AUTHOR GUIDELINES
General Rules
1. Manuscripts written in Turkish and English are published in Pamukkale University Journal of Business Research (PIAR) submitted should include both Turkish "Abstract" and English "Abstract".
2. Writer(s) accept(s) that the manuscript is original, and it has not been sent to another journal to be published and it has not published before.
3. The studies that are requested to be evaluated in the journal should be uploaded via Dergipark (https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/piar) in accordance with the conditions stated in the journal writing rules. It is necessary to select the Submit Article button and follow the necessary steps and upload the article and other necessary information and documents to the system.
4. The name-surname, institution, e-mail and ORCID information of the author or authors should be included in all files uploaded to the system. This information about the author or authors is deleted by the journal editor during the evaluation process within the framework of blind review principles.
5. If the article is derived from any thesis or other scientific study, it should be shown in a footnote to the title of the article on the first page of the article.
6. Manuscripts should be submitted as Microsoft Word file (minimum version is Microsoft Office Word 2010)
7. Authors should analyze their manuscripts with similarity programs such as iThenticate or Turnitin and upload the analysis report to the system. Plagiarism rate is expected to be less than 20%.
8. If there are legal reasons that prevent the sharing of data sets, analysis outputs and data used in the analysis in the articles, the documents showing this must be uploaded to the system. The authors agree in advance that the datasets or analysis outputs they upload can be audited.
9. Manuscripts should be maximum 25 (twenty-five) pages including everything.
10. Page layout, A4 size; It should be: Top: 3 cm, Bottom: 3 cm, Left: 2.5 cm, Right: 2.5 cm, Header: 1.25 cm, Footer: 1.25 cm.
11. Palatino Linotype (Times New Roman font, if not installed) font should be used in manuscripts.
12. Copyright Form must be signed by the corresponding author and uploaded to the system.
13. The Editorial Board is entitled to request correction on any form of condition not covered by this directive.

Main Text Writing Rules
1. The first page of the article should be prepared in the following rules in order:
• Title: Its size should be 12 pt, bold, centered, before 12 pt, after 6 pt, the first letter of the words should be capital and maximum of twelve (12) words (APA style).
• Authors’ names: Its size should be 11 pt, centered, 0 pt before and 6 pt after, and title should not be used. The last name must be in capital letters, followed by institution information, e-mail addresses and ORCID numbers. Multiple authors should not be written side by side on the same line.
• Abstract (in Turkish): The text should contain no text carriage indent (size 9 pt, 0 pt before and after, italic, justified, single line spacing), the subject of the study, its purpose, methodology, and notable findings and should contain a minimum of 100 and a maximum of 180 words.
• Key words: Size (9 font, bold, before and after 6 pt spacing) should be written next to the title at least 3 and at most 5.
• Title in English: Its size should be 12 points, bold, centered, only the first letter of the first word should be capital, 0 pt before, 6 pt after.
• Abstract: It should be the same content as the Turkish abstract text without any carriage indent (size 9 pt, 0 pt before and after, italic, justified, single line spacing).
JEL Codes: Size (9 point, bold, italic, before and after 6 pt interval) It is obligatory to give JEL codes in studies related to operation and economy. https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php

• If the submitted article is written in English, the order is: Article Name (English) -Author Information- Abstract- Keywords-JEL Codes- Article Name (Turkish) - Abstract (Turkish) - Keywords (Turkish) - JEL Codes.
2. The main text should be 11 pt starting from the INTRODUCTION section including all titles and a single line spacing should be used.
3. The titles in the article should be numbered. All of the main titles must be in capital letters, 11 points, bold, left aligned, before and after 6 pt. In the subtitles, the first letter of each word must be uppercase and the others must be lowercase.
      Example:
      1. INTRODUCTION
      2. ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT
      2.1. The Features of Organizational Support

4. Paragraphs must be 11 pt, justified, 0 and 6 pt before and without line indent.
5. Each of the tables, figures and graphics to be included in the text should be titled so as not to overflow the page margins (if the page margins are smaller than the tables, figures and graphic, the page should be centered) and by giving a heading (numerical) title number.
6. The font size of the text in the table, graphic and figure cannot be less than 9 points and larger than 11 points.
7. Table headings should be at the top of the table and start in line with the table. Table titles should be created as "Table 1. Title appropriate to the content of the table".

