Bir Sınır Prensi’nin Doğuşu: Guaram ve Kafkas İberya’sında Aristokrasinin Dönüşümü

Abstract

Günümüz Orta ve Doğu Gürcistan’ında kurulan İberya Krallığı için VI. yüzyıl, siyasî ve dinî olarak kırılmaların yaşandığı uzun bir dönemdi. Zira yüzyılın başında Vakhtang Gorgasali’nin ölümü hem İberya soylularının hem de Sâsânîlerin bölge üzerindeki hâkimiyetlerini artırmasına neden olmuştu. VI. yüzyıl boyunca bu duruma tepkilerini zaman zaman isyan ederek gösteren İberyalılar, 523 yılındaki başarısız isyan girişiminin ardından 571 yılına gelindiğinde Guaram liderliğinde Sâsânîlere karşı yeniden isyan ettiler. Ne var ki başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan bu isyan hareketi Guaram’ın Konstantinopolis’e kaçmasıyla ve İberya Krallığı’nın 580 yılında Sâsânîler tarafından ortadan kaldırılmasıyla sonuçlandı. Başlangıçta topraklarına dokunmamaları ve bu toprakların kullanımını kendilerinden sonra oğullarına devretmeleri kaydıyla Sâsânîlerin krallığı ortadan kaldırmasına destek veren İberya soyluları, Sâsânîlerin ağır vergilerinden ve dinî baskılarından dolayı pişmanlık duyarak bu sefer, Romalılardan destek isteyip kendilerine bir kral atamasını talep ettiler. Bu bağlamda 571 yılındaki başarısız isyan girişiminin ardından Romalılara sığınan Guaram, İmparator Mauricius’un desteği ile 588 yılında İberya tahtına gönderildi. Ancak İmparator, Guaram’ı kral olarak değil kouropalates ünvanı ile İberya tahtına oturttu. Böylece 590 yılına kadar İberya tahtında kalan Guaram hem yeni bir hanedanın; Guaramidlerin ilk temsilcisi hem de İberya’nın kouropalates ünvanını alarak kendi adına para bastıran ilk yöneticisi oldu. Bu makalede, İberya Krallığı’nda monarşinin ortadan kaldırılması ve Romalıların desteğiyle monarşinin kouropalates ünvanı verilerek yeniden tesis edilmesi sürecinde Guaram’ın rolü ve İberya Krallığı’nın geçirdiği siyasî dönüşüm tartışılacaktır.

Keywords

• İberia Krallığı
• Romalılar
• Sâsânîler
• I. Guaram
• Kouropalates.

The Making of a Borderland Prince: Guaram and the Transformation of the Aristocracy in Caucasian Iberia

Abstract

The sixth century was a prolonged period of political and religious rupture for the Kingdom of Iberia, established in what is today central and eastern Georgia. The death of Vakhtang Gorgasali at the beginning of the century increased both the power of the Iberian nobility and the dominance of the Sasanian Empire. Throughout the century, the Iberians showed their discontent through several uprisings. After a failed revolt in 523, another rebellion broke out in 571 under Guaram’s leadership. This attempt also failed, forcing Guaram to flee to Constantinople. In 580, the Sasanians formally abolished the Iberian monarchy. Initially, Iberian nobles supported this decision on the condition that their estates remained intact and could pass to their heirs. Yet heavy taxation and religious persecution soon led them to regret it. They turned to the Romans, asking for a king to be appointed. In this context, Guaram, who had taken refuge with the Romans after 571, returned in 588 with Emperor Maurice’s support. However, the emperor did not restore him as king but granted him the title of kouropalates. Guaram ruled until 590 as the first representative of a new dynasty, the Guaramids, and the first Iberian ruler to mint coins in his own name under this title. This article will examine Guaram’s role in the process by which the Iberian monarchy, after its abolition, was reconstituted with Roman support through the conferment of the title kouropalates, as well as the political transformation undergone by the Kingdom of Iberia in this period.

Keywords

• Kingdom of Iberia
• Romans
• Sasanians
• Guaram I
• Kouropalates.

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