Food Safety and Agricultural Waters: Assessment of Microbiological and Chemical Risks

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 405 - 426, 24.12.2025

Miray Rezzan Demir , Rabia Arslan Öztürk , Sümeyra Işık , Halil İbrahim Uzun , Sefa Işık , Zeynal Topalcengiz

Abstract

Agrıcultural water sources are used by farmers for purposes such as foliar fertilization, washing, cooling, and frost protection, in addition to irrigation activities in agricultural areas. Agricultural water resources may vary depending on the availability of existing water reserves near agricultural lands or production areas such as greenhouses. Surface waters pose a higher risk of contamination with microorganisms causing foodborne illnesses than groundwater or tap water. Contamination of edible parts of produce commonly consumed raw with pathogens from agricultural waters have been reported as the cause of foodborne outbreaks. This also applies to chemical contaminants. The microbiological and chemical contamination of agricultural water directly jeopardizes food safety and, consequently, public health. This review covers the role of agricultural water in food safety, microbiological and chemical contaminants, contamination risks, and risk management strategies.

Keywords: Irrigation water, Surface water sources, Microbiological water quality, Chemical water quality, Foodborne pathogens, Pesticides, Safe produce growth

Keywords

Irrigation water , Surface water sources , Microbiological water quality , Chemical water quality , Foodborne pathogens , Pesticides , Safe produce growth

Project Number

BAP-21-MMF-4902-03

Gıda Güvenliği ve Tarımsal Sular: Mikrobiyolojik ve Kimyasal Risklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Tarım alanlarında su kaynakları çiftçiler tarafından sulama faaliyetlerine ek olarak yaprak gübre uygulaması, yıkama, soğutma ve don koruması gibi amaçlarla kullanılmaktadır. Tarımsal su kaynakları tarım arazilerinin veya sera gibi üretim alanlarının yakınındaki mevcut su rezervlerinin varlığına göre çeşitlilik gösterebilmektedir. Yüzey sularının gıda kaynaklı hastalıklara sebep olan mikroorganizmalarla kirlenme riskleri yeraltı sularına veya şebeke suyuna göre daha fazladır. Patojenlerin tarımsal sularla çiğ olarak tüketilen ürünlerin yenilebilen kısımlarını kontaminasyonunun birçok gıda kaynaklı zehirlenmeye sebep olabileceği kanıtlanmıştır. Bu durum kimyasal kirleticiler içinde geçerlidir. Tarımsal suların mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal olarak kontamine olması direk olarak gıda güvenliliğini ve doğal olarak halk sağlığın riske atmaktadır. Bu derleme, tarımsal suların gıda güvenliğindeki rolünü, mikrobiyolojik ve kimyasal kirleticileri, kontaminasyon risklerini, risk yönetim stratejilerini kapsamaktadır.

Sulama suyu, Yüzey su kaynakları, Mikrobiyolojik su kalitesi, Kimyasal su kalitesi, Gıda kaynaklı patojenler, Pestisitler, Güvenli yeşillik üretimi

Keywords

Sulama suyu , Yüzey su kaynakları , Mikrobiyolojik su kalitesi , Kimyasal su kalitesi , Gıda kaynaklı patojenler , Pestisitler , Güvenli yeşillik üretimi

Supporting Institution

Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi

Project Number

BAP-21-MMF-4902-03

Thanks

Bu çalışmanın bir kısmı Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından BAP-21-MMF-4902-03 nolu proje ile desteklenmiştir.

References

• [1] Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables, 1998. https://www.fda.gov/media/117408/download. Accessed 10 May 2021.
• [2] Zhang, X. Water quality, agriculture and food safety in China: Current situation, trends, interdependencies, and management, Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14 2365-2379, 2015
• [3] Drechsel, P., S. M. Zadeh, F. Pedrero-Salcedo, F. Alcon, A. Allende, P. Amerasinghe, P. Amoah, A. Ben-Gal, S. E. Benes, ve B. Bruning. Water quality in agriculture: Risks and risk mitigation, 2023
• [4] Kolpin, D. W., E. T. Furlong, M. T. Meyer, E. M. Thurman, S. D. Zaugg, L. B. Barber, ve H. T. Buxton. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999−2000: A National Reconnaissance, Environmental Science & Technology, 36 1202-1211, 2002
• [5] Baker, M. R., S. Buyrukoğlu, G. Buyrukoğlu, J. Moreira, ve Z. Topalcengiz. Efficacy of machine learning models for the prediction of death occurrence and counts associated with foodborne illnesses and hospitalizations in the United States, Microbial Risk Analysis, 100351, 2025
• [6] Scallan, E., R. M. Hoekstra, F. J. Angulo, R. V. Tauxe, M.-A. Widdowson, S. L. Roy, J. L. Jones, ve P. M. Griffin. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens, Emerging infectious diseases, 17 7, 2011
• [7] Pachepsky, Y., D. R. Shelton, J. E. McLain, J. Patel, ve R. E. Mandrell. Irrigation waters as a source of pathogenic microorganisms in produce: a review, Advances in agronomy, 113 75-141, 2011
• [8] Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). Federal Register Notice: Standards for the Growing, Harvesting, Packing, and Holding of Produce for Human Consumption, 2015
• [9] Polat, H., Z. Topalcengiz, ve M. D. Danyluk. Prediction of Salmonella presence and absence in agricultural surface waters by artificial intelligence approaches, Journal of Food Safety, 40 e12733, 2020
• [10] Weller, D. L., T. M. Love, ve M. Wiedmann. Comparison of resampling algorithms to address class imbalance when developing machine learning models to predict foodborne pathogen presence in agricultural water, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9 701288, 2021
• [11] FAO/WHO. Safety and Quality of Water Used in Food Production and Processing, 2019
• [12] Gu, G., L. K. Strawn, A. R. Ottesen, P. Ramachandran, E. A. Reed, J. Zheng, R. R. Boyer, ve S. L. Rideout. Correlation of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in irrigation water to environmental factors, fecal indicators, and bacterial communities, Frontiers in Microbiology, 11 557289, 2021
• [13] Steele, M. ve J. Odumeru. Irrigation water as source of foodborne pathogens on fruit and vegetables, Journal of food protection, 67 2839-2849, 2004
• [14] Liu, X., K. Sathishkumar, H. Zhang, K. K. Saxena, F. Zhang, S. Naraginti, R. Rajendiran, A. Rajasekar, ve X. Guo. Frontiers in environmental cleanup: Recent advances in remediation of emerging pollutants from soil and water, Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 16 100461, 2024
• [15] Bayabil, H. K., S. M. Guzman, F. S. Zazueta, ve D. Z. Haman. Potential Impacts of Improper Irrigation System Design: AE73/AE027, rev. 8/2022, EDIS, 2022
• [16] Harmancıoğlu, N. B., A. Gül, ve O. Fıstıkoğlu. Entegre su kaynakları yönetimi, 2002
• [17] Zhang WenJun, Z. W., J. F. Jiang FuBin, ve O. J. Ou JianFeng. Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus., 2011
• [18] Uzun, H. İ. ve E. Debik. Economic evaluation of fluoride removal by membrane capacitive deionization, Environmental Research and Technology, 4 352-357, 2021
• [19] Debik, E. ve H. İ. Uzun. Yeraltı Suyundan İyonik Kirleticilerin Gideriminde Membran Kapasitif Deiyonizasyon Prosesinin Kullanımı: Performans Parametrelerinin ve Optimum İşletme Şartlarının Tespiti, 3rd International Symposium on Environment and Morality (ISEM2016) 4-6 Nov 2016 Alanya/Antalya-Turkey, 2016
• [20] Kara, C. ve U. Çömlekçioğlu. Karaçay (Kahramanmaraş)’ın kirliliğinin biyolojik ve fiziko-kimyasal parametrelerle incelenmesi, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 7 1-7, 2004
• [21] Topalcengiz, Z., M. Krug, J. Saha, K. Stull, ve M. Danyluk. Contributions of pathogens from agricultural water to fresh produce, Present Knowledge in Food Safety, 357-377, 2023
• [22] Toze, S. Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks, Agricultural water management, 80 147-159, 2006
• [23] Cifuentes, E., M. Gomez, U. Blumenthal, M. M. Tellez-Rojo, I. Romieu, G. Ruiz-Palacios, ve S. Ruiz-Velazco. Risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in Mexico., The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 62 388-392, 2000
• [24] Topalcengiz, Z., S. Chandran, ve K. E. Gibson. A comprehensive examination of microbial hazards and risks during indoor soilless leafy green production, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 411 110546, 2024
• [25] Wadamori, Y., R. Gooneratne, ve M. A. Hussain. Outbreaks and factors influencing microbiological contamination of fresh produce, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97 1396-1403, 2017
• [26] Banach, J. L., I. Sampers, S. Van Haute, ve H. J. Van der Fels-Klerx. Effect of disinfectants on preventing the cross-contamination of pathogens in fresh produce washing water, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 8658-8677, 2015
• [27] Banach, J. L. ve H. J. Van Der Fels-Klerx. Microbiological reduction strategies of irrigation water for fresh produce, Journal of food protection, 83 1072-1087, 2020
• [28] Ssemanda, J. N., H. Joosten, M. C. Bagabe, M. H. Zwietering, ve M. W. Reij. Reduction of microbial counts during kitchen scale washing and sanitization of salad vegetables, Food Control, 85 495-503, 2018
• [29] Kilonzo-Nthenge, A., F.-C. Chen, ve S. L. Godwin. Efficacy of home washing methods in controlling surface microbial contamination on fresh produce, Journal of Food Protection, 69 330-334, 2006
• [30] Buyrukoğlu, G., J. Moreira, ve Z. Topalcengiz. Causal mediation analysis of foodborne Salmonella outbreaks in the United States: Serotypes and food vehicles, Pathogens, 13 1134, 2024
• [31] Partyka, M. L. ve R. F. Bond. Wastewater reuse for irrigation of produce: A review of research, regulations, and risks, Science of the Total Environment, 828 154385, 2022
• [32] Greene, S. K., E. R. Daly, E. A. Talbot, L. J. Demma, S. Holzbauer, N. J. Patel, T. A. Hill, M. O. Walderhaug, R. M. Hoekstra, ve M. F. Lynch. Recurrent multistate outbreak of Salmonella Newport associated with tomatoes from contaminated fields, 2005, Epidemiology & Infection, 136 157-165, 2008
• [33] The California Food Emergency Response Team (CalFERT). Investigation of the Taco John’s Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with iceberg lettuce Department of Health, Sacramento, California. 2008 https://www.cdph.ca.gov/pubsforms/Documents/fdb%20eru%20IceLet%20TacoJohn022008.pdf
