Some Quality and Microbiological Traits of Tokat Tarhana Obtained from Different Wheat Cultivars Under Various Drying Conditions

Year 2023, , 735 - 743, 29.12.2023

Sevil Gençer Özyılmaz , Cemalettin Baltacı , Bilge Bahar

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.4.2

Abstract

This study was carried out to evaluate the variations in some quality traits of Tokat red pepper tarhana samples according to the cultivars and drying techniques. For this aim, five white grained bread wheat cultivars such as Altınöz, Candaş, Gökkan, Şahika, and Yakamoz were used as material. And, tarhana samples were dried under open air, airflow oven and vacuum. The study was conducted with three replications according to the split plot design in random plots. All quality traits showed statistically significant variations for the bread wheat cultivars (C), drying techniques (DT), and DT×C interactions. Thus, airflow oven showed the highest values among the drying techniques for the contents of ash (8.5892%), total titration acidity (27.433%) and salt (6.842%). On the other hand, open air drying technique presented the highest values for moisture (14.556%), pH (4.349) and the density of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (1.4×104 CFU g-1 for M17 agar, 2.4×104 CFU g-1 for MRS agar. Also, Gökkan cv had the highest percents for all quality traits except LAB density. These findings showed that the most suitable bread wheat cultivar for Tokat red pepper tarhana was Gökkan cv, and the most favorable drying technique was open air drying. In addition, it is understood from the results that wheat cultivar and drying technique which used in tarhana production were essential factors. So, tarhana sector should choose the best wheat cultivar and drying technique to be used in tarhana production for consumer taste and healthy diet. From this study, it is understood that the open air drying is the most sustainable technique in terms of both production and consumption.

Keywords

Bread wheat, Flour, Quality traits, Tarhana

Supporting Institution

Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, BAP Koordinatörlüğü, GÜBAP2907 Lisansüstü Eğitim Projesi

Project Number

21.E0106.07.01

Thanks

The authors thank the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute and its staff for their special interest in providing material. They are also thankful to graduate students (Esma GÜLBAHAR and Müşerref GÜNAY) because of their laboratory supports.

References

• AACC (1990). American Association of Cereal Chemists, Approved Methods of The AACC, 8th ed.
• Akbaş, Ş., Coşkun, H. (2006). Tarhana üretimi ve özellikleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. Türkiye 9. Gıda Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Bolu, Türkiye, 703-706.
• Aksu, F., Uran, H., Ünver, Alçay, A., Sertakan, S. (2012). Trakya Tarhanası. In: III. Geleneksel Gıdalar Sempozyumu. Konya, Türkiye, s. 669-671.
• Anonymous (2001). TS 1728 ISO 1842. (2001). Meyve ve sebze ürünleri- Ph tayini, Türk Standardları Enstitüsü Necatibey Caddesi No.112 Bakanlıklar/Ankara.
• Anonymous (2023). Tarhanada kullanılan ekmeklik buğday materyalinin çeşit özellikleri. Doğu Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, Adana. https://arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/cukurovataem/Menu/25/Bugday-_-Ekmeklik-_-Makarnalik-_ Available date: 11 August, 2023.
• Atasoy, R. (2018). Çeşitli tahıl ve bakliyat unlarıyla üretilen tarhanaların fizikokimyasal, mikrobiyolojik ve besinsel niteliklerinin araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Kastamonu. 90 s. (in Turkish).
• Blandino, A., Al-Aseeri, M.E., Pandiella, S.S., Cantero, B., Webb, C. (2003). Cereal-based fermented foods and beverages. Food Research International, 36(6), 527-543.
• Coşkun, F. (2014). Tarhananın Tarihi ve Türkiye’de Tarhana Çeşitleri. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 9(3), 69-79.
• Çopur, Ö.U., Göçmen, D., Tamer, C. E., Gürbüz, O. (2001). Tarhana üretiminde farklı uygulamaların ürün kalitesine etkisi. Gıda Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 26 (5), 339-346.
• Erkan, H., Çelik, S., Bilgi, B. and Köksel, H. 2006. A new approach for the utilization of barley in food products: Barley tarhana. Food Chem. 97, 12-18.
• Göçmen, D., Gürbüz, O. ve Şahin, İ. (2003). Hazır tarhana çorbaları üzerinde bir araştırma, Gıda, 28(1), 13-18.
• İbanoğlu, Ş. and İbanoğlu, E. (1999). Rheological properties of cooked tarhana, a cereal-based soup. Food Research International, 32(1), 29-33.
• Lazos, E.S., Aggelousis, G., Bratakos, M. (1993). The Fermentation of Trahanas: a milk-wheat flour combination. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 44,45-62.
• Merdol, O.K. (1968). A dietary suplemantation of tarhana with soybean flour and fish protein concentrate. MSc Thesis University of Tenesse, Knoxville.
• Nes, I.F., Diep, D.B., Håvarstein, L.S., Brurberg, M.B., Eijsink, V., Holo, H. (1996). Biosynthesis of bacteriocins in lactic acid bacteria. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 70(2-4), 113-128.
• O’Callaghan, Y. C., Shevade, A. V., Guinee, T. P., O’Connor, T. P. and O’Brien, N. M. (2019). Comparison of the nutritional composition of experimental fermented milk: Wheat bulgur blends and commercially available kishk and tarhana products. Food chem, 278, 110-118.
• Özdemir, S., Göçmen, D., Yıldırım Kumral, A. (2007). A traditional Turkish fermented cereal food: Tarhana. Food Reviews International, 23(2), 107-121.
• Siyamoğlu, B. (1961). Türk tarhanalarının yapılışı ve terkibi üzerinde araştırma. Ege Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, No: 44, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, İzmir, 75 s. (in Turkish).
• Soyyiğit, H. (2004). Isparta ve Yöresinde Üretilen Ev Yapımı Tarhanaların mikrobiyolojik ve Teknolojik Özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta, 68 s. (in Turkish).
• Şimşekli, N. ve Doğan, İ. S. (2015). Geleneksel ve Fonksiyonel Ürün Olarak Maraş Tarhanası. Iğdır Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(4), 33-40. (in Turkish).
• Temiz, A., & Pirkul, T. (1991). Farklı bileşimlerde üretilen tarhanaların kimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri. Gıda, 16(1), 7-13. (in Turkish).
• TSE (2004). Tarhana. TSE 2282, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, Türkiye. (in Turkish).
• Yörükoğlu, T. ve Dayısoylu, K.S.(2016). Yöresel Maraş Tarhanasının Fonksiyonel ve Kimyasal Bazı Özellikleri, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 47(1):53-63. (in Turkish).