGATING DONOR FATIGUE RISK THROUGH CROWDFUNDING IN THE HUMANITARIAN SECTOR

Abstract

Donor fatigue, exacerbated by recent neo-liberal policies adopted by leading donor nations, has emerged as a critical challenge to sustainable humanitarian funding. As traditional donor mechanisms falter in addressing escalating humanitarian demands, alternative financing strategies are gaining traction. Among these, crowdfunding has surfaced as a promising digital tool, capable of mobilizing resources by engaging a broad and diverse donor base through online platforms. This study investigates the efficacy of crowdfunding in alleviating donor fatigue, delineates pivotal success factors, and examines the associated risks and challenges. Employing a literature review methodology, the research synthesizes scholarly insights and empirical data on donor fatigue and crowdfunding within humanitarian contexts. The findings indicate that while crowdfunding enhances donor participation and diversifies funding streams, it also presents challenges such as donor trust, platform reliability, and scalability. Addressing these limitations is essential for harnessing crowdfunding as a sustainable and impactful financing strategy in the humanitarian sector.

Keywords

• Donor Fatigue
• Humanitarian Funding
• Crowdfunding
• Digital Financing
• Alternative Funding Models
• Humanitarian Aid.

References

1. Abdeldayem, M., & Aldulaimi, S. (2023). Developing an Islamic crowdfunding model: A new innovative mechanism to finance SMEs in the Middle East. International Journal of Organizational.
2. Abrahamyan, Y. (2023). Balancing Engagement and Ethics in Fundraising: Unpacking Dynamics of Fundraising from the Private Sector. DiVA Portal.
3. Aflaki, A., & Pedraza-Martinez, A. J. (2016). Humanitarian funding in a multi-donor market with donation uncertainty. Production and Operations Management.
4. Agrawal, A., & Hockerts, K. (2021). Impact investing: Review and research agenda. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship.
5. Ahmed, M. (2021). Innovative humanitarian financing. Springer.
6. Amuda, Y. J., & Hassan, S. (2024). Empirical investigation of Islamic legal framework, crowd humanitarian funds and poverty reduction in selected Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). International Journal of Social Economics.
7. Antad, S., Vidhale, A., Vikhar, S., & Thite, S. (2024). A smart contract-based decentralized crowdfunding platform for increased security and transparency. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Recent Advances in AI and Blockchain.
8. Arifah, J. N., & Dalimunthe, Z. (2020). The impact of financial literacy on the investment decision of non-donation-based crowdfunding in Indonesia. International Journal of Business & Management.

9. Arraafi, M. I. (2024). Analisis strategi penghimpunan zakat, infaq, sedekah melalui digital crowdfunding di LAZISMU Jawa Barat. UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Digital Library. Retrieved from https://digilib.uinsgd.ac.id
10. Aysan, A. F., & Syarif, M. F. (2024). Crowdfunding and digital innovation for sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. APCTT.
11. Banerjee, S. A. (2020). Intimate technologies for development: Micro-philanthropy, crowdfunding platforms, and NGO fundraising in India. Sussex Research.
12. Baskoro, B. D., & Karmanto, G. D. (2020). Penggunaan platform crowdfunding dalam menyalurkan zakat, infaq, dan shadaqah (ZIS): Studi intensi masyarakat. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen, Vol. 2(2), 95–109. Retrieved from https://researchgate.net
13. Beaulieu, T., Sarker, S., & Sarker, S. (2015). A conceptual framework for understanding crowdfunding. Communications of the Association for Information Systems.
14. Behl, A., Dutta, P., Luo, Z., & Sheorey, P. (2022). Enabling artificial intelligence on a donation-based crowdfunding platform: A theoretical approach. Annals of Operations Research.
15. Behl, A., Dutta, P., Sheorey, P., & Singh, R. K. (2023). Examining the role of dialogic communication and trust in donation-based crowdfunding tasks using an information quality perspective. The TQM Journal.
16. Behl, A., Sampat, B., & Raj, S. (2023). An empirical investigation of repeated donations on crowdfunding platforms during COVID-19. Annals of Operations Research.