Example
Table 1. . Organizational support dimensions and factor loadings

Reference: Serinkan, 2021: 15

8. Figure and graphic titles should be at the bottom. The references of the tables, figures and graphics to be included in the text should be placed under the tables, figures and graphics in accordance with the in-text reference rules. Source: DPT, 1988: 125

9. Decimal fractions should be separated by commas in the article, the equations used should be numbered and these numbers should be at the far right of the page in parentheses. Equation Editor of MS Word should be used in mathematical expressions and should not be pasted as a picture.
10. Spelling rules should be observed in the text. Turkish Language Association spelling rules apply. For example, since the Turkish Language Association accepts the word “Internet” as a private name, this word should be used in Turkish writings in accordance with the specific name language rules.
11.  If there is no author and institution name in internet references, these references should be listed on the basis of access dates, under the heading “Internet References”, after the references list.

Citation and Footnote Writing Rules

APA 7th Style is preferred for citation and reference in our journal. (https://apastyle.apa.org)

1. In the Pamukkale University Journal of Business Research (PIAR), only the in-text citation system should be used, and the reference system with author surname, date and page numbers should be preferred in citations (Ex: Clegg, 1997: 53).
2. In the references to sources with more than two authors, the surname of the first author and "et al." must be used (Ex: Morgan et al., 1994: 75).
3. If more than one source is used in the same parenthesis, the sources must be separated with a semicolon (;) sign (For example: Hassard and Parker, 1994: 125; Boje, 1996: 146).
4. In the quotations given from the work published by an author in the same year, the quotations should be separated into a and b. (Ex: Kazgan, 2016a: 125; Kazgan, 2016b: 256).

5. If the article mentions an entire study, the page number may not be included in the citation.
6. Explanations about some issues to be explained in the text can be specified as footnote at the bottom of the page. Footnotes should be numerically justified, single line spacing and 9 points.

REFERENCES WRITING RULES
1. Reference Palatino Linotype, 11 font size, single line spacing should be used and justified.
2. Footnote or endnote should not be preferred in References.

Article examples:

Author Surname, Initials of the Author's name. (Year). Article name, The Name of the Journal, Volume(Number), Pages.

Single author article in foreign language (other than Turkish):
Ahmed, W. A. (2016). The dynamic linkages among sector ındices: The case of the egyptian stock market, International Journal of Economics and Finance, 8(4), 23-38.

Article with two authors written in a foreign language: Authors should be separated by "&"
Blesa, A. & Ripollés, M. (2008). The influence of marketing capabilities on economic ınternational performance. International Marketing Review, 25(6), 651-673.

Articles with more than two authors written in a foreign language: Previous authors with commas; the last author should be separated by "&"
Peterson, S. J., Luthans, F., Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Zhang, Z. (2011). Psychological capital and employee performance: A latent growth modeling approach. Personnel Psychology, 64, 427-450

Single author article in Turkish:
Mücevher, M. H. (2021). Yönetimde ahlâk ve maneviyata yönelik bir öneri. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1) , 82-100.

Articles written in Turkish with two authors: Must be separated with "ve"
Işık İnan, Ö. ve Serinkan, C. (2020). Liderlik yaklaşımları ve spor yönetiminde liderlik. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 308-332.

Articles with more than two authors written in Turkish: Previous authors with commas; the last author should be separated by "ve".
Akkuş, D. B. , Najımudınova, S. ve Gül, H. (2021). Psikolojik sermayenin örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisinde iş-yaşam dengesinin aracılık rolü: Bir araştırma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 27-46. 

Book examples:
Author Surname, Initials of the Author's name. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.
The separation of author names is the same as in the article display.

English book with a single author
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in organizations (8th ed.). Pearson Education.

English book with two authors
Griffin R. W., & Pustay M. W. (1996). International business: A managerial perspective. Addison-Wisley Publishing Company. 

English book with more than two authors
Wilson, B. A., Alderman, N., Burgess, P. W., Emslie, H. C., & Evans, J. J. (1996). The behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome. Thames Valley Test Company.

English book chapter with more than two authors
Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts: Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik, P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The psychology of high performance: Developing human potential into domain-specific talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000120-016

Turkish book with a single author
Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlilik. Seçkin Yayıncılık.

Turkish book with two authors
Ülgen, H. ve Mirze S. K. (2004). İşletmelerde stratejik yönetim. Literatür yayınları.

Turkish book chapter with more than two authors
Marangoz, M., Kara, E., Yılmaz, H. ve Demirağ F. (2022). Sanayinin dönüşümü ve evreleri. Marangoz M. ve Özkoç H., (Ed.), Endüstri 4.0 ve işletme yönetimi (ss. 1-28). Beta Basım Yayın ve Dağıtım.

Dissertations and Thesis:
Author's surname, initials of the author's name. (Year). Thesis title [Master's thesis / Doctoral thesis]. Name of the University / Institution.

Tülü, M. (2019). Örgütsel politika algısı, iş yaşamında yalnızlık ve örgütsel yabancılaşma ilişkisine yönelik bir araştırma [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi.

Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.

Symposium - Conference Proceeding References:
Author's Surname, Initials of the Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Name of the paper [Conference Presentation]. Symposium/Conference Name, City, Country.

Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States.

Serinkan, C., ve Boz N. (2019, 17-20 Ekim). Pamukkale üniversitesindeki akademik personelin örgütsel muhalefet algılarının belirlenmesine yönelik bir araştırma [Kongre Sunumu]. IV. Uluslararası Girişimcilik, İstihdam ve Kariyer Kongresi, Bodrum, Türkiye.

Conference paper published in the journal
Author's Surname, Initials of the Author's name. (Year). Name of the paper. Symposium/Conference Name, Country, Volume(Issue), Page Range. DOI

Duckworth, A. L., Quirk, A., Gallop, R., Hoyle, R. H., Kelly, D. R., & Matthews, M. D. (2019). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116(47), 23499–23504. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1910510116

Aksel, İ., Serinkan, C., Kızıloğlu M., & Aksoy, B. (2013). Assessment of teachers’ perceptions of organizational citizenship behaviors and psychological empowerment: An empirical analysis in Turkey. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences (89), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.600

Internet examples

Author's Surname, Initials of the Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title. Institution Name. URL

Toner, K. (2020, September 24). When Covid-19 hit, he turned his newspaper route into a lifeline for senior citizens. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/04/us/coronavirus-newspaper-deliveryman-groceries-senior-citizens-cnnheroes-trnd/index.html

Kaya, İ. (2017). Content Marketing/İçerik Pazarlama. Pazarlama Bi’tanedir. http://pazarlamabitanedir.blogspot.com/2017 (Erişim Tarihi: 02.06.2022).

Web page of an organization
Name of the institution. (Year). Title. URL
Kamuyu Aydınlatma Platformu. (2022). BIST Şirketler. https://www.kap.org.tr/tr/bist-sirketler (Erişim Tarihi: 01.12.2023).
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml 

Web page without publication date (n.d.: no date) (t.y.: tarih yok)
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and World population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020. https://www.census.gov/popclock/

TÜİK, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (t.y.). Sanayi üretim endeksi (Ekim 2023). https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sanayi-Uretim-Endeksi-Ekim-2023-49707 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2023)

For more information and the citation/reference format you are looking for in APA 7 style, you can get help from the links below.
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples