KURUMLARDA YAŞANAN AHLAKİ ÇÖZÜLME MEKANİZMASINA İLİŞKİN BİR ÖRNEK OLAY İNCELEMESİ

Abstract

Ahlaki çözülme kavramı, kişilerin, ahlaki standartlarıyla, içinde bulundukları davranışın birbirleriyle uyuşmaması neticesinde yaşamış oldukları çelişkiyi, bir takım bilişsel mekanizmaları kullanarak ortadan kaldırma çabası içine girmeleri olarak tanımlanabilir (Moore, 2012: 199). Bu çalışmada, kurumlarda yaşanan etik dışı davranışların zeminini oluşturabileceği düşünülen ahlaki çözülme sürecinin aşamaları, hizmet sektöründe faaliyet gösteren bir kurumda gerçekleşmiş olan bir örnek olay yardımıyla derinlemesine incelenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, bu çalışmanın hem ahlaki çözülme mekanizmalarına zemin oluşturabilecek öncellerin tespiti hem de konuyla ilgili alandaki az sayıdaki nitel çalışmayı destekleyici özelliği nedeniyle yazına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. 

Keywords

• Ahlaki Çözülme,Ahlaki Çözülme Mekanizmaları,Etik Dışı Davranış

A CASE STUDY ON MORAL DISENGAGEMENT MECHANISM IN ORGANIZATIONS

Abstract

Moral disengagement is defined as “a set of eight cognitive mechanisms that decouple one’s internal moral standards from one’s actions, facilitating engaging in unethical behavior without feeling distress” (Moore, 2012: 199). In this study, moral disengagement mechanisms which are supposed to be the basis for unethical behaviors in organizations have been profoundly analyzed with the help of a case study in a service organization. In addition, this study will provide a contribution to the literature by identifying the antecedents that lead to moral disengagement mechanisms and supporting to the limited number of qualitative studies in this field.

Keywords

• Moral Disengagement,Moral Disengagement Mechanism,Unethical Behavior

References

1. Alnuaimi, O. A., Robert, L. P. ve Maruping, L. M. (2010). Team Size, Dispersion, and Social Loafing in Technology-supported Teams: A Perspective on the Theory of Moral Disengagement. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(1), 203-230.
2. Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. ve Yıldırım, E. (2012). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri: Spss Uygulamalı. Adapazarı: Sakarya Kitabevi.Anand, V., Ashforth, B.E. ve Joshi, E. (2005). Business as Usual: The Acceptance and Perpetuation of Corruption in Organizations. Academy of Management Executive, 19 (4), 9-23.
3. Ashforth, B. E., ve Anand, V. (2003). The Normalization of Corruption in Organizations. In R. M. Kramer ve B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (pp. 1-52). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
4. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5. Bandura, A. (1990). Selective Activation and Disengagement of Moral Control. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 27-46.
6. Bandura (1991). Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action. W. M. Kurtines ve J. L. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development: Theory, Research and Applications (pp. 71-129). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7. Bandura, A. (1999). Moral Disengagement in the Perpetration of Inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193-209.
8. Bandura, A. (2004). Selective Exercise of Moral Agency. T.A. Thorkildsen ve H. J. Walberg (Ed.), Nurturing Morality (pp. 37-57). Boston: Kluwer Academic.

9. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V. ve Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement in the Exercise of Moral Agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374.Barnes, G. M., Welte, J. W., Hoffman, J. H. ve Dintcheff, B. A. (2005). Shared Predictors of Youthful Gambling, Substance Use, and Delinquency. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 2, 165-174.
10. Barsky, A. (2008). Understanding the Ethical Cost of Organizational Goal-Setting: A Review and Theory Development. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 63–81.
11. Barsky, A. (2011). Investigating the Effects of Moral Disengagement and Participation on Unethical Work Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(1), 59-75.
12. Benson, M. L. (1985). Denying the Guilty Mind: Accounting for Involvement in a White-collar Crime. Criminology, 23(4), 583–607.
13. Bonner, J. M., Greenbaum, R. L. ve Mayer, D. M. (2014). My Boss is Morally Disengaged: The Role of Ethical Leadership in Explaining The Interactive Effect of Supervisor and Employee Moral Disengagement on Employee Behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 137(4), 1-12.
14. Bolinger, D. (1982). Language: The Loaded Weapon. London, UK: Longman
15. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayınları.
16. Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G. ve Abela, J. (2012). The Positivity Scale. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 701.
17. Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Tisak, M. S., Paciello, M., Caprara, M. G., Gerbino, M. ve Fontaine, R. G. (2013). Individual Differences in Personality Conducive to Engagement in Aggression and Violence. European Journal of Personality, 27, 290-303. Cory, S. N. ve Hernandez, A. R. (2014). Moral Disengagement in Business and Humanities Majors: An Exploratory Study. Research in Higher Education Journal, 23, 1-11.
18. Chen, M., Chen, C. C. ve Sheldon, O. J. (2016). Relaxing Moral Reasoning to Win: How Organizational Identification Relates to Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(8), 1082-96.
19. Christian, J. S. ve Ellis, A. P. J. (2014). The Crucial Role of Turnover Intentions in Transforming Moral Disengagement Into Deviant Behavior at Work. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(2), 193-208.
20. Claybourn, M. (2011). Relationships Between Moral Disengagement, Work Characteristics and Workplace Harassment. Journal of Business Ethics, 100, 283-301. Crick, N. R. ve Dodge, K. A. (1994). A Review and Reformulation of Social Information-Processing Mechanisms In Children's Social Adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74-101.
21. Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., ve Sweitzer, V. L. (2008). Moral Disengagement in Ethical Decision Making: A Study of Antecedents and Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 374-391.
22. Duffy, M. K., Scott,K. L., Shaw, J. D., Tepper, B. J. ve Aquino, K. (2012). A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 643-666.
23. Elliot, A. J. ve Devine, P. G. (1994). On The Motivational Nature of Cognitive Dissonance: Dissonance as Psychological Discomfort. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(3), 382-394.
24. Erbaş, E. ve Perçin, N.Ş. (2016). Kişi-Çevre Uyumu ve Takım Çalışması İşlevsizliği İlişkisinde Ahlâki Çözülme’nin Aracı Rolü. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 77-91.
25. Erbaş, E. ve Perçin, N.Ş. (2017). Ahlaki Çözülme (Moral Disengagement) Ölçeği Türkçe Geçerlemesi ve Kişi-Çevre Uyumu İlişkisi. AİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 177-190.
26. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Stanford : Stanford University Press.
27. Fida, R., Paciello, M., Tramontano, C., Fontaine, R. G., Barbaranelli, C. ve Farnese, M. L. (2015). An Integrative Approach to Understanding Counterproductive Work Behavior: The Roles of Stressors, Negative Emotion and Moral Disengagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(1), 131-144.
28. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B. ve Alto, G. (2008). Determinants of Adolescents’ Active Defending and Passive Bystanding Behavior in Bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93–105.
29. Haney, C., Banks, W. C. ve Zimbardo, P. G. (1973). A Study of Prisoners and Guards in A Simulated Prison. Naval Research Review, 30, 4-17.
30. Hogan, R. ve Hogan, J. (2009). Hogan Development Survey Manual. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.
31. Hystad, S. W., Mearns, K. J. ve Eid, J. (2014). Moral Disengagement as a Mechanism between Perceptions of Organizational Injustice and Deviant Work Behaviours. Safety Science, 68, 138-145.
32. Jackall R. (1988). Moral Mazes: The World of Corporate Managers. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
33. Johnson, Craig E. (2014).Why “Good” Followers Go “Bad”: The Power of Moral Disengagement. Faculty Publications - School of Business. 85.
34. Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
35. Kelman, H. C. ve Hamilton, V. L. (1989). Crimes of Obedience. Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press
36. Kiraz, B. Ö. (2016). A Social Psychological Approach to the Conduct of Al-Qaeda Terrorism. Tesam Akademi Dergisi, 3(1), 81-97.
37. Kish-Gephart, J. J., Harrison, D. A. ve Trevino, L. K. (2010). Bad Apples, Bad Cases, and Bad Barrels: Meta-Analytic Evidence about Sources of Unethical Decisions at Work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 1-31.
38. Kish-Gephart, J., Detert, J., Trevino, L. K., Baker, V. ve Martin, S. (2014). Situational Moral Disengagement: Can the Effects of Self-Interest be Mitigated?. Journal of Business Ethics, 125(2), 267–285.
39. Klass, E. T. (1978). Psychological Effects of Immoral Actions: The Experimental Evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 85(4), 756 – 771.
40. Leiter, M. P. ve C. Maslach. (1988). The Impact of Interpersonal Environment on Burnout and Organizational Commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 297-308.
41. Liu, Y., Lam, Y. W. ve Loi, R. (2012). Ethical Leadership and Workplace Deviance: The Role of Moral Disengagement. In W.H. Mobley, Y. Wang ve M. Li (Eds.), Advances in Global Leadership (pp.37-56). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
42. Maikovich, A. K. (2005). A New Understanding of Terrorism Using Cognitive Dissonance Principles, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 35 (4), 373-397.
43. Maslach, C. (2003). Job Burnout: New Directions in Research and Intervention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12 (5), 189-192.
44. Moore, C. (2008). Moral Disengagement in Processes of Organizational Corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(1), 129-139.
45. Moore, C., Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., Baker, V. L. ve Mayer, D. M. (2012). Why Employees Do Bad Things: Moral Disengagement and Unethical Organizational Behavior. Personnel Psychology, 65(1), 1-48.
46. Milgram, S. (1974). Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. New York, NY: Harper& Row.
47. Mitchell, W.J., Lewis, P. V. ve Reinsch, N.L. (1992). Bank Ethics: An Exploratory Study of Ethical Behaviors and Perceptions in Small, Local Banks, Journal of Business Ethics, 11 (3), 197-205.
48. Ntayi, J. M., Eyaa, S. ve Ngoma, M. (2010). Moral Disengagement and the Social Construction of Procurement Officers’ Deviant Behaviours. Journal of Management Policy and Practice, 11(4), 95-110.
49. Obermann, M.L. (2011). Moral Disengagement in Self-reported and Peer-nominated School Bullying, Aggressive Behavior, 37 (2), 133-144.
50. Palmer, N. (2013). The Effects of Leader Behavior on Follower Ethical Behavior: Examining the Mediating Roles of Ethical Efficacy and Moral Disengagement. Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research from the College of Business. 40.
51. Pornari, C. D., ve Wood, J. (2010). Peer and Cyber Aggression in Secondary School Students: The Role of Moral Disengagement, Hostile Attribution Bias, and Outcome Expectancies. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 81–94. Saidon, I., Galbreath, J. ve Whiteley, A. (2010). Antecedents of Moral Disengagement: Preliminary Empirical Study in Malaysia. In 24th Annual Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Adelaide, Australia.
52. Saidon, I., Galbreath, J. ve Whiteley, A. (2012). Organizational Ethical Climate and Interpersonal Deviance: The Mediating Role of Moral Disengagement. Z. Zinuddin (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Business and Economic Research (pp. 1057-1075). Bandung, Indonesia.
53. Sönmez, V. ve Alacapınar, F. G. (2016). Örneklendirilmiş Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
54. Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R. ve Reynolds, S. J. (2006). Behavioral Ethics in Organizations: A review. Journal of Management, 32, 951-990.
55. Treviño, L. K., Weaver, G. R., Gibson, D. G. ve Toffler, B. L. (1999). Managing Ethics and Legal Compliance: What Hurts and What Works. California Management Review, 41(2), 131−151.
56. Weiner, B. (1986). An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag.
57. White, J., Bandura, A. ve Bero, L. (2009). Moral Disengagement in the Corporate World. Accountability in Research, 16(1), 41–74.
58. Yalçın, Ö. (2014). Ahlaki İhlallere Tanıklıkta Ahlaki Geri Çekilme: Ahlaki Temel Ve İçgrup/Dışgrup Durumlarında Gözlenen Farklılıklar (Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
59. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.