• [34] Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Outbreak Linked to Spinach Forces Reassessment of Food Safety Practices Economic Research Service, FDA Finalizes Report on 2006 http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/2007/ucm108873.htm Accessed 16 September, 2024.
• [35] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Outbreak of E. coli Infections Linked to Romaine Lettuce 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/2018/o157h7-11-18/index.html.
• [36] Blumenthal, U. J., D. D. Mara, A. Peasey, G. Ruiz-Palacios, ve R. Stott. Guidelines for the microbiological quality of treated wastewater used in agriculture: recommendations for revising WHO guidelines, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 1104-1116, 2000
• [37] Gerba, C. P. ve J. E. Smith. Sources of Pathogenic Microorganisms and Their Fate during Land Application of Wastes, Journal of Environmental Quality, 34 42-48, 2005
• [38] Wilkes, G., T. Edge, V. Gannon, C. Jokinen, E. Lyautey, D. Medeiros, N. Neumann, N. Ruecker, E. Topp, ve D. R. Lapen. Seasonal relationships among indicator bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, and hydrological indices for surface waters within an agricultural landscape, Water research, 43 2209-2223, 2009
• [39] Gannon, V. P. J., T. A. Graham, S. Read, K. Ziebell, A. Muckle, J. Mori, J. Thomas, B. Selinger, I. Townshend, ve J. Byrne. BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN RURAL WATER SUPPLIES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA, CANADA, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 67 1643-1653, 2004
• [40] Johnson, J. Y., J. E. Thomas, T. A. Graham, I. Townshend, J. Byrne, L. B. Selinger, ve V. P. Gannon. Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in surface waters of southern Alberta and its relation to manure sources, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 49 326-335, 2003
• [41] Micallef, S. A., R. E. R. Goldstein, A. George, L. Kleinfelter, M. S. Boyer, C. R. McLaughlin, A. Estrin, L. Ewing, J. J.-G. Beaubrun, ve D. E. Hanes. Occurrence and antibiotic resistance of multiple Salmonella serotypes recovered from water, sediment and soil on mid-Atlantic tomato farms, Environmental research, 114 31-39, 2012
• [42] Strawn, L. K., E. D. Fortes, E. A. Bihn, K. K. Nightingale, Y. T. Gröhn, R. W. Worobo, M. Wiedmann, ve P. W. Bergholz. Landscape and Meteorological Factors Affecting Prevalence of Three Food-Borne Pathogens in Fruit and Vegetable Farms, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79 588-600, 2013
• [43] Benjamin, L., E. R. Atwill, M. Jay-Russell, M. Cooley, D. Carychao, L. Gorski, ve R. E. Mandrell. Occurrence of generic Escherichia coli, E. coli O157 and Salmonella spp. in water and sediment from leafy green produce farms and streams on the Central California coast, International Journal of Food Microbiology, 165 65-76, 2013
• [44] McEgan, R., G. Mootian, L. D. Goodridge, D. W. Schaffner, ve M. D. Danyluk. Predicting Salmonella Populations from Biological, Chemical, and Physical Indicators in Florida Surface Waters, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79 4094-4105, 2013
• [45] Topalcengiz, Z., L. K. Strawn, ve M. D. Danyluk. Microbial quality of agricultural water in Central Florida, PLoS One, 12 e0174889, 2017
• [46] Truchado, P., N. Hernandez, M. I. Gil, R. Ivanek, ve A. Allende. Correlation between E. coli levels and the presence of foodborne pathogens in surface irrigation water: establishment of a sampling program, Water research, 128 226-233, 2018
• [47] Weller, D., M. Wiedmann, ve L. K. Strawn. Irrigation is significantly associated with an increased prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in produce production environments in New York State, Journal of food protection, 78 1132-1141, 2015
• [48] Ekinci, H., M. Öztürk, ve M. Karaman. Sulama sularında mikrobiyolojik kalite: Hatay örneği, Gıda ve Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 12 145-152, 2021
• [49] Yıldırım, M., O. G. Çoban, ve E. Aydın. Şanlıurfa sulama sularında mikrobiyolojik kalite değerlendirmesi. 34(1), 85–92., Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 34 85-92, 2017
• [50] Rodríguez-Lázaro, D., N. Cook, F. M. Ruggeri, J. Sellwood, A. Nasser, M. S. J. Nascimento, M. D’Agostino, R. Santos, J. C. Saiz, ve A. Rzeżutka. Virus hazards from food, water and other contaminated environments, FEMS microbiology reviews, 36 786-814, 2012
• [51] Sano, D., M. Amarasiri, A. Hata, T. Watanabe, ve H. Katayama. Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse, Environment International, 91 220-229, 2016
• [52] Bosch, A., R. M. Pintó, ve F. X. Abad. Survival and Transport of Enteric Viruses in the Environment, Viruses in Foods, 151-187, 2006
• [53] Abbaszadegan, M., M. Lechevallier, ve C. Gerba. Occurrence of Viruses in US Groundwaters, Journal AWWA, 95 107-120, 2003
• [54] Cheong, S., C. Lee, S. W. Song, W. C. Choi, C. H. Lee, ve S.-J. Kim. Enteric Viruses in Raw Vegetables and Groundwater Used for Irrigation in South Korea, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75 7745-7751, 2009
• [55] Kokkinos, P., Kozyra I, S. Lazic, T. Petrovic, D. Balaz, ve A. Vantarakis. Environmental surveillance of enteric viruses in European fruit production areas indicates regional contamination risks., International Journal of Food Microbiology, 243 2017
• [56] Gabrieli, R., F. Maccari, A. Ruta, A. Panà, ve M. Divizia. Norovirus Detection in Groundwater, Food and Environmental Virology, 1 92-96, 2009
• [57] Rimhanen-Finne, R., S. Lukinmaa, T. Martelius, H. Rossow, R. Karpíšková, D. Dedicova, J. Galajeva, A. Bormane, A. Siitonen, ve M. Kuusi. Cases of Salmonella Urbana in Finland, the Czech Republic and Latvia, January-February 2010, Eurosurveillance, 15 2010
• [58] Robertson, L. J., L. Hermansen, ve B. K. Gjerde. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Sewage in Norway, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72 5297-5303, 2006
• [59] Chaidez, C., M. Soto, P. Gortares, ve K. Mena. Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in irrigation water and its impact on the fresh produce industry, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15 339-345, 2005
• [60] Thurston-Enriquez, J. A., P. Watt, S. E. Dowd, R. Enriquez, I. L. Pepper, ve C. P. Gerba. Detection of protozoan parasites and microsporidia in irrigation waters used for crop production, Journal of food protection, 65 378-382, 2002
• [61] Antaki, E. M., G. Vellidis, C. Harris, P. Aminabadi, K. Levy, ve M. T. Jay-Russell. Low Concentration of Salmonella enterica and Generic Escherichia coli in Farm Ponds and Irrigation Distribution Systems Used for Mixed Produce Production in Southern Georgia, Foodborne Pathogens and Disease, 13 551-558, 2016
• [62] Lothrop, N., K. R. Bright, J. Sexton, J. Pearce-Walker, K. A. Reynolds, ve M. P. Verhougstraete. Optimal strategies for monitoring irrigation water quality, Agricultural Water Management, 199 86-92, 2018
• [63] Paruch, A. M., T. Mæhlum, ve L. Robertson. Changes in Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water Under Different Weather Conditions in Southeast Norway, Environmental Processes, 2 115-124, 2015
• [64] Sharma, M., E. T. Handy, C. L. East, S. Kim, C. Jiang, M. T. Callahan, S. M. Allard, S. Micallef, S. Craighead, ve B. Anderson-Coughlin. Prevalence of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in non-traditional irrigation waters in the Mid-Atlantic United States is affected by water type, season, and recovery method, PLoS One, 15 e0229365, 2020
• [65] Havelaar, A. H., K. M. Vazquez, Z. Topalcengiz, R. Muñoz-Carpena, ve M. D. Danyluk. Evaluating the US food safety modernization act produce safety rule standard for microbial quality of agricultural water for growing produce, Journal of food protection, 80 1832-1841, 2017
• [66] Santiago-Rodriguez, T. M., R. L. Tremblay, C. Toledo-Hernandez, J. E. Gonzalez-Nieves, H. Ryu, J. W. Santo Domingo, ve G. A. Toranzos. Microbial Quality of Tropical Inland Waters and Effects of Rainfall Events, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78 5160-5169, 2012
• [67] Won, G., P. J. Schlegel, J. M. Schrock, ve J. T. LeJeune. Absence of direct association between coliforms and Escherichia coli in irrigation water and on produce, Journal of food protection, 76 959-966, 2013
• [68] Shelton, D. R., Y. A. Pachepsky, L. A. Kiefer, R. A. Blaustein, G. W. McCarty, ve T. H. Dao. Response of coliform populations in streambed sediment and water column to changes in nutrient concentrations in water, Water Research, 59 316-324, 2014
• [69] Cho, K. H., Y. Pachepsky, J. H. Kim, M. Hartmann, ve D. R. Shelton. Modeling seasonal variability of fecal indicator bacteria concentrations in a creek using the modified SWAT., Journal of Environmental Quality, 39 1421-1430, 2010
• [70] Pachepsky, Y. A. ve D. R. Shelton. Escherichia Coli and Fecal Coliforms in Freshwater and Estuarine Sediments, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 41 1067-1110, 2011
• [71] Meays, C. L., K. Broersma, R. Nordin, A. Mazumder, ve M. Samadpour. Spatial and Annual Variability in Concentrations and Sources of Escherichia coli in Multiple Watersheds, Environmental Science & Technology, 40 5289-5296, 2006
• [72] Liu, H., C. A. Whitehouse, ve B. Li. Presence and persistence of Salmonella in water: the impact on microbial quality of water and food safety, Frontiers in public health, 6 159, 2018
• [73] Cooley, M., D. Carychao, L. Crawford-Miksza, M. T. Jay, C. Myers, C. Rose, C. Keys, J. Farrar, ve R. E. Mandrell. Incidence and tracking of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in a major produce production region in California, PloS one, 2 e1159, 2007
• [74] Won, G., T. R. Kline, ve J. T. LeJeune. Spatial-temporal variations of microbial water quality in surface reservoirs and canals used for irrigation, Agricultural water management, 116 73-78, 2013
• [75] Luo, Z., G. Gu, A. Ginn, M. C. Giurcanu, P. Adams, G. Vellidis, A. H. C. Van Bruggen, M. D. Danyluk, ve A. C. Wright. Distribution and Characterization of Salmonella enterica Isolates from Irrigation Ponds in the Southeastern United States, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81 4376-4387, 2015
• [76] Gu, G., Z. Luo, J. M. Cevallos-Cevallos, P. Adams, G. Vellidis, A. Wright, ve A. H. C. Van Bruggen. Factors affecting the occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 contamination in irrigation ponds on produce farms in the Suwannee River Watershed, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 59 175-182, 2013
• [77] Haley, B. J., D. J. Cole, ve E. K. Lipp. Distribution, Diversity, and Seasonality of Waterborne Salmonellae in a Rural Watershed, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 75 1248-1255, 2009
• [78] Atherholt, T. B., M. W. LeChevallier, W. D. Norton, ve J. S. Rosen. Effect of rainfall on Giardia and crypto, Journal AWWA, 90 66-80, 1998
• [79] Stocker, M. D., Y. A. Pachepsky, R. L. Hill, ve M. S. Kim. Elucidating spatial patterns of E. coli in two irrigation ponds with empirical orthogonal functions, Journal of Hydrology, 609 127770, 2022
• [80] Chandran, A. ve A. M. Hatha. Relative survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in a tropical estuary, Water research, 39 1397-1403, 2005
• [81] Maïga, Y., J. Wethe, K. Denyigba, ve A. S. Ouattara. The impact of pond depth and environmental conditions on sunlight inactivation of Escherichia coli and enterococci in wastewater in a warm climate, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 55 1364-1374, 2009
• [82] Brooks, J. P., A. Adeli, M. McLaughlin, ve Miles. Microbial ecology of swine effluent lagoons: A review., Journal of Environmental Quality, 33 1903-1921, 2004
• [83] Muirhead, R. W. ve E. D. Meenken. Variability of Escherichia coli Concentrations in Rivers during Base‐Flow Conditions in New Zealand, Journal of Environmental Quality, 47 967-973, 2018
• [84] Meays, C. L., K. Broersma, R. Nordin, A. Mazumder, ve M. Samadpour. Diurnal variability in concentrations and sources of Escherichia coli in three streams, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 52 1130-1135, 2006
• [85] McLain, J. E. ve C. F. Williams. Seasonal variation in accurate identification of Escherichia coli within a constructed wetland receiving tertiary-treated municipal effluent, Water research, 42 4041-4048, 2008
• [86] Holvoet, K., I. Sampers, M. Seynnaeve, ve M. Uyttendaele. Relationships among hygiene indicators and enteric pathogens in irrigation water, soil and lettuce and the impact of climatic conditions on contamination in the lettuce primary production, International journal of food microbiology, 171 21-31, 2014
• [87] López-Gálvez, F., P. Truchado, G. Sánchez, R. Aznar, M. I. Gil, ve A. Allende. Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water: relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 121 1180-1188, 2016
• [88] Gerber, P. J., H. Steinfeld, B. Henderson, A. Mottet, C. Opio, J. Dijkman, A. Falcucci, ve G. Tempio. Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities., 2013
• [89] Ensink, J. H., T. Mahmood, W. Van der Hoek, L. Raschid-Sally, ve F. P. Amerasinghe. A nationwide assessment of wastewater use in Pakistan: An obscure activity or a vitally important one?, Water policy, 6 197-206, 2004
• [90] Qadir, M., D. Wichelns, L. Raschid-Sally, P. G. McCornick, P. Drechsel, A. Bahri, ve P. S. Minhas. The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries, Agricultural water management, 97 561-568, 2010
• [91] Mahmood, A. ve R. N. Malik. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7 91-99, 2014
• [92] Efstratiou, A., J. E. Ongerth, ve P. Karanis. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks-an update 2011–2016, Water research, 114 14-22, 2017
• [93] Topalcengiz, Z., R. McEgan, ve M. D. Danyluk. Fate of Salmonella in Central Florida surface waters and evaluation of EPA worst case water as a standard medium, Journal of Food Protection, 82 916-925, 2019
• [94] Topalcengiz, Z. ve M. D. Danyluk. Fate of generic and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in Central Florida surface waters and evaluation of EPA Worst Case water as standard medium, Food Research International, 120 322-329, 2019
• [95] Rodrigues, C. ve M. Â. Cunha. Assessment of the microbiological quality of recreational waters: indicators and methods, Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration, 2 25, 2017
• [96] Easton, J. H., J. J. Gauthier, M. M. Lalor, ve R. E. Pitt. Die-Off of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 in sewage contamined waters, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 41 1187-1193, 2005
• [97] Cook, K. L. ve C. H. Bolster. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli in groundwater during prolonged starvation at low temperatures, Journal of applied microbiology, 103 573-583, 2007
• [98] Korhonen, L. K. ve P. J. Martikainen. Comparison of the survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in culturable form in surface water, Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 37 530-533, 1991
• [99] Dutka, B. J. ve K. K. Kwan. Bacterial die-off and stream transport studies, Water Research, 14 909-915, 1980
• [100] Medema, G. J., M. Bahar, ve F. M. Schets. Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum, Escherichia coli, faecal enterococci and Clostridium perfringens in river water: influence of temperature and autochthonous microorganisms, Water Science and Technology, 35 249-252, 1997
• [101] Cho, K. H., Y. A. Pachepsky, D. M. Oliver, R. W. Muirhead, Y. Park, R. S. Quilliam, ve D. R. Shelton. Modeling fate and transport of fecally-derived microorganisms at the watershed scale: State of the science and future opportunities, Water research, 100 38-56, 2016
• [102] Berry, E. D., J. E. Wells, J. L. Bono, B. L. Woodbury, N. Kalchayanand, K. N. Norman, T. V. Suslow, G. López-Velasco, ve P. D. Millner. Effect of Proximity to a Cattle Feedlot on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination of Leafy Greens and Evaluation of the Potential for Airborne Transmission, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81 1101-1110, 2015
• [103] Ibrahim, E. M. E., M. A. El-Liethy, A. L. K. Abia, B. A. Hemdan, ve M. N. Shaheen. Survival of E. coli O157: H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, HAdV2 and MNV-1 in river water under dark conditions and varying storage temperatures, Science of the Total Environment, 648 1297-1304, 2019
• [104] Verbyla, M. E. ve J. R. Mihelcic. A review of virus removal in wastewater treatment pond systems, Water Research, 71 107-124, 2015
• [105] Aktaş, M. ve L. Özkan. Güneş ışığının sucul ortamlardaki patojen mikroorganizmalar üzerindeki etkisi, Çevre Bilimleri Dergisi, 29 45-54, 2017
• [106] Byappanahalli, M. N., R. Sawdey, S. Ishii, D. A. Shively, J. A. Ferguson, R. L. Whitman, ve M. J. Sadowsky. Seasonal stability of Cladophora-associated Salmonella in Lake Michigan watersheds, water research, 43 806-814, 2009
• [107] Templeton, M. R., R. C. Andrews, ve R. Hofmann. Inactivation of particle-associated viral surrogates by ultraviolet light, Water research, 39 3487-3500, 2005
• [108] Vital, M., F. Hammes, ve T. Egli. Escherichia coli O157:H7: Growth and survival in water and in association with biofilms, Microbiology, 154 835-844,
• [109] Van Elsas, J. D., A. V. Semenov, R. Costa, ve J. T. Trevors. Survival of Escherichia coli in the environment: fundamental and public health aspects, The ISME journal, 5 173-183, 2011
• [110] Gordon, C. ve S. Toze. Influence of groundwater characteristics on the survival of enteric viruses, Journal of applied microbiology, 95 536-544, 2003
• [111] Bradford, S. A., V. L. Morales, W. Zhang, R. W. Harvey, A. I. Packman, A. Mohanram, ve C. Welty. Transport and Fate of Microbial Pathogens in Agricultural Settings, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 43 775-893, 2013
• [112] Foppen, J. W. A. ve J. F. Schijven. Transport of E. coli in columns of geochemically heterogeneous sediment, Water Research, 39 3082-3088, 2005
• [113] Factors Potentially Contributing to the Contamination of Leafy Greens Implicated in the Fall 2020 Outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 | FDA,
• [114] Muirhead, R. W., R. J. Davies-Colley, A. M. Donnison, ve J. W. Nagels. Faecal bacteria yields in artificial flood events: quantifying in-stream stores, Water research, 38 1215-1224, 2004
• [115] Cho, K. H., Y. A. Pachepsky, M. Kim, J. Pyo, M.-H. Park, Y. M. Kim, J.-W. Kim, ve J. H. Kim. Modeling seasonal variability of fecal coliform in natural surface waters using the modified SWAT, Journal of Hydrology, 535 377-385, 2016
• [116] Solo-Gabriele, H. M., M. A. Wolfert, T. R. Desmarais, ve C. J. Palmer. Sources of Escherichia coli in a Coastal Subtropical Environment, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66 230-237, 2000
• [117] Byappanahalli, M. N., R. L. Whitman, D. A. Shively, M. J. Sadowsky, ve S. Ishii. Population structure, persistence, and seasonality of autochthonous Escherichia coli in temperate, coastal forest soil from a Great Lakes watershed, Environmental Microbiology, 8 504-513, 2006
• [118] Axelsson-Olsson, D., J. Olofsson, L. Svensson, P. Griekspoor, J. Waldenström, P. Ellström, ve B. Olsen. Amoebae and algae can prolong the survival of Campylobacter species in co-culture, Experimental parasitology, 126 59-64, 2010
• [119] Cho, K. H., J. Wolny, J. A. Kase, T. Unno, ve Y. Pachepsky. Interactions of E. coli with algae and aquatic vegetation in natural waters, Water Research, 209 117952, 2022
• [120] Thomas, V., K. Herrera-Rimann, D. S. Blanc, ve G. Greub. Biodiversity of Amoebae and Amoeba-Resisting Bacteria in a Hospital Water Network, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72 2428-2438, 2006
• [121] Korajkic, A., B. R. McMinn, ve V. J. Harwood. Relationships between microbial indicators and pathogens in recreational water settings, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 2842, 2018
• [122] Ijabadeniyi, O. A., L. K. Debusho, M. Vanderlinde, ve E. M. Buys. Irrigation water as a potential preharvest source of bacterial contaminatıon of vegetables, Journal of Food Safety, 31 452-461, 2011
• [123] Walters, S. P., A. L. Thebo, ve A. B. Boehm. Impact of urbanization and agriculture on the occurrence of bacterial pathogens and stx genes in coastal waterbodies of central California, Water research, 45 1752-1762, 2011
• [124] Mauro, S. A., H. Opalko, K. Lindsay, M. P. Colon, ve G. B. Koudelka. The Microcosm Mediates the Persistence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Freshwater Ecosystems, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79 4821-4828, 2013
• [125] Organization, W. H. Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater, 4 2006
• [126] Allende, A. ve J. Monaghan. Irrigation water quality for leafy crops: a perspective of risks and potential solutions, International journal of environmental research and public health, 12 7457-7477, 2015
• [127] Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliğinde Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik, Resmî Gazete, Tarih: 17.12.2022, Sayı: 32046.
• [128] Çelebi, H. Karasu kanal sularında belirli mikroorganizma türlerinin araştırılması, Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, 6 182-189, 2018
• [129] Bartram, J. ve S. Cairncross. Hygiene, sanitation, and water: forgotten foundations of health, PLoS medicine, 7 e1000367, 2010
• [130] Petterson, S. R. ve N. J. Ashbolt. QMRA and water safety management: review of application in drinking water systems, Journal of Water and Health, 14 571-589, 2016
• [131] Stine, S. W., I. Song, C. Y. Choi, ve C. P. Gerba. Effect of relative humidity on preharvest survival of bacterial and viral pathogens on the surface of cantaloupe, lettuce, and bell peppers, Journal of food protection, 68 1352-1358, 2005
• [132] Santiago-Rodriguez, T. M., G. A. Toranzos, ve J. A. Arce-Nazario. Assessing the microbial quality of a tropical watershed with an urbanization gradient using traditional and alternate fecal indicators, Journal of water and health, 14 796-807, 2016
• [133] Abimbola, O. P., A. R. Mittelstet, T. L. Messer, E. D. Berry, S. L. Bartelt-Hunt, ve S. P. Hansen. Predicting Escherichia coli loads in cascading dams with machine learning: An integration of hydrometeorology, animal density and grazing pattern, Science of the Total Environment, 722 137894, 2020
• [134] Buyrukoğlu, S., Y. Yılmaz, ve Z. Topalcengiz. Correlation value determined to increase Salmonella prediction success of deep neural network for agricultural waters, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194 373, 2022
• [135] Buyrukoğlu, G., S. Buyrukoğlu, ve Z. Topalcengiz. Comparing regression models with count data to artificial neural network and ensemble models for prediction of generic Escherichia coli population in agricultural ponds based on weather station measurements, Microbial Risk Analysis, 19 100171, 2021
• [136] Demir, M., M. Canayaz, ve Z. Topalcengiz. A Meta-Heuristic Algorithm-Based Feature Selection Approach to Improve Prediction Success for Salmonella Occurrence in Agricultural Waters, Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30 118-130, 2024
• [137] Weller, D., A. Belias, H. Green, S. Roof, ve M. Wiedmann. Landscape, water quality, and weather factors associated with an increased likelihood of foodborne pathogen contamination of New York streams used to source water for produce production, Frontiers in sustainable food systems, 3 124, 2020
• [138] Weller, D., N. Brassill, C. Rock, R. Ivanek, E. Mudrak, S. Roof, E. Ganda, ve M. Wiedmann. Complex interactions between weather, and microbial and physicochemical water quality impact the likelihood of detecting foodborne pathogens in agricultural water, Frontiers in Microbiology, 11 134, 2020
• [139] Al-Sa’ed, R. Pathogens assessment in reclaimed effluent used for industrial crops irrigation, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 4 68-75, 2007
• [140] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The state of the world’s land and water resources for food and agriculture: Managing systems at risk, 2013.
• [141] Zhao, F.-J., Z. Tang, J.-J. Song, X.-Y. Huang, ve P. Wang. Toxic metals and metalloids: Uptake, transport, detoxification, phytoremediation, and crop improvement for safer food, Molecular plant, 15 27-44, 2022
• [142] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Control of water pollution from agriculture, 1996
• [143] Tchounwou, P. B., C. G. Yedjou, A. K. Patlolla, ve D. J. Sutton. Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment, Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, 101 133-164, 2012
• [144] Förstner, U. ve G. T. Wittmann. Metal pollution in the aquatic environment, 2012
• [145] Ogundele, D. T., A. A. Adio, ve O. E. Oludele. Heavy metal concentrations in plants and soil along heavy traffic roads in North Central Nigeria, Journal of environmental & analytical toxicology, 5 1, 2015
• [146] Woldetsadik, D., P. Drechsel, B. Keraita, F. Itanna, ve H. Gebrekidan. Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment in wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, International Journal of Food Contamination, 4 9, 2017
• [147] Zhuang Ping, Z. P., M. B. McBride, X. H. Xia HanPing, L. N. Li NingYu, ve L. Z. Li ZhiAn. Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China., 2009
• [148] ATSDR. Toxicological profile for lead, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1 582, 2007
• [149] Rai, P. K., V. Kumar, S. Lee, N. Raza, K.-H. Kim, Y. S. Ok, ve D. C. Tsang. Nanoparticle-plant interaction: Implications in energy, environment, and agriculture, Environment international, 119 1-19, 2018
• [150] Türkdoğan, M. K., F. Kilicel, K. Kara, I. Tuncer, ve I. Uygan. Heavy metals in soil, vegetables and fruits in the endemic upper gastrointestinal cancer region of Turkey, Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 13 175-179, 2003
• [151] El-Kady, A. A. ve M. A. Abdel-Wahhab. Occurrence of trace metals in foodstuffs and their health impact, Trends in food science & technology, 75 36-45, 2018
• [152] Uzun, H. İ. ve E. Debik. Detection of effective parameters in arsenic removal with capacitive deionization process and arsenic removal from wastewater, Environmental Research and Technology, 2 13-18, 2019
• [153] Chiou, H.-Y., Y.-M. Hsueh, K.-F. Liaw, S.-F. Horng, M.-H. Chiang, Y.-S. Pu, J. Shinn-Nan Lin, C.-H. Huang, ve C.-J. Chen. Incidence of internal cancers and ingested inorganic arsenic: a seven-year follow-up study in Taiwan, Cancer research, 55 1296-1300, 1995
• [154] Itoh, H., M. Iwasaki, N. Sawada, R. Takachi, Y. Kasuga, S. Yokoyama, H. Onuma, H. Nishimura, R. Kusama, ve K. Yokoyama. Dietary cadmium intake and breast cancer risk in Japanese women: a case–control study, International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 217 70-77, 2014
• [155] Navas-Acien, A., E. Guallar, E. K. Silbergeld, ve S. J. Rothenberg. Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease—A Systematic Review, Environmental Health Perspectives, 115 472-482, 2007
• [156] Gaetke, L. M. ve C. K. Chow. Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients, Toxicology, 189 147-163, 2003
• [157] Zhou Hang, Z. H., Y. W. Yang WenTao, Z. X. Zhou Xin, L. L. Liu Li, G. J. Gu JiaoFeng, W. W. Wang WenLei, Z. J. Zou JiaLing, T. T. Tian Tao, P. P. Peng PeiQin, ve L. B. Liao BoHan. Accumulation of heavy metals in vegetable species planted in contaminated soils and the health risk assessment., 2016
• [158] Rattan, R. K., S. P. Datta, P. K. Chhonkar, K. Suribabu, ve A. K. Singh. Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater—a case study, Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 109 310-322, 2005
• [159] Canli, M. ve G. Atli. The relationships between heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn) levels and the size of six Mediterranean fish species, Environmental pollution, 121 129-136, 2003
• [160] Rainbow, P. S. Trace metal concentrations in aquatic invertebrates: why and so what?, Environmental pollution, 120 497-507, 2002
• [161] Shamsudduha, M., G. Joseph, S. S. Haque, M. R. Khan, A. Zahid, ve K. M. U. Ahmed. Multi-hazard Groundwater Risks to Water Supply from Shallow Depths: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Bangladesh, Exposure and Health, 12 657-670, 2020
• [162] Sarker, A., J.-E. Kim, A. R. Md. T. Islam, M. Bilal, Md. R. J. Rakib, R. Nandi, M. M. Rahman, ve T. Islam. Heavy metals contamination and associated health risks in food webs—a review focuses on food safety and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29 3230-3245, 2022
• [163] Aktar, W., D. Sengupta, ve A. Chowdhury. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture: their benefits and hazards, Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 2 1-12, 2009
• [164] Sánchez-Bayo, F. ve K. A. Wyckhuys. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers, Biological conservation, 232 8-27, 2019
• [165] Woodcock, B. A., N. J. Isaac, J. M. Bullock, D. B. Roy, D. G. Garthwaite, A. Crowe, ve R. F. Pywell. Impacts of neonicotinoid use on long-term population changes in wild bees in England, Nature communications, 7 12459, 2016
• [166] Goulson, D. REVIEW: An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides, Journal of Applied Ecology, 50 977-987, 2013
• [167] Stehle, S. ve R. Schulz. Agricultural insecticides threaten surface waters at the global scale, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 5750-5755, 2015
• [168] Morrissey, C. A., P. Mineau, J. H. Devries, F. Sanchez-Bayo, M. Liess, M. C. Cavallaro, ve K. Liber. Neonicotinoid contamination of global surface waters and associated risk to aquatic invertebrates: a review, Environment international, 74 291-303, 2015
• [169] Mostafalou, S. ve M. Abdollahi. Pesticides and human chronic diseases: evidences, mechanisms, and perspectives, Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 268 157-177, 2013
• [170] Roberts, J. R., C. J. Karr, C. on E. Health, J. A. Paulson, A. C. Brock-Utne, H. L. Brumberg, C. C. Campbell, B. P. Lanphear, K. C. Osterhoudt, ve M. T. Sandel. Pesticide exposure in children, Pediatrics, 130 e1765-e1788, 2012
• [171] Thompson, L. A. ve W. S. Darwish. Environmental Chemical Contaminants in Food: Review of a Global Problem, Journal of Toxicology, 2019 1-14, 2019
• [172] Beddington, J. Food security: contributions from science to a new and greener revolution, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365 61-71, 2010
• [173] Lake, I. R., L. Hooper, A. Abdelhamid, G. Bentham, A. B. A. Boxall, A. Draper, S. Fairweather-Tait, M. Hulme, P. R. Hunter, G. Nichols, ve K. W. Waldron. Climate Change and Food Security: Health Impacts in Developed Countries, Environmental Health Perspectives, 120 1520-1526, 2012
• [174] Luzzi, A. F. ve W. P. T. James. European diet and public health: the continuing challenge, Public Health Nutrition, 4 275-292, 2001
• [175] Organization, W. H. Public health impact of pesticides used in agriculture, Public health impact of pesticides used in agriculture, 128-128, 1990
• [176] Rai, P. K. ve B. D. Tripathi. Heavy metals in industrial wastewater, soil and vegetables in Lohta village, India, Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 90 247-257, 2008
• [177] Bahemuka, T. E. ve E. B. Mubofu. Heavy metals in edible green vegetables grown along the sites of the Sinza and Msimbazi rivers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, Food Chemistry, 66 63-66, 1999
• [178] Lal, R. Enhancing crop yields in the developing countries through restoration of the soil organic carbon pool in agricultural lands, Land Degradation & Development, 17 197-209, 2006
• [179] Savci, S. An agricultural pollutant: chemical fertilizer, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 3 73, 2012
• [180] Sharpley, A. N., P. J. A. Kleinman, A. L. Heathwaite, W. J. Gburek, G. J. Folmar, ve J. P. Schmidt. Phosphorus Loss from an Agricultural Watershed as a Function of Storm Size, Journal of Environmental Quality, 37 362-368, 2008
• [181] Galloway, J. N., J. D. Aber, J. W. Erisman, S. P. Seitzinger, R. W. Howarth, E. B. Cowling, ve B. J. Cosby. The nitrogen cascade, Bioscience, 53 341-356, 2003
• [182] Carpenter, S. R., N. F. Caraco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, ve V. H. Smith. NONPOINT POLLUTION OF SURFACE WATERS WITH PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN, Ecological Applications, 8 559-568, 1998
• [183] Sharpley, A., B. Foy, ve P. Withers. Practical and Innovative Measures for the Control of Agricultural Phosphorus Losses to Water: An Overview, Journal of Environmental Quality, 29 1-9, 2000
• [184] Uzun, H. I. ve E. Debik. Economical approach to nitrate removal via membrane capacitive deionization, Separation and purification technology, 209 776-781, 2019
• [185] Burkart, M. R. ve J. D. Stoner. Nitrogen in groundwater associated with agricultural systems, Nitrogen in the Environment, 177-202, 2008
• [186] World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition, incorporating the 1st addendum, 2017
• [187] Ayers, R. S. ve D. W. Westcot. Water quality for agriculture., 1976
• [188] Raghunath, H. M. Groundwater, Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi, India, 762 1987
• [189] Hounslow, A. Water quality data: analysis and interpretation, 2018
• [190] Subba Rao, N. Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India, Environmental Geology, 49 413-429, 2006
• [191] Todd, D. K. ve L. W. Mays. Groundwater hydrology, 2004
• [192] Matthess, G., The properties of groundwater, 1982
• [193] Gupta, N., K. K. Yadav, V. Kumar, S. Kumar, R. P. Chadd, ve A. Kumar. Trace elements in soil-vegetables interface: translocation, bioaccumulation, toxicity and amelioration-a review, Science of the Total Environment, 651 2927-2942, 2019
• [194] Kumar, S., S. Prasad, K. K. Yadav, M. Shrivastava, N. Gupta, S. Nagar, Q.-V. Bach, H. Kamyab, S. A. Khan, ve S. Yadav. Hazardous heavy metals contamination of vegetables and food chain: Role of sustainable remediation approaches-A review, Environmental research, 179 108792, 2019
• [195] Dipankar Chakraborti, D. C., M. M. Rahman, A. M. Amitava Mukherjee, M. Alauddin, M. H. Manzurul Hassan, R. N. Dutta, S. P. Shymapada Pati, S. C. Mukherjee, S. R. Shibtosh Roy, ve Q. Q. Quazi Quamruzzman. Groundwater arsenic contamination in Bangladesh-21 years of research., 2015
• [196] Gall, J. E., R. S. Boyd, ve N. Rajakaruna. Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187 201, 2015
• [197] Boudebbouz, A., S. Boudalia, A. Bousbia, S. Habila, M. I. Boussadia, ve Y. Gueroui. Heavy metals levels in raw cow milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review, Science of the total Environment, 751 141830, 2021
• [198] Filippini, T., S. Tancredi, C. Malagoli, M. Malavolti, A. Bargellini, L. Vescovi, F. Nicolini, ve M. Vinceti. Dietary Estimated Intake of Trace Elements: Risk Assessment in an Italian Population, Exposure and Health, 12 641-655, 2020
• [199] Islam, M. M., M. R. Karim, X. Zheng, ve X. Li. Heavy metal and metalloid pollution of soil, water and foods in Bangladesh: a critical review, International journal of environmental research and public health, 15 2825, 2018
• [200] Sharmin, S., J. Mia, M. S. Miah, ve H. M. Zakir. Hydrogeochemistry and heavy metal contamination in groundwaters of Dhaka metropolitan city, Bangladesh: Assessment of human health impact, HydroResearch, 3 106-117, 2020
• [201] Xin ShuZhen, X. S., L. H. Li HuaFen, ve S. D. Su DeChun. Concentration characteristics and historical changes of heavy metals in irrigation sewage in China., 2011
• [202] Huang, C. ve X. Wang. China’s farmland sewage irrigation development and its impact on crop research, J. Anhui Agric. Sci, 37 10692-10693, 2009
• [203] Gong, S. S. ve T. Zhang. Temporal-spatial distribution changes of cancer villages in China, China Popul. Resour. Environ, 23 e164, 2013
• [204] He GuiZhen, H. G., Z. L. Zhang Lei, A. P. J. Mol, W. T. Wang TieYu, ve L. Y. Lu YongLong. Why small and medium chemical companies continue to pose severe environmental risks in rural China., 2014
• [205] McArthur, J. M., U. Ghosal, P. K. Sikdar, ve J. D. Ball. Arsenic in Groundwater: The Deep Late Pleistocene Aquifers of the Western Bengal Basin, Environmental Science & Technology, 50 3469-3476, 2016
• [206] Mihajlov, I., M. R. H. Mozumder, B. C. Bostick, M. Stute, B. J. Mailloux, P. S. Knappett, I. Choudhury, K. M. Ahmed, P. Schlosser, ve A. van Geen. Arsenic contamination of Bangladesh aquifers exacerbated by clay layers, Nature communications, 11 2244, 2020
• [207] Islam, Md. S., T. Kormoker, M. Mazumder, S. E. Anika, Md. T. Islam, D. H. Hemy, U. S. Mimi, R. Proshad, Md. H. Kabir, ve A. M. Idris. Trace elements concentration in soil and plant within the vicinity of abandoned tanning sites in Bangladesh: an integrated chemometric approach for health risk assessment, Toxin Reviews, 41 752-767, 2022
• [208] Habib, M. A., A. R. M. T. Islam, M. Bodrud-Doza, F. A. Mukta, R. Khan, M. A. B. Siddique, K. Phoungthong, ve K. Techato. Simultaneous appraisals of pathway and probable health risk associated with trace metals contamination in groundwater from Barapukuria coal basin, Bangladesh, Chemosphere, 242 125183, 2020
• [209] Ratul, A. K., M. Hassan, M. K. Uddin, M. S. Sultana, M. A. Akbor, ve M. A. Ahsan. Potential health risk of heavy metals accumulation in vegetables irrigated with polluted river water., International food research journal, 25 2018
• [210] Haque, Md. M., N. M. Niloy, O. K. Nayna, K. J. Fatema, S. B. Quraishi, J.-H. Park, K.-W. Kim, ve S. M. Tareq. Variability of water quality and metal pollution index in the Ganges River, Bangladesh, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27 42582-42599, 2020
• [211] Rai, P. K., S. S. Lee, M. Zhang, Y. F. Tsang, ve K.-H. Kim. Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management, Environment international, 125 365-385, 2019
• [212] Song Bo, S. B., L. M. Lei Mei, C. T. Chen TongBin, Z. Y. Zheng YuanMing, X. Y. Xie YunFeng, L. X. Li XiaoYan, ve G. D. Gao Ding. Assessing the health risk of heavy metals in vegetables to the general population in Beijing, China., 2009
• [213] Khan, M. U., R. N. Malik, ve S. Muhammad. Human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan, Chemosphere, 93 2230-2238, 2013
• [214] Rahman, M. A., M. M. Rahman, S. M. Reichman, R. P. Lim, ve R. Naidu. Heavy metals in Australian grown and imported rice and vegetables on sale in Australia: health hazard, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 100 53-60, 2014
• [215] Tom, M., T. D. Fletcher, ve D. T. McCarthy. Heavy metal contamination of vegetables irrigated by urban stormwater: a matter of time?, PloS one, 9 e112441, 2014
• [216] Radwan, M. A. ve A. K. Salama. Market basket survey for some heavy metals in Egyptian fruits and vegetables, Food and chemical toxicology, 44 1273-1278, 2006
• [217] Dère, C., I. Lamy, A. Jaulin, ve S. Cornu. Long-term fate of exogenous metals in a sandy Luvisol subjected to intensive irrigation with raw wastewater, Environmental Pollution, 145 31-40, 2007
• [218] Kabata-Pendias, A. Behavioural properties of trace metals in soils, Applied geochemistry, 8 3-9, 1993
• [219] Abdel-Ghani, N. T. ve G. A. Elchaghaby. Influence of operating conditions on the removal of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb ions from wastewater by adsorption, International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 4 451-456, 2007
• [220] Dassenakis, M., M. Scoullos, E. Foufa, E. Krasakopoulou, A. Pavlidou, ve M. Kloukiniotou. Effects of multiple source pollution on a small Mediterranean river, Applied Geochemistry, 13 197-211, 1998
• [221] Islam, M. S., M. K. Ahmed, M. Raknuzzaman, M. Habibullah-Al-Mamun, ve M. K. Islam. Heavy metal pollution in surface water and sediment: a preliminary assessment of an urban river in a developing country, Ecological indicators, 48 282-291, 2015
• [222] Alam, M. G. M., E. T. Snow, ve A. Tanaka. Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh, Science of the total environment, 308 83-96, 2003
• [223] Mapanda, F., E. N. Mangwayana, J. Nyamangara, ve K. E. Giller. The effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 107 151-165, 2005
• [224] Sharma, R. K., M. Agrawal, ve F. M. Marshall. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi, Environmental pollution, 154 254-263, 2008
• [225] Khan, S., Q. Cao, Y. M. Zheng, Y. Z. Huang, ve Y. G. Zhu. Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China, Environmental pollution, 152 686-692, 2008
• [226] Shaheen, N., N. M. Irfan, I. N. Khan, S. Islam, M. S. Islam, ve M. K. Ahmed. Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh, Chemosphere, 152 431-438, 2016
• [227] Lu YongLong, L. Y., S. S. Song Shuai, W. R. Wang RuoShi, L. Z. Liu ZhaoYang, M. J. Meng Jing, A. J. Sweetman, A. Jenkins, R. C. Ferrier, L. H. Li Hong, ve L. W. Luo Wei. Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China., 2015
• [228] Williams, P. N., M. Lei, G. Sun, Q. Huang, Y. Lu, C. Deacon, A. A. Meharg, ve Y.-G. Zhu. Occurrence and Partitioning of Cadmium, Arsenic and Lead in Mine Impacted Paddy Rice: Hunan, China, Environmental Science & Technology, 43 637-642, 2009
• [229] Bello, A. A., I. A. Muhammad, A. Yunusa, T. A. Mikail, I. Hamza, I. Y. Habib, ve M. Muhammad. Heavy metals contamination of agricultural land and their impact on food safety, European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety, 13 104-111, 2021