An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults

Gülşah Gürol; Tuba Güngör Aslan; Fatma Gürler; Artun Yıbar

doi:10.31015/2025.2.15

EN

An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults

Abstract

This study, which aimed to examine the relationship between sleep quality and diet quality in adults, was conducted on 50 adults residing in Bursa province and known not to use sleeping pills. The researchers via face-to-face interviews completed a questionnaire, querying the personal characteristics, sleep duration and sleep quality of the participants. The daily food consumption data of the participants were recorded using the retrospective recall method. Diet quality and sleep quality were measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Most of the participants were female (62%) and aged 25-44 years (68%). The groups with good and poor sleep quality significantly differed for caffeine intake (p < 0.05). No statistically significant correlation was observed between sleep quality and other nutrients including vitamin A, calcium and iron (p > 0.05). While no statistically significant correlation was determined between sleep quality and the HEI overall diet quality score (p > 0.05), the HEI components, the wholegrain score displayed a statistically significant negative correlation with the overall sleep quality score (p < 0.05). In this study, no statistically significant correlation was determined between overall diet quality and sleep quality, but caffeine intake and wholegrain consumption were ascertained to significantly affect sleep quality.

Keywords

Caffeine intake, Adult, Sleep quality, Diet quality, Wholegrain consumption

Ethical Statement

Peer-review Externally peer-reviewed. Declaration of Interests The authors declare that they have no actual, potential, or perceived conflict of interest for this article. Author contribution The contribution of the authors to the present study is equal. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript. All the authors verify that the text, figures, and tables are original and that they have not been published before. Ethics committee approval The Bursa Uludag University Ethics Committee approved the study during meeting number 2020-19/11.

References

AARC-APT (American Association of Respiratory Care-Association of Polysomnography Technologists). (1995). Clinical practice guideline. Polysomnography Respiratory Care, 40(12), 1336-1343.
Agargun, M.Y., Kara, H., Anlar, O. (1996). The validity and reliability of the pittsburgh sleep quality index. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 7(2), 107-115.
Alruwaili, N.W., Alqahtani, N., Alanazi, M.H., Alanazi, B.S., Aljrbua, M.S., Gatar, O.M. (2023). The effect of nutrition and physical activity on sleep quality among adults: A scoping review. Sleep Science and Practice, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41606-023-00090-4
Baranwal, N., Yu, P. K., Siegel, N. S. (2023). Sleep physiology, pathophysiology, and sleep hygiene. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 77, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2023.02.005
Behbahani, H.B., Borazjani, F., Sheikhi, L., Amiri, R., Angali, K.A., Nejad, S.B., Samadani, M. (2022). The association between diet quality scores with sleep quality among employees: A cross-sectional study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 32(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v32i1.16
Binks, H., Vincent, G.E., Gupta, C., Irwin, C., Khalesi, S. (2020). Effects of diet on sleep: A narrative review. Nutrients, 12(4), 936. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040936
Buysse, D.J., Reynolds, C.F., Monk, T.H., Berman, S.R., Kupfer, D.J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
Cheon, J., Kim, M. (2022). Comprehensive effects of various nutrients on sleep. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 20(4), 449-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41105-022-00408-2
Del Brutto, O.H., Mera, R.M., Ha, J.E., Gillman, J., Zambrano, M., Castillo, P. R. (2016). Dietary fish intake and sleep quality: A population-based study. Sleep Medicine, 17, 126-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.20185.09.021
Doo, M., Kim, Y. (2016). Association between sleep duration and obesity is modified by dietary macronutrients intake in Korean. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 10(4), 424-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.010