17. Belleflamme, P., Omrani, N., & Peitz, M. (2016). Understanding the strategies of crowdfunding platforms. CESIfo DICE report.
18. Bi, S., Liu, Z., & Usman, K. (2017). The influence of online information on investing decisions of reward-based crowdfunding. Journal of Business Research.
19. Bin-Nashwan, S. A., & Al-Daihani, M. (2021). Fundraising campaigns via social media platforms for mitigating the impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Islamic Marketing.
20. Burtch, G., Gupta, D., & Martin, P. (2021). Referral timing and fundraising success in crowdfunding. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management.
21. Chan, C. S. R., & Parhankangas, A. (2017). Crowdfunding innovative ideas: How incremental and radical innovativeness influence funding outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice.
22. Clark, M., Frydenlund, E., & Padilla, J. J. (2021). Network structures and humanitarian need. International Conference on Social Computing. Springer.
23. Clarkin, J. E. (2014). Crowdfunding, foundations, and impact investors as sources of financial capital for social entrepreneurs. Theory and Empirical Research in Social Entrepreneurship, Elgar Online.
24. Cottle, S., & Nolan, D. (2007). Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field: “Everyone was dying for footage”. Journalism Studies, 8(6), 862–878.
25. Çubukcu, A., Ulusoy, T., & Boz, E. Y. (2020). Crowdfunding and open innovation together: A conceptual framework of a hybrid crowd innovation model. International Journal of Innovation.
26. Cumming, D. J., Leboeuf, G., & Schwienbacher, A. (2020). Crowdfunding models: Keep-it-all vs. all-or-nothing. Financial.
27. Damargara, M. I., Lita, H. N., & Harrieti, N. (2023). Pemenuhan syarat-syarat zakat dalam praktik zakat crowdfunding ditinjau dari peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang zakat. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Islam, 3(7), 2556-2570. Retrieved from https://researchgate.net
28. De Crescenzo, V., Ribeiro-Soriano, D. E., & Bisignano, A. (2020). The viability of equity crowdfunding as a fundraising instrument. Journal of Business Research.
29. Dulaurans, M. (2014). Digital social innovation: The crowdfunding model. Vivat Academia.
30. Durohman, H., & Qesya, A. Z. (2024). For increasing the potential of productive zakat through sharia crowdfunding system and zakat allocation to empower. Al Fiddhoh: Journal of Banking and Islamic Finance, 5(1), 15-27. Retrieved from https://ejournal.iainkerinci.ac.id
31. Efe, A. (2018). A Problem Analysis over Humanitarian Aid Issues Based on Aid Principles and Methodology of Donors Dependency and Post-Development Theories. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 11(2), 81-114.
32. Efe, A. (2022). A review on risk reduction potentials of artificial intelligence in humanitarian aid sector. Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 5(2), 184-205.
33. Fad, M. F., & Imron, A. (2021). Legal protection of muzakki in zakat crowdfunding: Analysis of Maqasid Asy-Syari'ah. Asy-Syir'ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari'ah dan Hukum Islam, 55(1), 95–122. Retrieved from https://asy-syirah.uin-suka.com
34. Feola, R., Parente, R., & D'Onofrio, T. (2017). The evolution of crowdfunding towards an impact investing logic: The case of Paulownia Social Project. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 13(1), 19-34.
35. Ferreira, V., Papaoikonomou, E., & Terceno, A. (2022). Unpeel the layers of trust! A comparative analysis of crowdfunding platforms and what they do to generate trust. Business Horizons.
36. Fu, W., Shang, G., & Tong, X. (2024). Budget disclosure in crowdfunding: Information asymmetry and cost transparency. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management.
37. Han, J., Chen, W., & Toepler, S. (2020). Social finance for nonprofits: Impact investing, social impact bonds, and crowdfunding. The Routledge Companion to Philanthropy.
38. Hariwibowo, I. N., Wulandari, C. E., et al. (2022). Agency relation in online charity crowdfunding: The role of transparency to attract donation. IBIMA Business Review.
39. Hervé, F. & Schwienbacher, A. (2019). Crowdfunding and innovation. Contemporary topics in finance: a collection of literature surveys, pp. 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119565178.ch11
40. Hoegen, A., Steininger, D. M., & Veit, D. (2018). How do investors decide? An interdisciplinary review of decision-making in crowdfunding. Electronic Markets.
41. Hong, S., & Ryu, J. (2019). Crowdfunding public projects: Collaborative governance for achieving citizen co-funding of public goods. Government Information Quarterly.
42. Hoque, M. M. (2024). Crowdfunding for innovation: A comprehensive empirical review. Future Business Journal.
43. Hutton, P. L. (2022). Humanitarian fatigue: Towards a definition. Search.proquest.com. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies /IFRC). (2024). Everyone counts: Special edition mid-term review of Strategy 2030. Geneva, Switzerland, https://data.ifrc.org/fdrs/fdrs
44. Jung, E. J., Susarla, A., & Sambamurthy, V. (2014). Evolutionary fundraising patterns and entrepreneurial performance in crowdfunding platforms. Academia.edu.
45. Kang, M., Gao, Y., Wang, T., & Zheng, H. (2016). Understanding the determinants of funders' investment intentions on crowdfunding platforms: A trust-based perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
46. Karakulah, M., & Muneeza, A. (2024). Exploring the Role of Donation-Based Crowdfunding in Islamic Social Finance. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance.
47. Karmanto, G. D., & Mahri, A. J. W. (2021). Society intention in distribution of zakat, infaq and shadaqah (ZIS) through the use of crowdfunding platform. Falah: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 2(2), 1-16. Retrieved from https://ejournal.umm.ac.id
48. Kenworthy, N. (2018). Drone philanthropy? Global health crowdfunding and the anxious futures of partnership. Medicine Anthropology Theory.
49. Kholid, M. N. (2018). Keberterimaan muzaki terhadap zakat crowdfunding di Indonesia: Preliminary research. Proceeding of Conference on Islamic Management, Accounting, and Economics (CIMAE), 1, 52-58. Retrieved from https://journal.uii.ac.id
50. Kim, T., Por, M. H., & Yang, S. B. (2017). Winning the crowd in online fundraising platforms: The roles of founder and project features. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications.
51. Kshetri, N. (2015). Success of crowd-based online technology in fundraising: An institutional perspective. Journal of International Management.
52. La Torre, M. (2013). Banche e Welfare: Microcredito, crowdfunding e social impact investments. MK, Iris Uniroma1.
53. Lawal, I. M., & Ajayi, J. M. A. (2019). The role of Islamic social finance towards alleviating the humanitarian crisis in North-East Nigeria. Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan.
54. Lehner, O. M., Grabmann, E., & Ennsgraber, C. (2015). Entrepreneurial implications of crowdfunding as an alternative funding source for innovations. Venture Capital.
55. Li, Y. M., Wu, J. D., Hsieh, C. Y., & Liou, J. H. (2020). A social fundraising mechanism for charity crowdfunding. Decision Support Systems.
56. Liang, L., Xie, J., Ren, J., Wang, J., & Wang, C. (2024). Does transparency facilitate the fundraising capacity of public welfare crowdfunding? An empirical examination on Weibo. Industrial Management & Data Systems.
57. Luyckx, V. A., Van Biesen, W., & Ponikvar, J. B. (2024). Ethics in humanitarian settings—Relevance and consequences for dialysis and kidney care. Clinical Kidney Journal.
58. Manara, A. S., & Permata, A. R. E. (2018). Strategy model for increasing the potential of zakat through the crowdfunding-zakat system to overcome poverty in Indonesia. International Journal of Zakat, 3(4), 17-31. Retrieved from https://ijazbaznas.com
59. Mejia, J., Urrea, G., & Pedraza-Martinez, A. J. (2019). Operational transparency on crowdfunding platforms: Effect on donations for emergency response. Production and Operations Management.
60. Mollick, E. (2014). The dynamics of crowdfunding: An exploratory study. Journal of Business Venturing.
61. Multajam, M. (2024). Analisis crowdfunding syariah pada penghimpunan dana zakat, infaq dan sedekah di LAZ Daarut Tauhiid Peduli berdasarkan prinsip syariah. Universitas Muhammadiyah Tangerang Repository. Skripsi thesis, Retrieved from https://repository.umt.ac.id
62. Musa, M. K., Eshun, G., & Modber, M. A. A. (2024). Public health consequences of armed conflict in Sudan in the face of global donor fatigue. Public Health.
63. Ndou, V., Scorrano, P., Mele, G., et al. (2022). Fundraising activities and digitalization: Defining risk indicators for evaluating equity crowdfunding campaigns. Meditari Accountancy Research.
64. Nguyen, N. (2024). Towards fundraising from livestreaming for humanitarian preparedness. University of Helsinki.
65. Nurhalima, N., Muslihati, M., & Putra, T. W. (2024). Implementasi sistem sharia crowdfunding terhadap efektivitas penghimpunan dana zakat, infaq dan shadaqah (Studi pada Wahdah Inspirasi Zakat Kota Makassar). Islamika, 6(2). Retrieved from https://ejournal.stitpn.ac.id
66. O’Flynn, P., & Barnett, C. (2017). Evaluation and impact investing: A review of methodologies to assess social impact. OpenDocs, IDS UK.
67. Olin, E., & von Schreeb, J. (2014). Funding based on needs? A study on the use of needs assessment data by a major humanitarian health assistance donor in its decisions to allocate funds. PLoS Currents.
68. Özpolat, K., Rilling, J., Altay, N., & Chavez, E. (2015). Engaging donors in smart compassion: USAID CIDI’s Greatest Good Donation Calculator. Journal of Humanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 5(3), 251–267.
69. Pasmawati, Y., Tontowi, A. E., Hartono, B., & Wibowo, A. (2022). Strategy for improving crowdfunding investments in startup business. European Journal of Innovation Management.
70. Pedraza-Martinez, A. J. (2024). Humanitarian operations and earmarked funding. Smarter Decisions for a Better World.
71. Pestana, M. C., & Vieira, V. (2024). United for Humanity: Developing a Collaborative Model for Crowd Engagement in Crisis Recovery Campaigns. Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos.
72. Pierrakis, Y., & Collins, L. (2013). Crowdfunding: A new innovative model of providing funding to projects and businesses. SSRN.
73. Poole, L. (2014). A calculated risk: How donors should engage with risk financing and transfer mechanisms. OECD Library.
74. Rohmah, I. L., Ibdalsyah, I., & Others. (2020). Pengaruh persepsi kemudahan berdonasi dan efektivitas penyaluran menggunakan fintech crowdfunding terhadap minat membayar zakat, infaq, shadaqoh. Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 13(1), 42-51. Retrieved from https://ejournal.uika-bogor.ac.id
75. Rohman, H. F., & Amrullah, M. R. (2024). Digital fundraising zakat: A study on the impact of social media marketing and crowdfunding. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah, 9(1), 13-19. Retrieved from https://eprints.uad.ac.id
76. Rossi, A., & Vismara, S. (2018). What do crowdfunding platforms do? A comparison between investment-based platforms in Europe. Eurasian Business Review.
77. Saez, P., Sida, L., Bonnifield, R., & Worden, R. (2021). Improving performance in the multilateral humanitarian system: New models of donorship. Center for Global Development.
78. Salido-Andrés, N., Rey-García, M., et al. (2019). Determinants of success of donation-based crowdfunding through digital platforms: The influence of offline factors. España Revista De.
79. Scataglini, M., & Ventresca, M. J. (2019). Funding the UN Sustainable Development Goals: Lessons from donation-based crowdfunding platforms. Saïd Business School Working Paper.
80. Sharma, S., & Lertnuwat, N. (2016). The financial crowdfunding with diverse business models. Journal of Asian and African Social Science.
81. Shashkova, N. V., Kudryavtseva, M. E., et al. (2024). Crowdfunding as an online integration platform for social interaction in the digital society. IEEE Explore.
82. Signori, A., & Vismara, S. (2016). Returns on investments in equity crowdfunding. SSRN Electronic Journal.
83. Sithole, T. O. (2024). The use of digital platforms by citizen aid actors during the Ukraine humanitarian crisis. Frontiers in Human Dynamics.
84. Song, C., Luo, J., & Hölttä-Otto, K. (2020). Crowdfunding for design innovation: Prediction model with critical factors. IEEE Transactions on.
85. Son-Turan, S. (2021). Uncovering trust signals in equity crowdfunding: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Research in Business and Economics.
86. Stanley, A., & Connolly, L. (2023). Implications of time on donor behavior and processes in relation to localization. Negotiation Journal, 39(1), 45–63.
87. Sulaeman, S., & Ninglasari, S. Y. (2020). Analyzing the behavioral intention factors in using zakat-based crowdfunding platform in Indonesia. International Journal of Zakat, 5(3), 1-19.
88. Sydnor, K. P. (2020). Organizational influence within a non-responsive contemporary philanthropic donor environment. Search.proquest.com.
89. Sylvia, G. (2022). The impact of identified individual victims on funding in humanitarian crises. Repository.library.georgetown.edu.
90. Thaker, M., Thaker, H., Pitchay, A. B. A., & Others. (2019). A proposed integrated zakat-crowdfunding model (IZCM) for effective collection and distribution of zakat fund in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Finance, 1(2), 1-12. Retrieved from https://irep.iium.edu.my
91. Tomczak, A., & Brem, A. (2013). A conceptualized investment model of crowdfunding. Venture Capital. Turan, S. S. (2015). Financial innovation-crowdfunding: Friend or foe? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences.
92. Ulya, N. U. (2018). Legal protection of donation-based crowdfunding zakat on financial technology: Digitalization of zakat under perspective of positive law and Islamic law. Indonesian Conference of Zakat Proceedings, Retrieved from https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37706/iconz.2018.132
93. Urrea, G., & Pedraza-Martinez, A. J. (2019). Private donations for humanitarian operations. Decision-Making in Humanitarian Operations.
94. Usman, S. M., Bukhari, F. A. S., You, H., & Badulescu, D. (2020). The effect and impact of signals on investing decisions in reward-based crowdfunding: A comparative study of China and the United Kingdom. Journal of Risk and Financial Management.
95. Van Teunenbroek, C., et al. (2023). Researching the crowd: Implications on philanthropic crowdfunding and donor characteristics during a pandemic. Journal of Philanthropy.
96. Vestergaard, A. (2013). Humanitarian appeal and the paradox of power. Critical Discourse Studies, 10(2), 125–146.
97. Wang, W., Chen, W., Zhu, K., & Wang, H. (2020). Emphasizing the entrepreneur or the idea? The impact of text content emphasis on investment decisions in crowdfunding. Decision Support Systems.
98. Warwick, A. D. (2019). Overcoming donor fatigue. Stewardshipcalling.com.
99. Wehnert, P., Baccarella, C. V., & Beckmann, M. (2019). In crowdfunding we trust? Investigating crowdfunding success as a signal for enhancing trust in sustainable product features. Technological Forecasting and Social Change.
100. Widyar, V. R., Ainulyaqin, M. H., & Ahmad, Y. (2024). Analisis penggunaan Instagram dan fintech crowdfunding terhadap minat membayar zakat dengan transparansi Badan Amil Zakat sebagai variabel intervening. Economic Reviews: Journal of Islamic Finance, 3(1), 330-240. Retrieved from https://mes-bogor.com
101. Wierzbicka, K., & Prystrom, J. (2024). Alternative methods of financing humanitarian crises: Crowdfunding. Sciendo.
102. Xu, S., Ling, L., Du, S., & Liu, L. (2023). Crowdfunding or traditional mode? Strategy choices in product selling. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review.
103. Xu, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, C., Tan, Y., Zhang, P., & Wang, G. (2023). A decentralized trust management mechanism for crowdfunding. Information Processing & Management.
104. Xuefeng, L., & Zhao, W. (2018). Using crowdfunding in an innovative way: A case study from a Chinese crowdfunding platform. Portland International Conference.
105. Yáñez-Valdés, C., & Guerrero, M. (2024). Equity crowdfunding platforms and sustainable impacts: Encountering investors and technological initiatives for tackling social and environmental challenges. European Journal of Innovation Management.