The relationship between acculturation types enculturation stress and collective self-perceptions students of Syrian refugees in Turkey

Abstract

Migration occurs when individuals move from one society to another. During this process, they undergo various stressors, including general stress and cultural stress, as they adapt to a new culture. The adaptation to this new culture, including both the individual's original cultural background and the new cultural elements they adopt, is termed acculturation. Acculturation involves several processes: integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. This research aims to examine whether the acculturation preferences of Syrian refugee students under temporary protection can be predicted by perceived stress, acculturation stress, and collective self-esteem. To achieve this, a stepwise regression model was developed and tested. Data was collected using a Personal Information Form, Acculturation Stress Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Collective Self-Esteem Scale. The study group comprised 282 individuals, including 127 girls and 155 boys, who migrated from Syria to Turkey at different times and are currently pursuing formal education. The results of the stepwise regression analysis indicated that collective self-esteem, acculturation stress, and perceived stress were predictors of separation and assimilation but did not predict integration and marginalization.

Keywords

• migration
• cultivation
• harmony
• stress

Türkiye'deki Suriyeli mülteci öğrencilerin kültürleşme türleri kültürleşme stresi ile kolektif benlik algıları arasındaki ilişki

Abstract

Göç, bir toplumun göç alması ve diğer toplumun da göç vermesi şeklinde oluşan insan hareketine verilen isimdir. Göç eden bireyler yeni kültüre uyum süreci içerisindeyken, genel stres ve kültürel stres yaşarlar. Ayrıca bireylerin sahip olduğu kolektif benlik saygısı yeni kültüre uyum sürecinde etkilidir. Yeni kültüre uyum sürecinde, bireyin sahip olduğu kültür ve yeni kültürü edinme sürecinde oluşan kültürel yapılar kültürleşme olarak adlandırılır. Kültürleşme süreçleri bütünleşme, asimilasyon, ayrılma ve majinalleşme’den oluşmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın genel amacı: geçici koruma altına alınmış Suriyeli mülteci öğrencilerin, kültürleşme tercihlerinin, algılanan stres, kültürleşme stresi ve kolektif benlik saygısı tarafından yordayıp yordamadığını araştırmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda adımsal regresyon modeli oluşturulup test edilmiştir.Verilerin toplanmasında: Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Kültürleşme Stresi Ölçeği, Algılan Stres Ölçeği, Kolektif Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubu Suriye’den Türkiye’ye farklı yıllarda göç ederek gelen ve örgün olarak eğitim hayatlarına devam eden, 127 kız ve 155 erkek, toplam 282 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların yaş aralığı 11-18 olarak değişmektedir. Yapılan Adımsal regresyon analizi sonucunda kolektif benlik saygısı, kültürleşme stresi ve algılanan stresin, ayrılmayı ve asimilasyonu yordadığı ancak bütünleşme ve marjinalleşmeyi yordamadığı bulunmuştur.

Keywords

• göç
• kültür
• uyum
• stres

Supporting Institution

Destekleyen kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Ethical Statement

" The Relationship Between Acculturation Types Enculturation Stress and Collective Self-Perceptions Students of Syrian Refugees in Turkey" başlıklı çalışmanın yazım sürecinde bilimsel, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamıştır ve veriler toplanmadan önce Aksaray Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü İnsan Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu’ndan 19.04.2019 tarih ve 2019/03-24 sayılı etik izni alınmıştır. Karşılaşılacak tüm etik ihlallerde "Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi Yayın Kurulunun" hiçbir sorumluluğunun olmadığı, tüm sorumluluğun Sorumlu Yazara ait olduğu ve bu çalışmanın herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiş olduğunu taahhüt ederim.

Thanks

Teşekkür yazısı bulunmamaktadır.

References

1. Akbaş, G. (2010). Social Identity and Intergroup Relations: The Case of Alevis and Sunnis in Amasya (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), ODTU Department of Social Science, Ankara.
2. Aliyev, A. (2011). An investigation of first ınteraction perceptions and acculturation levels of higher education students from different cultures in educational environments (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), Ankara University Department of Education, Ankara.
3. Ataca, B. (1998). Psychological, sociocultural, and marital adaptation of Turkish ımmigrants in Canada (Doctoral dissertation) Queen’s University Departmant of Psychology, Kanada.
4. Baysu, G. (2007). The effects of ıntergroup perceptions and ıngroup ıdentifications on the political participation of the second-generation Turkish migrants in the Netherlands. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), ODTU Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
5. Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation. Applıed Psychology: An Internatıonal Revıew, 46 (1), 5-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01087.x
6. Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation Living Successfully in Two Cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29(6), 697-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.07.013
7. Berry, J. W. & Dona, G. (1994). Acculturation attiutdes and acculturative stress of Central American refrugees. International Journal of Psychology, 29(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207599408246532
8. Berry, J. W., Kim, U., Power, S., Young, M. & Bujaki, M. (1989). Acculturation attitudes in plural Societies. Applied Psychology, 38(2), 185-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1989.tb01208.x

9. Berry, J. W. & Sabatier, C. (2011). Variations in the assessment of acculturation attitudes:Their relationship with psychological wellbeing. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35(2011), 658-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.02.002
10. Berry, J.W. & Sam, L. D. (Eds.). (1997). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. (1st ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
11. Bilge A., Öğce, U. F., Genç R. E. & Oran N.T. (2009). Psychometric conformity of the Turkish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (ASS). Ege University Nursing College of Journal, 2(25), 61-72.
12. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak Kılıç, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş & Demirel, F. (2021). Scıentıfıc research methods in educatıon (31st ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi
13. Crocker, J. & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ıngroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.60
14. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T. & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 24(4), 385-396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
15. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications (4th ed.). Ankara: Pegem.
16. Dil, K. (2015). Looking to the phenomenon of migration via the experiences of ımmigrants. İdeal Kent Journal, 6(15), 149-171.
17. Eğinli Temel, A. (2011). A different country, a different culture: The culture shock (enabling ıntercultural adaptation). Verimlilik Journal, 2011(4), 115-131.
18. Ercan, L. (2001). Investigation of the problems of foreign and Turkish University students in terms of some variables. Hacettepe University Education Faculty of Journal, 21(21), 165-173.
19. Furnham, A. (2019). Culture shock: A review of the literature for practitioners. Psychology, 10(13), 1832-1855. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.1013119
20. Gökel, Ö. (2018). Investigation of the acculturation level of the ımmigrants from Türkiye to Cyprus after 1974 peace operation. Social Sciences Studıes Journal, 4(17), 1567-1582. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.540
21. Grave, D.T. (1967). Acculturation in a tri-ethnic community. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 23(4), 337-350.
22. Gün, Z. & Bayraktar, Z. (2007). The Role of internal migration in the adaptation of adolescents in Türkiye. Turkish Psychiatry of Journal, 18(4), 167-176.
23. Güngör, D. (2014). The second generation of Europeans in Türkiye psychological integration and adaptation: Two-dimensional acculturation on the basis of a comparative review. Turkish Psychology Articles, 17(34), 16–31.
24. Güvenç, B. (1997). The ABC of culture (9th ed.).İstanbul: YKY.
25. Güvenç, B. (1981). People & Culture (1st ed.).İstanbul: Boyut. Immigration Authority. (2019). Republic of Turkiye Ministery Interior, Presidency of Migration Management. https://en.goc.gov.tr
26. Immigration Authority. (2024). Distrubution of Syrians Under Temporary Protection by Year. https://en.goc.gov.tr/temporary-protection27 -
27. Karataş, K. & Baloğlu, M. (2018). Syrian students in the forceps of acculturation stress. Turkish Studies, 13(27), 971-990. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14174
28. Karasar, N. (2017). Scientific research method: Concepts, principles, techniques (32nd ed.). Ankara: Nobel.
29. Karasar, N. (1984). Reportp preparation in research (4th ed.). Ankara: Hacettepe Taş Publishing.
30. Keleş, F. B. (2020). The relationshıp between acculturation level enculturation stress and collective self perceptıons students of Syrian refugees in Turkey. (Unpublished Master Thesis). Aksaray University Department of Social Science, Aksaray.
31. Kıylıoğlu, L. & Wimmer. H. (2015). The relationship between ımmigrantion acculturation and psychological well-being the case of Turkish youth in Austria. Nesne Journal, 3(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-03-05-01
32. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
33. Kühnen, U. & Boehnke, K.(Eds.), Rendering borders obsolete: A cross-cultural and cultural psychology as an interdisciplinary multimethod endeavor (pp. 52–70). Hong Kong: International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology.
34. Luhtanen, R. & Crocker, J. (1992). A Collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Bulletin, 18(3), 302-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292183006
35. Quester, P. G. & Chong, I. (2001). Validation acculturation models: The case of the Australian Chinese consumers. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35(2), 213-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07363760110392958
36. Rudmin, F. W. (2009). Constructs, measurements and models of acculturation and acculturative stress. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(2), 106-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.12.001
37. Sandhu, S.D. & Asrabadı, B. R. (1994). Development of an acculturatıve stress scale for international students: Preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 75, 435-448. https://doi.org/1010.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.435
38. Schmitz, P. G., & Berry, J. W. (2011). Structure of acculturation attitudes and their relationships with personality and psychological adaptation: A study with immigrants and national samples in Germany. In F. Deutsch, M. Boehnke,
39. Şeker, B. D. (2005). Individualism-collectivism tendencies, in the dimentions of values culture adaption (acculturation) processes in a migrated urban sample. (Unpublished PhD Thesis), Ege University Department of Social Science, İzmir.
40. Şeker, D. B. & Boysan, M. (2013). A study on the acculturatıon prefences of ıranıan temporary asylum seekers, accordıng to demographıc characterıstıcs. Near East University Social Sciences of Journal, 6(1), 18-39.
41. Şen, E. (2014). Social identity and perceived discrimination in ethnic relations: A study on the Turkish and Kurdish ethnic groups. (Unpupliseh master’s thesis). Ankara Universitey, Department of Social Science, Ankara.
42. Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Introduction to structural equation models, basic principles and applications of LISREL 111 (1st ed.). Ekinoks Education and Consulting Services.
43. Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson. Tylor, E. B. (1871). Primitive culture: Researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom (1st ed.). Londra: J. Muray.
44. Yalçın Gezici, M. (2017). Psychology of migration (1st ed.). Pharmakon.
45. Yeşildağ, E. (2008). Family Structures and integration problems of Turkish people living in Europe (The case of Austuria). (Unpublished Master Thesis). Kocatepe University, Department of Social Science, Afyon.
46. Yılmaz, A. (2014). International migration: Its types, reasons and effects. International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 9(2). 1685-1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.6274
47. Zafer Bilge, A. (2016). “Acculturation” concept as a key for migration studies. Uludag University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Social Sciences of Journal, 1(30), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.21550/sosbilder.290739
48. Zhang, Y. (2012). An examination of acculturative stress, perceived social support and depression among Chinese international students. (Master’s thesis). Syracuse University, Science in Child and Family, New York.