ÇALIŞANLARDAKİ STATÜ ENDİŞESİ VE İŞBİRLİĞİNE DAYALI AMAÇ YAPILARININ İŞYERİ KISKANÇLIĞI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİNE İLİŞKİN KURAMSAL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Abstract

Kıskançlık, bir kişinin, başka bir kişide, kendisinden daha üstün özelliklerin var olduğunu fark etmesi sonucunda, bu avantajlı durumu ele geçirme isteğini içinde barındıran acı verici bir duygu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu olgunun kendi içinde hem duygusal, hem de bilişsel bir değerlendirme sürecini barındırdığı düşünüldüğünde, çalışma ortamında kişilerin yapmış oldukları sosyal karşılaştırmaların ve statüleriyle ilgili sahip oldukları endişelerin, çalışma arkadaşlarına karşı hissettikleri yıkıcı duygulara zemin oluşturması beklenmektedir. Özellikle yerel yazında işyerinde yaşanan kıskançlıkla ilgili az sayıda çalışmaların yer alması ve bu kavramın ilgili öncellerle (statü endişesi ve işbirlikçi amaç yapıları) ilişkisinin hem ulusal hem de uluslararası yazında daha önce irdelenmemiş olduğu düşünüldüğünde, bu çalışmada önerilen modelin, çalışanların içinde barındırdıkları kıskançlık duygusunun açığa çıkmasını kolaylaştırıcı dinamiklerin anlaşılması ve çağdaş yönetim uygulamalarına ışık tutması açısından yazına katkı sağlayacağına inanılmaktadır.

Keywords

• İşyerinde Kıskançlık,Sosyal Karşılaştırma,Statü Endişesi,İşbirlikçi Amaç Yapıları

A THEORETICAL STUDY ABOUT THE EFFECTS OF STATUS ANXIETY AND COOPERATIVE GOAL STRUCTURES ON WORKPLACE ENVY

Abstract

Envy is defined as a painful feeling when someone realizes another’s superior qualities & achievements and desires to seize this advantageous position.It is also expected that the fact of envy that inholds both an affective  and a cognitive evaluation process about ssocial comparisons and status anxiety forms a basis for the destructive feelings towards their colleagues.There is no empirical study both in national and international literature regarding the antecedents of workplace envy related with these concepts (status anxiety and cooperative goal structures) so the proposed model of the study is expected to contribute  literature in terms of understanding the triggering factors  of workplace envy and provide  new insights into the contemporary management practices.

Keywords

• : Envy at Workplace,Social Comparison,Status Anxiety,Cooperatative Goal Structures

References

1. Brickman, P.,Bulman, R. J. (1977). Pleasure and Pain in Social Comparison, in J. M. Suls, R. L. Miller (eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives, Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 149-186.
2. Cohen-Charash, Y., Mueller, J. S. (2007). Does Perceived Unfairness Exacerbate or Mitigate Interpersonal Counterproductive Work Behaviors Related to Envy?, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 666-680.
3. Cohen-Charash, Y. (2009). Episodic Envy, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(9), 2128-2173.
4. Chen, Y. F., Tjosvold, D. (2005). Cross-Cultural Leadership: Goal Interdependence and Leader–Member Relations in Foreign Ventures in China, Journal of International Management, 11, 417–439.
5. Crusius, J., Mussweiler, T. (2012). When People Want What Others Have: The Impulsive Side of Envious Desire, Emotion, 12, 142–153.
6. De Botton, A. (2004). Status Anxiety, London: Hamish Hamilton.
7. De Dreu, C. K. W. (2007). Cooperative Outcome Interdependence, Task Reflexivity, and Team Effectiveness: A Motivated Information Processing Perspective, Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 628-638.
8. Deutsch, M. (1949). A Theory of Cooperation and Competition”, Human Relations, 2, 129–152.

9. Deutsch, M. (1973). The Resolution of Conflict, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
10. Deutsch, M. (1980). Over Fifty Years of Conflict Research”, in L. Festinger (ed.), Four Decades of Social Psychology, Newyork: Oxford University Press, 46-77.
11. Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L.Shaw, J. D. Tepper, B. J., Aquino, K. (2012). A Social Context Model of Envy and Social Undermining, Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 643-666.
12. Duffy, M. K., Shaw J. D. (2000). The Salieri Syndrome: Consequences of Envy in Groups, Small Group Research, 31(1), 3-23.
13. Dogan, K., Vecchio, R. P. (2001). Managing Envy and Jealousy in the Workplace, Compensation & Benefits Review, 33(2), 57-64.
14. Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D.,. Schaubroeck, J. M. (2008). Envy in Organizational Life, in R. Smith (ed.), Envy: Theory and Research, Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Press, 167-189.
15. Dunn, J., Schweitzer, M. (2006). Green and Mean: Envy and Social Undermining in Organizations, in A. Tenbrunsel (ed.), Research on Managing Groups and Teams: Ethics in Groups, London: Elsevier,177-197.
16. Festinger, L. (1957). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson.
17. Foster, G. (1972). The Anatomy of Envy, Current Anthropology, 13, 165-202.
18. Frank, R. H. (1985). Choosing the Right Pond : Human Behavior and the Quest for Status, New York: Oxford University Press.Goodman, P. S. (1977). Social Comparison Processes in Organizations, in B. M. Staw, G. Salancik (eds.), New Directions in Organizational Behavior, Chicago, IL: St. Claire Press, 97-132.
19. Gershman, B. (2014). The Two Sides of Envy, Journal of Economic Growth, 19(4), 407–438.
20. Gino, F., Pierce, L. (2010). Robin Hood Under the Hood: Wealth-based Discrimination in Illicit Customer Help, Organization Science, 21, 1176 –1194.
21. Hill, S. E., Del Priore, D. J., Vaughan, P. W. (2011). The Cognitive Consequences of Envy: Attention, Memory, and Self-regulatory Depletion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 653–666.
22. Hogg, M. A. (1992). The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity, New York: New York University Press.
23. Hogg, M. A., Vaughan, G. M. (2007). Sosyal Psikoloji, Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
24. Johnson, D. W., G. Maruyama, R. Johnson, D. Nelson, L. Skon (1981). Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic Goal Structures on Achievement: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 89, 47-62.
25. Johnson, D. W., Johnson R. T., Smith, K. A. (2007). The State of Cooperative Learning in Postsecondary and Professional Settings, Educational Psychology Review, 19(1), 15-29.
26. Klein, M. (1957). Envy and Gratitude, New York: The Free Press.
27. Kelley, H. H., Thibaut, J. W. (1969). Group Problem Solving, in G. Lindzey, E. Aronson (eds), The Handbook of Social Psychology, Reading, Mass.: Addison- Wesley, 1-101.
28. Lee, K., Duffy, M. K. (2014). When and How Workplace Envy Promotes Job Performance, Philadelphia: Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management.
29. Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I. (2009). Pains and Pleasures of Social Life, Neuroscience, 13, 890–891.
30. Marmot, M. (2004). Status Syndrome: How Your Social Standing Directly Effects Your Health and Life Expectancy, London: Routledge.
31. Miceli, M., Castelfranchi, C. (2007). The Envious Mind”, Cognition & Emotion, 21(3), 449-479.
32. Nandedkar, A. Midha, V. (2014). An International Perspective Concerning Impact of Supervisor - Subordinate Relationship on Envy, Knowledge Sharing, and Relational Conflict among Employees", Journal of International & Interdisciplinary Business Research, 1, 89-104.
33. Parrott, W. G., Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the Experiences of Envy and Jealousy”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 906–920.
34. Palaver, W. (2005). Envy or Emulation: A Christian Understanding of Economic Passions”, in W. Palaver, P. Steinmair-Pösel (Eds.), Passions in Economy, Politics, and the Media: In Discussion with Christian Theology, London: Transaction Publishers, 139-162.
35. Paskov, M., Gerxhani, K., Van de Werfhorst, H. G. (2013). Income Inequality and Status Anxiety, GINI Discussion Paper 90, Amsterdam: AIAS.
36. Polman, E.,Ruttan, R. L. (2012). Effects of Anger, Guilt and Envy on Moral Hypocrisy, Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 129-139.
37. Roberson, Q. M. (2006). Justice in Teams: The Activation and Role of Sensemaking in the Emergence of Justice Climates, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,100(2), 177-192.
38. Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. S. (2004). Comparing Lots Before and After: Promotion Rejectees' Invidious Reactions to Promotees, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94(1), 33-47.
39. Shu, C. Y., Lazatkhan, J. (2017). Effect of Leader-Member Exchange in Employee Envy and Work Behavior Moderated by Self-esteem and Neuroticism, Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 33, 69-81.
40. Smith, R. H., Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending Envy, Psychological Bulletin, 133, 46-64.
41. Taylor, G. (1988). Envy and Jealousy: Emotions and Vices, Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 13, 233–249.
42. Thompson, G., Glasø, L., Martinsen, Ø. (2015). The Relationships between Envy and Attitudinal and Behavioral Outcomes at Work, Scandinavian Journal of Organizational Psychology, 7(1), 5-18.
43. Tjoswold, D. (1984). Cooperation Theory and Organizations, Human Relations, 37(9),743-767.
44. Van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., Pieters, R. (2012). Appraisal Patterns of Envy and Related Emotions, Motivation and Emotion, 36(2), 195–204.
45. Vecchio, R. P. (1995). It's Not Easy Being Green: Jealousy and Envy in the Workplace, Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, 13, 202-207.
46. Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative Emotion in the Workplace: Employee Jealousy and Envy, International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
47. Vecchio, R. (2005). Explorations in Employee Envy: Feeling Envious and Feeling Envied, Cognition & Emotion, 19(1), 69-81.
48. Vecchio, R. P. (2007). Cinderella and Salieri in the Workplace: The Envied and the Envier”, in S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, D. P. Skarlicki (eds.), Managing Social and Ethical Issues in Organizations, Information Age, 109-134.
49. Weiss, H. M., Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory: A Theoretical Discussion of the Structure, Causes and Consequences of Affective Experiences at Work, in B. M. Staw, L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior: An Annual Series of Analytical Essays and Critical Reviews, US: Elsevier Science/JAI Press, 1-74.
50. Wilkinson, R. G. (2004). Why is Violence More Common Where Inequality is Greater?, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1036 (1), 1-12.
51. Wilkinson, R. G., Pickett, K. E. (2006). Income Inequality and Population Health: A Review and Explanation of the Evidence, Social Science and Medicine, 62, 1768-1784.
52. Wilkinson, R. G., Pickett, K. E. (2010). The Spirit Level. Why Equality is Better for Everyone, London: Penguin Books.
53. Wobker, I. (2015). The Price of Envy—an Experimental Investigation of Spiteful Behavior, Managerial and Decision Economics, 36, 326–335
54. Wood, J. V. (1996). What is Social Comparison and How Should We Study It?, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 520-537.