Research Article

Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms

Volume: 2026 Number: 17 June 3, 2026
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Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms

Abstract

This study presents a data-driven and highly accurate forward kinematic modeling approach for six-degree-of-freedom (DoF) Stewart platform mechanism. Traditional analytical and numerical methods have significant limitations due to high computational costs and multiple solution uncertainties. Furthermore, the gimbal lock singularity arising in orientation parameterizations based on Euler angles further reduces the reliability of these methods in practical applications. To overcome these issues, the proposed method represents the platform’s orientation directly via a 3x3 rotation matrix instead of Euler angles. To ensure the physical validity of the matrix, an orthogonal projection layer based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is applied, strictly preserving the SO(3) constraints (R^T R= I, det(R) = +1). To perform regression analysis for predicting the forward kinematics, a dataset consisting of 100,000 workspace points was generated using random sampling in the MATLAB environment. A fully connected multi-layer perceptron (MLP) was employed as the regression model. Hyperparameters were systematically optimized using the Optuna Bayesian optimization framework, and model training was conducted in PyTorch with GPU acceleration. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves sub-millimeter positional accuracy (MAE ≈ 0.0042), angular error below 0.02° and prediction performance at R^2=0.9998. Furthermore, the inference time of 0.12 ms demonstrates that the method is directly applicable in high-frequency real-time control systems. In conclusion, SO(3) projection-based artificial neural network architecture eliminates singularities caused by gimbal lock, produces physically valid orientation estimates, and offers a powerful and generalizable alternative for solving the forward kinematics problem of Stewart platforms in a fast, stable, and highly accurate manner.

Keywords

References

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  4. [4] Craig JJ. Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control. 4th ed. Pearson; 2020.
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  6. [6] Toz M, Küçük S. Development of inverse Jacobian matrices for 6-DOF GSP mechanisms. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering & Computer Sciences. 2016;24(5).
  7. [7] Toz M, Küçük S. Dexterous workspace optimization of an asymmetric six-degree-of-freedom Stewart-Gough platform manipulator. Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 2013;61(12):1516-1528.
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Biomedical Engineering (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 3, 2026

Submission Date

December 30, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 8, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 17

APA
Güngör, B. D., Toz, M., & Küçük, S. (2026). Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering, 2026(17), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.1851920
AMA
1.Güngör BD, Toz M, Küçük S. Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms. KOJOSE. 2026;2026(17):42-49. doi:10.34088/kojose.1851920
Chicago
Güngör, Barış Doruk, Metin Toz, and Serdar Küçük. 2026. “Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026 (17): 42-49. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.1851920.
EndNote
Güngör BD, Toz M, Küçük S (June 1, 2026) Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026 17 42–49.
IEEE
[1]B. D. Güngör, M. Toz, and S. Küçük, “Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms”, KOJOSE, vol. 2026, no. 17, pp. 42–49, June 2026, doi: 10.34088/kojose.1851920.
ISNAD
Güngör, Barış Doruk - Toz, Metin - Küçük, Serdar. “Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026/17 (June 1, 2026): 42-49. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.1851920.
JAMA
1.Güngör BD, Toz M, Küçük S. Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms. KOJOSE. 2026;2026:42–49.
MLA
Güngör, Barış Doruk, et al. “Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 2026, no. 17, June 2026, pp. 42-49, doi:10.34088/kojose.1851920.
Vancouver
1.Barış Doruk Güngör, Metin Toz, Serdar Küçük. Data-Driven Hybrid Kinematic Modeling of Stewart Platforms. KOJOSE. 2026 Jun. 1;2026(17):42-9. doi:10.34088/kojose.1851920