Gardiner, C., Weakley, J., Burke, L.M., Roach, G.D., Sargent, C., Maniar, N., Townshend, A., Halson, S.L. (2023). The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, 101764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101764
Godos, J., Grosso, G., Castellano, S., Galvano, F., Caraci, F., Ferri, R. (2021). Association between diet and sleep quality: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 57, 101430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101430
Hepsomali, P., Groeger, J.A. (2021). Diet, sleep, and mental health: Insights from the UK Biobank Study. Nutrients,13(8), 2573. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082573
Hindmarch, I., Rigney, U., Stanley, N., Quinlan, P., Rycroft, J., Lane, J. (2000). A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 149, 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130000383
Hur, S., Oh, B., Kim, H., Kwon, O. (2021). Associations of diet quality and sleep quality with obesity. Nutrients, 13(9), 3181. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093181
Indrasari Utami, D. K., Indradewi Karang, A. A. A. S., Aryasa, I. A. (2023). Effect of food intake on sleep: Mechanisms and recommendations. International Journal of Research and Review, 10(2), 444-452. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20230253
Kalam, F., Gabel, K., Cienfuegos, S., Ezpeleta, M., Wiseman, E., Varady, K.A. (2021). Alternate day fasting combined with a low carbohydrate diet: effect on sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity and risk of obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity. Nutrients, 13(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010211
Katagiri, R., Asakura, A., Kobayashi, S., Suga, H., Sasaki, S. (2014). Low intake of vegetables, high intake of confectionary, and unhealthy eating habits are associated with poor sleep quality among middle-aged female Japanese workers. Journal of Occuatioal Health, 56(5), 359-368. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.14-0051-OA
Kleiser, C., Wawro, N., Stelmach-Mardas, M., Boeing, H., Gedrich, K., Himmerich, H., Linseisen, J. (2017). Are sleep duration, midpoint of sleep and sleep quality associated with dietary intake among Bavarian adults? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 631-637. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.264
Kracht, C., Chaput, J.P., Martin, C.K., Champagne, C.M., Katzmarzyk, P.T. (2019). Associations of sleep with food cravings diet, and obesity in adolescence. Nutrients, 11(12), 2899. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11122899
Krebs-Smith, S.M., Pannucci, T.E., Subar, A.F., Kirkpatrick, S.I., Lerman, J.L., Tooze, J.A., Wilson, M.M., Reddy, J. (2018). Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015. Journal of Academy Nutrition and Dietetics, 118(9), 1591-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2018.05.021
Lindseth, G., Murray, A. (2016). Dietary macronutrients and sleep. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 38(8), 938-958. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712
Medic, G., Wille, M., Hemels, M. (2017). Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption. Nature and Science of Sleep, 9, 151-161. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S134864
O’Callaghan, F., Muurlink, O., Reid, N. (2018). Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 11, 263-273. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S156404
Pattnaik, H., Mir, M., Boike, S., Kashyap, R., Khan, S. A., Surani, S. (2022). Nutritional Elements in Sleep. Cureus, 14(12), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32803
Phillips, F., Crisp, A.H., McGuiness, B., Kalucy, E.C., Chen, C.N., Koval, J., Kalucy, R.S., Lacey, J.H. (1975). Isocaloric diet changes and electroencephalographic sleep. The Lancet, 306, 723-725. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(75)90718-7
Ramón-Arbués, E., Granada-López, J.-M., Martínez-Abadía, B., Echániz-Serrano, E., Antón-Solanas, I., Jerue, B.A. (2022). The association between diet and sleep quality among Spanish university students. Nutrients, 14(16), 3291. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163291
Rétey, J.V., Adam, M., Khatami, R., Luhmann, U.F.O., Jung, H.H., Berger, W., Landolt, H.F. (2007). A genetic variation in the adenosine A2A receptor gene (ADORA2A) contributes to individual sensitivity to caffeine effects on sleep. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 81, 692-698. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100102
Ruel, M.T. (2002). Is dietary diversity an indicator of food security or dietary quality? A review of measurement issues and research needs. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 24(2), 231-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/156482650302400217
Sato-Mito, N., Sasaki, S., Murakamz, K., Okubo, H., Takahashi, Y., Shibata, S., Yamada, K., Sato, K., the Freshmen in Dietetic Courses Study II group. (2011). The midpoint of sleep is associated with dietary intake and dietary behavior among young Japanese women. Sleep Medicine, 12(3), 289-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2010.09.012
Sejbuk, M., Mirończuk-Chodakowska, I., Witkowska, A. M. (2022). Sleep quality: A narrative review on nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity as important factors. Nutrients, 14(9), 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091912
Shi, Z., McEvoy, M., Luu, J., Attia, J. (2008). Dietary fat and sleep duration in Chinese men and women. International Journal of Obesity, 32, 1835-1840. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.191
Štefan, L., Radman, I., Podnar, H., Vrgoč, G. (2018). Sleep duration and sleep quality associated with dietary index in free-living very old adults. Nutrients, 10(11), 1748. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111748
St-Onge, M.-P., Cherta-Murillo, A., Darimont, C., Mantantzis, K., Martin, F. P., Owen, L. (2023). The interrelationship between sleep, diet, and glucose metabolism. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 69, 101788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101788
St-Onge, M.P., Roberts, A., Shechter, A., Choudhury, A.R. (2016). Fiber and saturated fat are associated with sleep arousals and slow wave sleep. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(1), 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712
St-Onge, M.P., Mikic, A., Pietrolungo, C.E. (2016). Effects of Diet on Sleep Quality. Adv Nutr., 15, 7(5), 938-49. doi: 10.3945/an.116.012336.
Vlahoyiannis, A., Giannaki, C.D., Sakkas, G.K., Aphamis, G., Andreou, E. (2021). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression on the effects of carbohydrates on sleep. Nutrients, 13(4), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041283
Weibel, J., Lin, Y.S., Landolt, H.P., Kistler, J., Rehm, S., Rentsch, K.M., Slawik, H., Borgwart, S., Cajochen, C., Reichert, C.F. (2021). The impact of daily caffeine intake on nighttime sleep in young adult men. Scientific Reports, 11, 4668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84088-x
Wilson, K., St-Onge, M.-P., Tasali, E. (2022). Diet Composition and Objectively Assessed Sleep Quality: A Narrative Review. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 122(6), 1182-1195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2022.01.007
Wu, W., Zhao, A., Man-Yau Szeto, I., Wang, Y., Meng, L., Li, T., Zhang, J., Wang, M., Tian, Z., Zhang, Y. (2019). Diet quality, consumption of seafood and eggs are associated with sleep quality among Chinese urban adults: A cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. Wiley, 7, 2091-2102. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1050
Yazdani, V., Zeraattalab-Motlagh, S., Jayedi, A., Majdi, M., Mirrafiei, A., Martami, F., Djafarian, K., Shab-Bidar, S. (2023). The association between self-reported nocturnal sleep duration, irregularity in daily energy intake and diet quality in a sample of Iranian adults. Public Health Nutrition, 26(8), 1609-1616. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023000502
Zhao, M., Tuo, H., Wang, S., Zhao, L. (2020). The effects of dietary nutrition on sleep and sleep disorders. Mediators of Inflammation, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3142874
Zuraikat, F. M., Wood, R. A., Barragán, R., St-Onge, M.-P. (2021). Sleep and Diet: Mounting Evidence of a Cyclical Relationship. Annual Review of Nutrition, 41(1), 309-332. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-021719

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Food Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Gülşah Gürol
0000-0001-9923-6061
Türkiye

Tuba Güngör Aslan
0000-0002-9948-6420
Türkiye

Fatma Gürler
0009-0008-0215-7016
Türkiye

Artun Yıbar ^*
0000-0001-9510-5734
Türkiye

Publication Date

June 26, 2025

Submission Date

March 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

May 15, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 9 Number: 2

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.2.15

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA85XT89DU

APA

Gürol, G., Güngör Aslan, T., Gürler, F., & Yıbar, A. (2025). An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 9(2), 420-428. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.2.15

AMA

1.Gürol G, Güngör Aslan T, Gürler F, Yıbar A. An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9(2):420-428. doi:10.31015/2025.2.15

Chicago

Gürol, Gülşah, Tuba Güngör Aslan, Fatma Gürler, and Artun Yıbar. 2025. “An Investigation of the Association of Sleep Quality and Diet Quality in Adults”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 (2): 420-28. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.2.15.

EndNote

Gürol G, Güngör Aslan T, Gürler F, Yıbar A (June 1, 2025) An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 2 420–428.

IEEE

[1]G. Gürol, T. Güngör Aslan, F. Gürler, and A. Yıbar, “An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 420–428, June 2025, doi: 10.31015/2025.2.15.

ISNAD

Gürol, Gülşah - Güngör Aslan, Tuba - Gürler, Fatma - Yıbar, Artun. “An Investigation of the Association of Sleep Quality and Diet Quality in Adults”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9/2 (June 1, 2025): 420-428. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.2.15.

JAMA

1.Gürol G, Güngör Aslan T, Gürler F, Yıbar A. An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9:420–428.

MLA

Gürol, Gülşah, et al. “An Investigation of the Association of Sleep Quality and Diet Quality in Adults”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, June 2025, pp. 420-8, doi:10.31015/2025.2.15.

Vancouver

1.Gülşah Gürol, Tuba Güngör Aslan, Fatma Gürler, Artun Yıbar. An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025 Jun. 1;9(2):420-8. doi:10.31015/2025.2.15

Abstracting & Indexing Services

Google Scholar | Crossref DOI Registry

All content published in this journal is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal a non-exclusive right to publish, reproduce, and distribute the articles within an open-access framework.

Web: dergipark.org.tr/jaefs E-mail: editorialoffice@jaefs.com Phone / WhatsApp: +90 850 309 59 27

An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults

Abstract

An investigation of the association of sleep quality and diet quality in adults

Abstract

Keywords

Ethical Statement

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite

Abstracting & Indexing Services

© International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences