General rules
1. The Pamukkale University Journal of Business Research (PIAR) publishes manuscripts only in Turkish and English. Submissions must include both a Turkish “Öz” and an English “Abstract.”
2. Submitted manuscripts must not have been previously published nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere.
3. Manuscripts intended for review must be submitted via DergiPark
(https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/piar) in accordance with the journal’s formatting guidelines. First-time submissions should be completed by selecting the “Submit Manuscript” option and following the required steps to upload the manuscript and all necessary documents.
4. All files uploaded to the system must include the authors’ full names, affiliations, email addresses, and ORCIDs. These details will be removed by the editorial office during the evaluation process in accordance with the double-blind review policy.
5. If the manuscript is derived from a thesis or any prior academic work, this must be clearly indicated on the first page as a footnote to the title.
6. Manuscripts must be prepared using Microsoft Office Word 2010 or a later version.
7. Authors are required to analyze their manuscripts using plagiarism detection software such as iThenticate or Turnitin and upload the similarity report to the system. The similarity index is expected to be below 20%.
8. Data sets, analysis outputs, and, where applicable, documents demonstrating legal restrictions on data sharing must be uploaded during submission. Authors agree that submitted data and outputs may be subject to audit.
9. Manuscripts submitted for publication must not exceed 10,000 words, including notes and references.
10. Page layout must be A4 size with the following margins: top 2,5 cm, bottom 2,5 cm, left 2.5 cm, right 2.5 cm; header 1.25 cm and footer 1.25 cm.
11. Manuscripts must be written in Times New Roman, 11-point font, single-spaced.
12. For accepted manuscripts to be published, the corresponding author must sign and upload the Copyright Form available in the journal system.
13. Ethics Committee Approval: "Ethics Committee Approval" is requested for studies conducted in all branches of science, including social sciences, based on the change made in the TR Index Journal Evaluation Criteria for 2020. Therefore, "Ethics Committee Approval" must be obtained from all studies submitted to our journal. Studies without ethics committee approval will not be included in the evaluation process.
14. The Editorial Board reserves the right to request revisions for any formatting issues not specified in these guidelines.
Main text formatting rules
1. The first page of the manuscript must be prepared in the following order:
· Title of the manuscript: 12 pt, bold, centered, sentence case (only the first word capitalized), with 12 pt space before and 6 pt after; maximum 12 words (APA 7 style).
· Author names: 11 pt, centered, 6 pt before and 6 pt after; titles should not be used. Only the first letter of surname should be capitalized, and the footnote should include affiliations, email addresses, and ORCIDs.
· Turkish Abstract (Öz): 9 pt, italic, justified, no paragraph indentation, 0 pt before and after; must include the purpose, methodology, and key findings of the study; 100–180 words.
· Keywords: 9 pt, bold, 6 pt before and after; at least three keywords must be provided.
· JEL Codes: 9 pt, bold and italic, 6 pt before and after; at least one JEL code is required for studies in business and economics.
(https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php)
· English title: 12 pt, bold, centered, sentence case, 0 pt before and 6 pt after.
· Abstract: Same format as the Turkish abstract and must correspond in content.
· If the manuscript is written in English, the order should be:
English Title – Author Information – Abstract – Keywords – JEL Codes – Turkish Title – Öz – Turkish Keywords – JEL Codes
2. A research article is recommended to include the following sections:
Abstract, Introduction, Literature review, Methodology, Findings, Conclusion, and References.
3. The entire main text, including headings, must be 11 pt and single-spaced. Section numbering should start from the Introduction (e.g., 1. Introduction).
4. In the introduction section of the manuscript, the main purpose of the study, the research method, the aspects that distinguish the study from similar studies in the literature, and its potential contribution to the literature should be clearly and comprehensibly stated.
5. In the literature review section, the concepts related to the research topic should be addressed within a theoretical framework. Furthermore, relevant empirical studies in the existing literature should be critically reviewed and synthesized in order to provide a theoretical basis for the hypotheses.
6. The Conclusion should include evaluation, discussion, and implications. In empirical studies, details such as research purpose, significance, population and sample, measurement instruments, data collection methods, analysis techniques, limitations, and findings must be presented in a coherent and transparent manner.
7. All headings must be numbered. Headings and subheadings should be in sentence case, bold, left-aligned, 11 pt, with 6 pt spacing before and after.
Example:
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
2.1. Organizational support
8. Paragraphs must be 11 pt, justified, without indentation, with 0 pt before and 6 pt after spacing.
9. Tables must be prepared using the “AutoFit to Window” option. Tables, figures, and graphs must not exceed page margins; those smaller than page width should be centered.
10. Tables, figures, and graphs must be numbered consecutively and provided with appropriate titles. Titles and labels must follow sentence case.
11. Font size in tables, figures, and graphs must be between 8 pt and 11 pt.
12. Table titles must appear above the table, left-aligned, with 0 pt spacing before and after. The titles of tables must be formatted as “Table 1. A title appropriate to the content.”
