Research Article

The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem

Volume: 10 November 2, 2026

The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem

Abstract

This study examined the associations among academic stress, self-esteem, self-critical and self-reassuring processes, and perceived parental expectations in university students, with particular attention to the indirect associations of academic stress with self-esteem through Inadequate Self, Hated Self, and Reassured Self. The sample consisted of 400 university students aged 17-30 years (M = 22.13, SD = 2.90). Participants completed measures of perceived academic stress, parental expectations, self-esteem, and self-criticism/self-reassurance. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, multivariate analysis of variance, hierarchical multiple regression, and parallel mediation analysis. Greater academic stress was associated with lower self-esteem, higher Inadequate Self and Hated Self, and lower Reassured Self. Perceived parental expectations were positively associated with academic stress but were not significantly associated with self-esteem. Inadequate Self, Reassured Self, and Hated Self were significantly associated with self-esteem in the final regression model, accounting for 53.0% of the variance together with the other predictors. Parallel mediation analysis showed significant indirect associations through all three self-relating dimensions, while the direct association between academic stress and self-esteem was no longer statistically significant. These findings highlight self-critical and self-reassuring processes as important psychological correlates in the association between academic stress and global self-evaluation.

Keywords

References

  1. Bedewy, D., & Gabriel, A. (2015). Examining perceptions of academic stress and its sources among university students: The Perception of Academic Stress Scale. Health Psychology Open, 2(2), 2055102915596714. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102915596714
  2. Chang, E. C. (2006). Perfectionism and dimensions of psychological well-being in a college student sample: A test of a stress-mediation model. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(9), 1001-1022. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.9.1001
  3. Cheng, W. L. S., Chow, P. P. K., Wong, F. M. F., & Ho, M. M. (2023). Associations among stressors, perceived stress, and psychological distress in nursing students: A mixed-methods longitudinal study of a Hong Kong sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1234354. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1234354
  4. Deb, S., Strodl, E., & Sun, J. (2015). Academic stress, parental pressure, anxiety and mental health among Indian high school students. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 5(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20150501.04
  5. Gilbert, P., Allan, S., Brough, S., Melley, S., & Miles, J. N. V. (2002). Relationship of anhedonia and anxiety to social rank, defeat and entrapment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71(1-3), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(01)00392-5
  6. Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N. V., & Irons, C. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43(1), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466504772812959
  7. Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press.
  8. Kağıtçıbaşı, Ç. (2005). Autonomy and relatedness in cultural context: Implications for self and family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275959

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Career Counseling, School Counseling, Psychological Counseling Education, Teacher and Student Wellbeing, Clinical Psychology, Counselling Psychology, Psychotherapy Practise and Research, Stress, Personality and Individual Differences, Educational Psychology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

November 2, 2026

Submission Date

August 25, 2026

Acceptance Date

October 29, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10

APA
Büge, B. (2026). The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem. Research on Education and Psychology, 10, 485-503. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.2025269
AMA
1.Büge B. The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem. Research on Education and Psychology. 2026;10:485-503. doi:10.54535/rep.2025269
Chicago
Büge, Burcu. 2026. “The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem”. Research on Education and Psychology 10 (November): 485-503. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.2025269.
EndNote
Büge B (November 2, 2026) The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem. Research on Education and Psychology 10 485–503.
IEEE
[1]B. Büge, “The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem”, Research on Education and Psychology, vol. 10, pp. 485–503, Nov. 2026, doi: 10.54535/rep.2025269.
ISNAD
Büge, Burcu. “The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem”. Research on Education and Psychology 10 (November 2, 2026): 485-503. https://doi.org/10.54535/rep.2025269.
JAMA
1.Büge B. The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem. Research on Education and Psychology. 2026;10:485–503.
MLA
Büge, Burcu. “The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem”. Research on Education and Psychology, vol. 10, Nov. 2026, pp. 485-03, doi:10.54535/rep.2025269.
Vancouver
1.Burcu Büge. The Indirect Roles of Self-Criticism and Self-Reassurance in the Association Between Academic Stress and Self-Esteem. Research on Education and Psychology. 2026 Nov. 2;10:485-503. doi:10.54535/rep.2025269

17908

All the articles published in REP are licensed with "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License"