The Motivations of the Light and Dark Triads to Exhibit Unethical Pro-Organizational Behaviours: A Qualitative Study on the Banking Sector

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 230 - 259, 10.08.2023

Sema Polatcı , Tugay Ülkü

https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1245688

Cited By: 2

Öz

The aim of the study is to examine the similarities and differences between the motivational states of individuals with light and dark personality traits while exhibiting unethical pro-organizational behaviors. It is planned to contribute to the literature by integrating the contrasting structure of light and dark personality traits with the contrasts of unethical pro-organizational behaviors. In this study, which was prepared with a qualitative research design, the research population consists of bank personnel who are working actively in our country. Within the scope of the study, face-to-face and online interviews were conducted with 11 bankers over a semi-structured questionnaire. As a result of the qualitative analysis, autonomy, support from the top management and workplace happiness are motivational factors, and goal pressure, the colleague's unprofessional behavior and authoritarian management were found to be demotivating factors for the light and dark triad. In addition, according to Self-Determination Theory, extrinsic motivation was observed in displaying unethical pro-organizational behaviors; The phenomena between motivation and unethical pro-organizational behaviors in terms of the light and dark triad were examined and discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aydınlık Üçlü, Karanlık Üçlü, Öz-Belirleme Teorisi, Etik Olmayan Örgüt Yanlısı Davranışlar

Aydınlık ve Karanlık Üçlünün Etik Olmayan Örgüt Yanlısı Davranışlar Sergileme Motivasyonları: Banka Personeli Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı aydınlık ve karanlık kişilik özelliklerine sahip bireylerin etik olmayan örgüt yanlısı davranışları sergilerken sahip oldukları motivasyon durumları arasındaki benzerlik ve farklılıkları tespit etmektir. Aydınlık ve karanlık kişilik özelliklerinin birbirine zıt yapısının, etik olmayan örgüt yanlısı davranışların bünyesinde bulundurduğu zıtlıklarla entegre edilerek, yazına katkı sağlanması planlanmaktadır. Nitel araştırma deseni ile hazırlanan çalışmanın evrenini ülkemizde görev yapmakta olan banka personeli oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında 11 bankacı ile yarı-yapılandırılmış soru formu üzerinden yüz yüze ve online görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Nitel analizler sonucu, aydınlık ve karanlık üçlü için özerklik, üst yönetimin desteği ve iş yeri mutluluğunun motivasyon arttırıcı faktörler olduğu; hedef baskısı, meslektaşın profesyonel olmayan davranışları ve otoriter yönetimin motivasyon azaltıcı faktörler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca etik olmayan örgüt yanlısı davranışların sergilenmesinde, Öz-Belirleme Teorisine göre dışsal motivasyon ile hareket edildiği görülmüş; aydınlık ve karanlık üçlü açısından motivasyon ve etik olmayan örgüt yanlısı davranışlar arasındaki olgular incelenmiş ve tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aydınlık Üçlü, Karanlık Üçlü, Öz-Belirleme Teorisi, Etik Olmayan Örgüt Yanlısı Davranışlar