Example:
13. Figure and graph titles must appear below and centered. Sources must be indicated below tables/figures according to in-text citation rules (e.g., Source: TURKSTAT, 2026; CBRT, 2026: 22). Tables and figures must not be inserted as images.
Example:
14. A period (.) must be used as the decimal separator. Equations must be created using the MS Word Equation Editor and numbered, with the number placed in parentheses aligned to the right, and equations must not be inserted as images.
15. Spelling and grammar rules must be followed. Turkish manuscripts must comply with Turkish Language Association (TDK) guidelines.
16. If internet sources do not include an author, they should be listed under “Internet Sources” in the references section, after all authored sources, ordered by access date.
In-text citations and footnotes
PIAR follows APA 7 guidelines for referencing, with additional formatting requirements. (https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples)
1. Only in-text citation style should be used, including author surname, year, and page number (e.g., Clegg, 1997: 53).
2. Page numbers must be included when citing a specific part; they may be omitted for general references.
3. For sources with more than two authors, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” (e.g., Morgan et al., 1994: 75).
4. Multiple references within the same parentheses must be separated by semicolons (e.g., Hassard & Parker, 1994: 125; Boje, 1996: 146).
5. Works by the same author in the same year must be distinguished as a, b, etc. (e.g., Kazgan, 2016a: 125; Kazgan, 2016b: 256).
6. Explanatory notes may be given as footnotes. Footnotes must be numeric, justified, single-spaced, and in 9 pt font.
Reference list
1. References must be in Times New Roman, 11 pt, single-spaced, justified, with hanging indentation (0 pt before, 8 pt after).
2. Footnotes or endnotes must not be used for references.
3. For sources with DOI numbers, the DOI must be included in the format: https://doi.org/…
Examples
Journal articles
Author Surname, Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Pages.
Single-author article:
Ahmed, W. A. (2016). The dynamic linkages among sector indices: The case of the Egyptian stock market. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(4), 23-38.
Mücevher, M. H. (2021). Yönetimde ahlâk ve maneviyata yönelik bir öneri. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 82-100.
Two-author article: Authors must be separated by “&”.
Blesa, A., & Ripollés, M. (2008). The influence of marketing capabilities on economic international performance. International Marketing Review, 25(6), 651-673.
Işık İnan, Ö., & Serinkan, C. (2020). Liderlik yaklaşımları ve spor yönetiminde liderlik. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 308-332.
Article with more than two authors: The preceding authors must be separated by commas, and the final author must be separated by “&”.
Peterson, S. J., Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Zhang, Z. (2011). Psychological capital and employee performance: A latent growth modeling approach. Personnel Psychology, 64, 427-450.
Akkuş, D. B., Najimudinova, S., & Gül, H. (2021). Psikolojik sermayenin örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisinde iş-yaşam dengesinin aracılık rolü: Bir araştırma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 27-46.
Books
Author Surname, First name. (Year). Book title. Publisher.
The rules for separating author names are the same as those for journal article formatting.
Single-author book:
Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th. Ed.). Pearson Education.
Two-author book:
Ülgen, H., & Mirze S. K. (2004). İşletmelerde stratejik yönetim. Literatür Yayınları.
Griffin R. W., & Pustay M. W. (1996). International business: A managerial perspective. Addison-Wisley Publishing Company.
Edited book chapter:
Marangoz, M., Kara, E., Yılmaz, H., & Demirağ, F. (2022). Sanayinin dönüşümü ve evreleri. Marangoz M., & Özkoç H. (Ed.), Endüstri 4.0 ve İşletme Yönetimi. Beta Basım Yayın ve Dağıtım.
Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.
Dissertations and Thesis:
Author's surname, initials of the author's name. (Year). Thesis title [Master's thesis / Doctoral thesis]. Name of the University / Institution.
Tülü, M. (2019). Örgütsel politika algısı, iş yaşamında yalnızlık ve örgütsel yabancılaşma ilişkisine yönelik bir araştırma [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.
Symposium - Conference Proceeding References:
Author's Surname, Initials of the Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Name of the paper [Conference Presentation]. Symposium/Conference Name, City, Country.
Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States.
Serinkan, C., & Boz N. (2019, 17-20 Ekim). Pamukkale üniversitesindeki akademik personelin örgütsel muhalefet algılarının belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma [Kongre Sunumu]. IV. Uluslararası Girişimcilik, İstihdam ve Kariyer Kongresi, Bodrum, Türkiye.
Online sources
Institution/Author. (Year). Title. URL: … (Access Date: …)
TÜİK. (2026). Ücretli çalışan istatistikleri. URL: https://veriportali.tuik.gov.tr/tr/press/57954 (Access Date:15.05.2026).
TCMB. (2026). Enflasyon raporu 2026-II. URL: https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/434cf25f-fa4b-485e-ac6d-19d2d68d87e3/enf_26_ii_tam.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-434cf25f-fa4b-485e-ac6d-19d2d68d87e3-pUBDsJ (Access Date: 15.05.2026).
For more information and the citation/reference format you are looking for in APA 7 style, you can get help from the links below.
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples