Identifying Concrete-Representational-Abstract Instruction as an Evidence-based Practice in Teaching Mathematics to Individuals with Special Needs

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 4, 931 - 960, 01.12.2022

Özge Özlü Ünlü , Aslin Arslanoğlu , Ahmet Yıkmış

https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.938438

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate whether Concrete-Representational-Abstract (CRA) teaching practices adopted in teaching mathematical skills to individuals with special needs were evidence-based.
Method: In this study, the analysis processes of the studies published in national and international sources between 1980 and 2020 were completed in line with descriptive analysis standards and standards for being evidence-based. As a result of the first search, a total of 52 studies were reached. Of these studies, 21 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the descriptive analysis process. Afterward, these studies were evaluated methodologically by considering the quality indicators for single-subject research designs. Seventeen studies that met all the quality indicators were included in the visual and meta-analysis process.
Findings: According to the descriptive analysis results, it was observed that studies were mostly conducted between 2011 and 2019 and were often carried out on children with specific learning disabilities. Concerning methodological characteristics, it was seen that the multiple probe design across participants was frequently used as the research design, and subtraction with regrouping problem-solving skills in the field of problem-solving and multiplication skills in the field of four operations skills were included as dependent variables. The CRA strategy is observed to be often presented by the direct instruction method and supported by the RENAME strategy. Graphical analysis was used in all the studies reviewed. However, statistical analyses were not included in all studies. When the findings regarding evidence-based evaluation were examined, a positive effect was observed in 16 out of 17 studies meeting all the quality indicators. In meta-analysis studies, the results of PND and Tau-U effect size analysis are detailed under the Results heading.
Discussion: These results demonstrate that CRA instruction is an evidence-based practice. The results obtained were discussed in line with the literature, and recommendations were made to researchers and intervention agents.

Keywords

Individuals with special needs, mathematical skills, evidence-based practice, meta-analysis, single-subject research

Özel Gereksinimli Bireylere Matematik Öğretiminde Somut-Yarı Somut-Soyut Öğretimin Kanıta Dayalı Uygulama Olarak Belirlenmesi

Abstract

Giriş: Bu çalışmada özel gereksinimli bireylere matematik becerilerinin öğretiminde Somut-Yarı Somut-Soyut (SY-YS-S) öğretim uygulamalarının kanıta dayalı olma durumunun değerlendirmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, 1980-2020 yılları arasında ulusal ve uluslararası kaynaklarda yayımlanan çalışmaların, betimsel analiz ve kanıta dayalı olma standartlarına göre analiz süreçleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk taramalar sonucunda toplamda 52 çalışmaya ulaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmalardan dâhil etme ölçütlerini karşılayan toplam 21 çalışma betimsel analiz sürecine dâhil edilmiştir. Ardından, tek-denekli araştırmalar için belirlenmiş olan niteliksel ölçütler dikkate alınarak bu çalışmalar yöntemsel açıdan değerlendirilmiştir. Niteliksel ölçütlerin tamamını karşılayan 17 çalışma görsel ve meta-analiz sürecine alınmıştır.
Bulgular: Betimsel analiz bulgularına göre, çalışmaların 2011-2019 yılları arasında yoğunlaştığı ve sıklıkla özel öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocuklara yönelik gerçekleştirildiği görülmüştür. Yöntemsel özelliklere bakıldığında; araştırma deseni olarak sıklıkla denekler arası yoklama denemeli çoklu yoklama modelinin kullanıldığı; bağımlı değişken olarak problem çözme alanında en çok onluk bozma gerektiren çıkarma işlemi içeren problemleri çözme becerisi ve dört işlem becerileri alanında ise sıklıkla çarpma işlemi becerisine yer verildiği görülmüştür. S-YS-S stratejisinin sıklıkla doğrudan öğretim yöntemi ile sunulduğu ve RENAME stratejisi ile desteklendiği görülmektedir. İncelenen araştırmaların tümünde grafiksel analiz kullanılmış; ancak istatistiksel analizlere tüm çalışmalarda yer verilmemiştir. Kanıta dayalı değerlendirmeye ilişkin bulgulara bakıldığında, niteliksel ölçütlerin tamamını karşılayan 17 çalışmadan 16’sında olumlu etki görülmüştür. Meta-analiz çalışmalarında, ÖVY ve Tau-U etki büyüklüğü analiz sonuçları ise bulgular başlığında ayrıntılandırılmıştır.
Tartışma: Elde edilen bu bulgular, S-YS-S öğretiminin kanıta dayalı bir uygulama olduğunu gösterir niteliktedir. Elde edilen bulgular alanyazın dikkate alınarak tartışılmış, araştırmacılara ve uygulamacılara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Keywords

özel gereksinimli birey, matematik becerileri, kanıta dayalı uygulamalar, meta-analiz, tek-denekli araştırmalar

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