Kaynakça

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
• Aruta, J. J. B. R. (2022). Psychometric validation and environmental psychological correlates of the Light Triad traits: Evidence from a non-Western country. Journal of Individual Differences.
• Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: a motivational basis of performance and well‐being in two work settings 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 34(10), 2045-2068.
• Baheer, R., Khan, K. I., Rafiq, Z., & Rashid, T. (2023). Impact of dark triad personality traits on turnover intention and mental health of employees through cyberbullying. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 2191777.
• Barros, L. D. O., Bonfá-Araujo, B., & Noronha, A. P. P. (2022). Light Triad Scale: Psychometric properties of the Brazilian-Portuguese version and the relationship with positive aspects. Psicologia em Pesquisa, 16(1), 1-21.
• Belias, D., Koustelios, A., Sdrolias, L., & Aspridis, G. (2015). Job satisfaction, role conflict and autonomy of employees in the Greek banking organization. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 175, 324-333. Belschak, F. D., Muhammad, R. S., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2018). Birds of a feather can butt heads: When Machiavellian employees work with Machiavellian leaders. Journal of Business Ethics, 151(3), 613-626.
• Bertl, B., Pietschnig, J., Tran, U. S., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2017). More or less than the sum of its parts? Mapping the Dark Triad of personality onto a single Dark Core. Personality and individual differences, 114, 140-144.
• Castille, C. M., Buckner, J. E., & Thoroughgood, C. N. (2018). Prosocial citizens without a moral compass? Examining the relationship between Machiavellianism and unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of business ethics, 149(4), 919-930.
• Cialdini, R. B., Petrova, P. K., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). The hidden costs of organizational dishonesty. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(3), 67.
• Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T., & Turan, N. (2013). Predicting counterproductive work behavior from guilt-proneness. Journal of Business Ethics, 114(1), 45-53.
• Coşkun, A., & Ülgen, B. (2017). Örgüt yararına ahlaki olmayan davranış. İs Ahlakı Dergisi, 10(2), 177-201.
• Creswell, J. W. (2017). Nitel, Nicel Araştırma Deseni ve Karma Yöntem Yaklaşımları. (Çev. Ed. Demir, S.B.). 3. Baskı, Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
• Crysel, L. C., Crosier, B. S., & Webster, G. D. (2013). The Dark Triad and risk behavior. Personality and individual differences, 54(1), 35-40.
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 49(3), 182.
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. In R. M. Ryan (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of human motivation (pp. 85–107). Oxford University Press.
• Dineen, B. R., Lewicki, R. J., & Tomlinson, E. C. (2006). Supervisory guidance and behavioral integrity: relationships with employee citizenship and deviant behavior. Journal of applied psychology, 91(3), 622.
• Do, B. R., & Dadvari, A. (2017). The influence of the dark triad on the relationship between entrepreneurial attitude orientation and entrepreneurial intention: A study among students in Taiwan University. Asia Pacific Management Review, 22(4), 185-191.
• Donald, J. N., Bradshaw, E. L., Conigrave, J. H., Parker, P. D., Byatt, L. L., Noetel, M., & Ryan, R. M. (2021). Paths to the light and dark sides of human nature: A meta-analytic review of the prosocial benefits of autonomy and the antisocial costs of control. Psychological Bulletin, 147(9), 921.
• Ebrahimi, E. (2020). The Analysis and Investigation of Leader's Light Triad Personality and Its Effect on a Perceived Organizational Support of Followers Considering the Moderating Role of Leader-Member. Journal of Public Administration, 12(4), 586-606.
• Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014). The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and individual differences, 67, 17-22.
• Erhan, T. (2022). Karanlık ve Aydınlık Üçlü Kişilik Özellikleri Bağlamında Yapıcı Sapma Davranışı: Havacılık Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Journal of Aviation Research, 4(1), 146-163.
• Fernet, C., Gagné, M., & Austin, S. (2010). When does quality of relationships with coworkers predict burnout over time? The moderating role of work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(8), 1163-1180.
• Folkes, V. S., & Kamins, M. A. (1999). Effects of information about firms’ ethical and unethical actions on consumers’ attitudes. Journal of consumer psychology, 8(3), 243-259.
• Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and personality psychology compass, 7(3), 199-216.
• Furtner, M. R., Rauthmann, J. F., & Sachse, P. (2011). The self-loving self-leader: an examination of the relationship between self-leadership and the dark triad. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 39(3), 369-379.
• Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self‐determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362.
• Galvin, B. M., Lange, D., & Ashforth, B. E. (2015). Narcissistic organizational identification: Seeing oneself as central to the organization's identity. Academy of Management Review, 40(2), 163-181.
• Gerymski, R., & Krok, D. (2019). Psychometric properties and validation of the Polish adaptation of the Light Triad Scale. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 7(4), 341-354.
• Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
• Glesne, C. (2020). Nitel araştırmaya giriş (Çev. Ed. Ersoy, A. ve Yalçınoğlu, P.). 6. Baskı, Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
• Grežo, M., & Adamus, M. (2022). Light and Dark core of personality and the adherence to COVID-19 containment measures: The roles of motivation and trust in government. Acta psychologica, 223, 103483.
• Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Thosand Oaks. Sage Publications, Inc.
