Kurgan Tipi Gömüt Yapısı, Yeni Öneriler ve Kültürlerarası Etkileşimdeki Olası Rolü: Kuzey Karadeniz (Büyük Olbia) Örneği

Year 2022, Issue: 27, 107 - 138, 09.02.2023

Okan Sezer

https://doi.org/10.26650/anar.2022.1017525

Abstract

Tartışmalı olanların dışında bilinen en eski örneklerine MÖ 3. binyılda rastlanan kurganlar Eski Avrasya toplumları tarafından bozkır kuşağında sıklıkla uygulanmış bir gömüt mimarisidir. İklim ve düzensiz yağış rejimi nedeniyle bozkır kuşağında yaşanan kıtlıklar belli dönemlerde birbirini tetikleyen göç hareketlerine neden olmuş, Anadolu ve Yakın Doğu söz konusu göç hareketlerinin ulaşmayı hedefledikleri coğrafyalar arasında yer almış ve böylelikle kurgan tipi gömüt yapısı diğer toplumlar tarafından da tanınır hale gelmiştir. Toplumlar arasındaki iletişimin şekli tek başına kuzeyden güneye doğru ilerleyen göçlerden ibaret değildir. MÖ 7-6. yüzyıllarda farklı sosyal ve ekonomik nedenlere dayanan Eski Yunan koloni faaliyetlerinin Karadeniz’in kuzey kıyılarında başladığı bilinmektedir. Aynı tarihlerde bölgede varlığı artış gösteren atlı-göçer toplumlar ile çeşitli kültürel etkileşimler gerçekleşmiştir. Pre-Hellenistik Dönem’e tarihlendirilen kurganlar Büyük Olbia’nın tarihi sınırlarında kalan Kırım’ın kuzeybatısında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Çalışmada bir kısmı geçmiş kurtarma kazılarıyla ortaya çıkarılan tanımlı kurganlardan bazıları derlenmiş, kurgan gelenekli atlı-göçer toplum modeli adına öneriler sunulmuş ve atlı-göçer toplumlar ile Eski Yunan toplumu arasındaki olası etkileşimler kurgan temelinde var olan önerilerle birlikte değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

Kurgan, Karadeniz Arkeolojisi, İskitler, Eski Yunan, Olbia, Gömüt

Thanks

İlk bilimsel ve sistemli kazıların başladığı tarihten bu yana ürettikleri bilgi ve keşiflerle kurgan tipi gömüt yapısını ve etrafında şekillenen farklı kültürleri anlamamızı sağlayan zamanın ve şimdinin tüm bilim insanlarına teşekkürü bir borç bilirim.

Kurgan, New Suggestions and Its Possible Role in Intercultural Interactions: the Northern Black Sea (Greater Olbia) Case

Abstract

Apart from some controversial ones, kurgans are a model of grave architecture frequently used by ancient Eurasian societies in the steppes, with the oldest-known examples of kurgans dating back to the third millennium BC. Famines caused by climate conditions and erratic rainfall patterns led to migrations that triggered one-after another throughout particular periods. Kurgan became known by other societies as a result of these migrations happening toward certain geographies such as Anatolia and the Near East. The mode of societal interactions is not solely composed of migrations from north-to-south. Ancient Greeks’ activities on establishing colonies along the northern shore of the Black Sea are known to have started in the 7th-6th century BC for various social and economic reasons. During these centuries, certain cultural interactions took place with the nomadic horseman tribes that were gaining strength. Kurgans date back to the pre-Hellenistic period, with many found in the northwest of the Crimean Peninsula, located within the historical borders of Greater Olbia. This paper aims to bring together some of the kurgans that have been investigated by rescue excavations, to offer some suggestions for a model of the kurgan-centered society, and to evaluate possible further interactions between the nomadic horseman tribes and ancient Greek society in the context of kurgan architecture with existing suggestions. 

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