Research Article

Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures

Volume: 2026 Number: 17 August 31, 2026
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Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures

Abstract

Od stone is a type of volcanic tuff and has been used as a building stone in historical structures such as mosques and baths due to its heat resistance, and today it is used in restoration works and cement production. In this study, the geological, mineralogical and geomechanical properties of the Od Stone outcropping in the south of Karamürsel were investigated. Samples taken in field studies were used in thin section production for mineralogical analysis and in laboratory tests to determine the physical and mechanical properties in accordance with the standards. The petrographic analysis determined that the volcanic tuff samples taken from the field were rhyodacitic-dacitic tuffs. Laboratory tests conducted on the samples revealed the following average values for their physico-mechanical properties: natural unit weight 2.20 g/cm3, water absorption 1.3%, specific gravity 2.475 g/cm3, MgSO4 frost resistance 99.61%, water resistance in rocks (micro-Deval) 10.3%, methylene blue fine grain determination 12.57 ml/g, uniaxial compressive strength 56.78 MPa, point load strength 5.69 MPa, Los Angeles abrasion resistance 55.65%, friction abrasion (Böhme) 11.54 cm3/50 cm2, and Schmidt hammer rebound value 18. The mineralogical assessment showed that Od stone tuffs have mainly plagioclase and feldspar minerals that are not durable and easily turn into clay minerals during the alteration process. These mineralogical characteristics limit the use of this stone as cladding and paving stone. On the other hand, this volcanic tuff has been widely used in historical structures such as masonry ovens and baths due to its heat-resistant properties.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

no supporting institution

Ethical Statement

“The author(s) of this article declare that the materials and methods used in this study do not require ethical committee permission and/or legal-special permission.”

Thanks

The authors would like to thank ABM Engineering Construction Trade Ltd. for allowing rock mechanics laboratory tests and for help provided by geologist Cansu Beren Kuzlu.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Geology (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 31, 2026

Submission Date

January 27, 2026

Acceptance Date

April 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 2026 Number: 17

APA
Köprübaşı, N., Karakaş, A., & Öncü, E. (2026). Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering, 2026(17), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.1873095
AMA
1.Köprübaşı N, Karakaş A, Öncü E. Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures. KOJOSE. 2026;2026(17):144-152. doi:10.34088/kojose.1873095
Chicago
Köprübaşı, Necla, Ahmet Karakaş, and Ediz Öncü. 2026. “Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026 (17): 144-52. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.1873095.
EndNote
Köprübaşı N, Karakaş A, Öncü E (August 1, 2026) Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026 17 144–152.
IEEE
[1]N. Köprübaşı, A. Karakaş, and E. Öncü, “Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures”, KOJOSE, vol. 2026, no. 17, pp. 144–152, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.34088/kojose.1873095.
ISNAD
Köprübaşı, Necla - Karakaş, Ahmet - Öncü, Ediz. “Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering 2026/17 (August 1, 2026): 144-152. https://doi.org/10.34088/kojose.1873095.
JAMA
1.Köprübaşı N, Karakaş A, Öncü E. Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures. KOJOSE. 2026;2026:144–152.
MLA
Köprübaşı, Necla, et al. “Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures”. Kocaeli Journal of Science and Engineering, vol. 2026, no. 17, Aug. 2026, pp. 144-52, doi:10.34088/kojose.1873095.
Vancouver
1.Necla Köprübaşı, Ahmet Karakaş, Ediz Öncü. Mineralogical Properties Affecting the Usability of Karamürsel (Kocaeli) Od Building Stone Used in Historical Structures. KOJOSE. 2026 Aug. 1;2026(17):144-52. doi:10.34088/kojose.1873095