• Hart, W., Breeden, C. J., & Lambert, J. (2021). Exploring a vulnerable side to dark personality: People with some dark triad features are gullible and show dysfunctional trusting. Personality and Individual Differences, 181, 111030.
• Howard, J. L., Gagné, M., & Bureau, J. S. (2017). Testing a continuum structure of self-determined motivation: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143(12), 1346–1377. Howard, J., Gagné, M., Morin, A. J., & Van den Broeck, A. (2016).
• Motivation profiles at work: A self-determination theory approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 95, 74-89. Hunjra, A. I., Chani, D., Irfan, M., Aslam, S., Azam, M., & Rehman, K. U. (2010).
• Factors effecting job satisfaction of employees in Pakistani banking sector. African Journal of Business Management, 4(10), 2157-2163.
• Irshad, M., & Bashir, S. (2020). The dark side of organizational identification: a multi-study investigation of negative outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 572478.
• Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological assessment, 22(2), 420.
• Jonason, P. K., Kaufman, S. B., Webster, G. D., & Geher, G. (2013). What lies beneath the dark triad dirty dozen: varied relations with the big five. Individual Differences Research, 11(2).
• Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
• Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of management review, 16(2), 366-395.
• Kapoor, H. (2015). The creative side of the dark triad. Creativity Research Journal, 27(1), 58-67.
• Kaufman, S. B., Yaden, D. B., Hyde, E., & Tsukayama, E. (2019). The light vs. dark triad of personality: Contrasting two very different profiles of human nature. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 467.
• Kilduff, G. J., Galinsky, A. D., Gallo, E., & Reade, J. J. (2016). Whatever it takes to win: Rivalry increases unethical behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 59(5), 1508-1534.
• Krasavtseva, Y., & Kornilova, T. V. (2019). Narcissism as a “light” trait in the dark triad. И ПСИХОТЕРАПИЯ, 77.
• Lee, A., Schwarz, G., Newman, A., & Legood, A. (2019). Investigating when and why psychological entitlement predicts unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 154(1), 109-126.
• Liao, Z., Yam, K. C., Johnson, R. E., Liu, W., & Song, Z. (2018). Cleansing my abuse: A reparative response model of perpetrating abusive supervisor behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(9), 1039.
• Lukić, P., & Živanović, M. (2021). Shedding light on the Light Triad: Further evidence on structural, construct, and predictive validity of the Light Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 178, 110876.
• Lyons, M. (2019). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy in everyday life. Academic Press.
• March, E., & Marrington, J. Z. (2021). Antisocial and prosocial online behaviour: Exploring the roles of the dark and light triads. Current Psychology, 1-4.
• Matherne III, C. F., & Litchfield, S. R. (2012). Investigating the relationship between affective commitment and unethical pro-organizational behaviors: The role of moral identity. Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, 9(5), 35-46.
• Miao, Q., Newman, A., Yu, J., & Xu, L. (2013). The relationship between ethical leadership and unethical pro-organizational behavior: Linear or curvilinear effects?. Journal of business ethics, 116(3), 641-653.
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage publications.
• Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). Perspectives on psychological science, 12(2), 183-204.
• Murthy, N., & Gopalkrishnan, S. (2022). Creating a Nexus between dark triad personalities, non-performing assets, corporate governance and frauds in the Indian Banking sector. Journal of Financial Crime, (ahead-of-print).
• Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Flow theory and research. Handbook of positive psychology, 195, 206.
• Naseer, S., Bouckenooghe, D., Syed, F., Khan, A. K., & Qazi, S. (2020). The malevolent side of organizational identification: Unraveling the impact of psychological entitlement and manipulative personality on unethical work behaviors. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35(3), 333-346.
• Neumann, C. S., Kaufman, S. B., ten Brinke, L., Yaden, D. B., Hyde, E., & Tsykayama, E. (2020). Light and dark trait subtypes of human personality–A multi-study person-centered approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110121.
• Niemiec, C. P., Lynch, M. F., Vansteenkiste, M., Bernstein, J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). The antecedents and consequences of autonomous self-regulation for college: A self-determination theory perspective on socialization. Journal of adolescence, 29(5), 761-775.
• Novianti, K. R., & Fuadiputra, I. R. (2021). The Impact of Job Autonomy on Turnover Intention: Mediation Role of Work-Life Balance, and Job Satisfaction in the Banking Sector. International Journal of Social Science and Business, 5(4).
• Olafsen, A. H., Deci, E. L., & Halvari, H. (2018). Basic psychological needs and work motivation: A longitudinal test of directionality. Motivation and emotion, 42(2), 178-189.
• Olafsen, A. H., Niemiec, C. P., Halvari, H., Deci, E. L., & Williams, G. C. (2017). On the dark side of work: A longitudinal analysis using self-determination theory. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 275-285.
• Özdemir, O., Özdemir, P. G., Kadak, M. T., & Nasıroğlu, S. (2012). Kişilik gelişimi. Psikiyatride güncel yaklaşımlar, 4(4), 566-589.
• Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of research in personality, 36(6), 556-563.
• Pektaş, S., & Durmuş, G. (2022). Adaptation of the Light Triad Scale to Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 664-674.
• Peterson, R. D., & Palmer, C. L. (2021). The Dark is Rising: Contrasting the Dark Triad and Light Triad on Measures of Political Ambition and Participation. Frontiers in Political Science, 3, 60.
• Polatcı, S., & Yeloğlu, H. O. (2021). Karanlık ve Aydınlık Kişilik Özelliklerinin Girişimcilik Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, 3(1), 73-87.
• Prusik, M., & Szulawski, M. (2019). The relationship between the Dark Triad personality traits, motivation at work, and burnout among HR recruitment workers. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1290.
• Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How “dark” are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884-889.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. Handbook of self-determination research, 2, 3-33.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary educational psychology, 61, 101860.
• Serbest, S., & Sökmen, A. (2021). Karanlık üçlü'den Aydınlık Tarafa Giden Yolda Aydınlık üçlü ölçeği: Türkçe'ye Uyarlama çalışması. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 56(4), 2734-2744.
• Sevi, B., Urganci, B., & Sakman, E. (2020). Who cheats? An examination of light and dark personality traits as predictors of infidelity. Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110126.
• Shah, S. I., Shahjehan, A., & Afsar, B. (2021). Leading Machiavellians on the road to better organizational behavior. Personnel Review.
• Shaw, K. H., Tang, N., & Liao, H. Y. (2020). Authoritarian-benevolent leadership, moral disengagement, and follower unethical pro-organizational behavior: An investigation of the effects of ambidextrous leadership. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 590.
• Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2005). The Stressor-Emotion Model of Counterproductive Work Behavior. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds.), Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets (pp. 151–174). American Psychological Association.
• Spurk, D., Keller, A. C., & Hirschi, A. (2016). Do bad guys get ahead or fall behind? Relationships of the dark triad of personality with objective and subjective career success. Social psychological and personality science, 7(2), 113-121.
• Stavraki, M., Artacho-Mata, E., Bajo, M., & Díaz, D. (2022). The dark and light of human nature: Spanish adaptation of the light triad scale and its relationship with psychological well-being. Current Psychology, 1-10.
• Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Political psychology (pp. 276-293). Psychology Press.
• Tang, M., Wang, D., & Guerrien, A. (2020). A systematic review and meta‐analysis on basic psychological need satisfaction, motivation, and well‐being in later life: Contributions of self‐determination theory. PsyCh journal, 9(1), 5-33.
• Tangney, J. P. (1991). Moral affect: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Journal of personality and social psychology, 61(4), 598.
• Tekeş, B., & Bıçaksız, P. (2021). Aydınlık üçlü (light triad) ölçeğinin psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(3), 535-556.
• Tesch, R. (2013). Qualitative research: Analysis types and software. Routledge.
• Thau, S., Derfler-Rozin, R., Pitesa, M., Mitchell, M. S., & Pillutla, M. M. (2015). Unethical for the sake of the group: risk of social exclusion and pro-group unethical behavior. Journal of applied psychology, 100(1), 98.
• Thietart, R. A., & Forgues, B. (1995). Chaos theory and organization. Organization science, 6(1), 19-31. Tian, Q., & Peterson, D. K. (2016). The effects of ethical pressure and power distance orientation on unethical pro‐organizational behavior: the case of earnings management. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25(2), 159-171.
• Umphress, E. E., & Bingham, J. B. (2011). When employees do bad things for good reasons: Examining unethical pro-organizational behaviors. Organization Science, 22(3), 621-640.
• Umphress, E. E., Bingham, J. B., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Unethical behavior in the name of the company: the moderating effect of organizational identification and positive reciprocity beliefs on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of applied psychology, 95(4), 769.
• Vansteenkiste, M., Niemiec, C. P., & Soenens, B. (2010). The development of the five mini-theories of self-determination theory: An historical overview, emerging trends, and future directions. The decade ahead: Theoretical perspectives on motivation and achievement.
• Vize, C. E., Collison, K. L., Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., & Back, M. (2018). Examining the effects of controlling for shared variance among the dark triad using meta–analytic structural equation modelling. European Journal of Personality, 32(1), 46-61.
• Wang, T., Long, L., Zhang, Y., & He, W. (2019). A social exchange perspective of employee–organization relationships and employee unethical pro-organizational behavior: The moderating role of individual moral identity. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(2), 473-489.
• Wang, X., Zheng, X. J., & Zhao, S. (2022). Repaying the debt: An examination of the relationship between perceived organizational support and unethical pro-organizational behavior by low performers. Journal of Business Ethics, 179(3), 697-709.
• Webster, B. D., & Smith, M. B. (2019). The dark triad and organizational citizenship behaviors: The moderating role of high involvement management climate. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(5), 621-635.
• Xiao, M., Wang, Z., Kong, X., Ao, X., Song, J., & Zhang, P. (2021). Relatedness Need Satisfaction and the Dark Triad: The Role of Depression and Prevention Focus. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
• Yam, K. C., Klotz, A. C., He, W., & Reynolds, S. J. (2017). From good soldiers to psychologically entitled: Examining when and why citizenship behavior leads to deviance. Academy of Management Journal, 60(1), 373-396.
• Yıldırım, A., & Simsek, H. (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. 11. Baskı, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
• Young, S. M., Du, F., Dworkis, K. K., & Olsen, K. J. (2016). It's all about all of us: The rise of narcissism and its implications for management control system research. Journal of Management Accounting Research, 28(1), 39-55.
• Zimbardo, P. (2018). Exploring human nature and inspiring heroic social action. Diversity in unity: Perspectives from psychology and behavioral sciences, 3-9.