Elit Kadın Voleybolcularda Bölgesel Vücut Kompozisyonunun ve Uzuvlar Arası Asimetrilerin Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, elit kadın voleybolcularda yağ kütlesi (FM), kas kütlesi (MM) ve yağsız vücut kütlesi (FFM) için normatif verileri belirlemek ve vücut kompozisyonunda uzuvlar arası farklılıkları incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya toplam 34 elit kadın voleybolcu katılmıştır. Vücut kompozisyonu, biyoelektrik empedans analizi (BIA) yöntemi kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm ölçümler sabah saatlerinde, 08.00 ile 10.00 arasında, kontrollü laboratuvar koşullarında (22–24 °C) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sporculara ölçümden en az 12 saat önce herhangi bir gıda tüketmemeleri, ayrıca ölçümden 24 saat önce kafein, alkol ve yoğun fiziksel egzersizden kaçınmaları talimatı verilmiştir. Bulgular: Yağ kütlesi, yağsız vücut kütlesi ve toplam vücut suyu için ortalama değerler sırasıyla 13.26 ± 4.62 kg, 53.81 ± 7.95 kg ve 30.80 ± 12.09 L olarak bulunmuştur. FM, FFM ve MM’nin uzuvlar arasındaki karşılaştırmalarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir (p > 0.05). Dominant ve nondominant bacaklar arasındaki karşılaştırmada, yağ kütlesi, FFM ve MM için p-değerleri sırasıyla 0.058, 0.066 ve 0.071 iken; kollarda bu değerler sırasıyla 0.070, 0.384 ve 0.281 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Uzuvlar arasında anlamlı morfolojik farklılıklar tespit edilmemesine rağmen, fonksiyonel düzeyde küçük asimetriler mevcut olabilir. Bu bulgular, elit kadın voleybolcuların dengeli bir vücut kompozisyon profiline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Morfolojik ve fonksiyonel asimetriler arasındaki ilişkiyi daha iyi anlamak için gelecekteki araştırmalarda kas tonusu ve sertliği ölçümlerinin entegre edilmesi önerilmektedir.

Keywords

• Vücut kompozisyonu
• Uzuvlar arası asimetri
• voleybol.

Assessment of Regional Body Composition and Interlimb Asymmetries in Elite Female Volleyball Players

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine normative data for fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM), and fat-free mass (FFM) in elite female volleyball players and to examine interlimb differences in body composition. Method: A total of 34 elite volleyball players participated in the study. Body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. All measurements were performed in the morning, between 08:00 and 10:00 a.m., under controlled laboratory conditions (22–24 °C). Athletes were instructed to avoid food intake for at least 12 hours, and to refrain from caffeine, alcohol, and strenuous exercise 24 hours prior to testing. Results: The mean values for fat mass, lean body mass, and total body water were 13.26 ± 4.62 kg, 53.81 ± 7.95 kg, and 30.80 ± 12.09 L, respectively. Comparisons of FM, FFM, and MM between limbs revealed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). In the comparison between dominant and non-dominant legs, the p-values for fat mass, FFM, and MM were 0.058, 0.066, and 0.071, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for the arms were 0.070, 0.384, and 0.281. Conclusion: Although no significant morphological differences were detected between limbs, minor asymmetries may exist at the functional level. These findings indicate that elite female volleyball players exhibit a well-balanced body composition profile. Future research is recommended to integrate muscle tone and stiffness measurements to better understand the relationship between morphological and functional asymmetries.

Keywords

• Body composition
• Interlimb asymmetry
• volleyball.

References

1. Ackland, T. R., Lohman, T. G., Sundgot-Borgen, J., Maughan, R. J., Meyer, N. L., Stewart, A. D., & Müller, W. (2012). Current status of body composition assessment in sport: review and position statement on behalf of the ad hoc research working group on body composition health and performance, under the auspices of the IOC Medical Commission. Sports medicine, 42(3), 227-249.
2. Bisch, K. L., Bosch, T. A., Carbuhn, A., Stanforth, P. R., Oliver, J. M., Bach, C. W., & Dengel, D. R. (2020). Positional body composition of female Division I collegiate volleyball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(11), 3055-3061.
3. Bishop, C., de Keijzer, K. L., Turner, A. N., & Beato, M. (2023). Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 37(3), 745-750.
4. Bishop, C., Read, P., Lake, J., Chavda, S., & Turner, A. (2018). Interlimb asymmetries: Understanding how to calculate differences from bilateral and unilateral tests. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 40(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000371
5. Campa, F., Toselli, S., Mazzilli, M., Gobbo, L. A., & Coratella, G. (2021). Assessment of body composition in athletes: a narrative review of available methods with special reference to quantitative and qualitative bioimpedance analysis. Nutrients, 13(5), 1620.
6. Carrasco-Fernández, L., García-Sillero, M., Jurado-Castro, J. M., Borroto-Escuela, D. O., García-Romero, J., & Benítez-Porres, J. (2023). Influence of limb dominance on body and jump asymmetries in elite female handball. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 19280.
7. Cereda, F. (2025). Physical Fitness Profile of Elite Female Volleyball Players: an Observational Study Correlating Bioimpedance Vector Analysis (BIVA) with Field-Based Testing. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 1-11.
8. Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. routledge.

9. Joksimovic, M., Goranovic, K., Petkovic, J., Badau, D., & Hantanu, C. G. (2023). Morphological Characteristics of Elite Female Volleyball Players Under 19. International Journal of Morphology, 41(4).
10. Lockie, R. G., Murphy, A. J., Callaghan, S. J., & Jeffriess, M. D. (2014). Effects of sprint and plyometrics training on field sport acceleration technique. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(7), 1790-1801. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000297
11. Malousaris, G. G., Bergeles, N. K., Barzouka, K. G., Bayios, I. A., Nassis, G. P., & Koskolou, M. D. (2008). Somatotype, size and body composition of competitive female volleyball players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 11(3), 337-344.
12. Matłosz, P., Makivic, B., Csapo, R., Hume, P., Mitter, B., Martinez-Rodriguez, A., & Bauer, P. (2023). Body fat of competitive volleyball players: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 20(1), 2246414.
13. Nicholson, G., Bennett, T., Thomas, A., Pollitt, L., Hopkinson, M., Crespo, R.,…Price, R. J. (2022). Inter-limb asymmetries and kicking limb preference in English premier league soccer players. Frontiers in sports and active living, 4, 982796.
14. Nikolaidis, P., & Ingebrigtsen, J. (2013). The relationship between body mass index and physical fitness in adolescent and adult male team handball players. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 57(4), 361-371.
15. Read, P. J., McAuliffe, S., Bishop, C., Oliver, J. L., Graham-Smith, P., & Farooq, M. A. (2021). Asymmetry thresholds for common screening tests and their effects on jump performance in professional soccer players. Journal of Athletic Training, 56(1), 46-53.
16. Sieroń, A., Stachoń, A., & Pietraszewska, J. (2023). Changes in body composition and motor fitness of young female volleyball players in an annual training cycle. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(3), 2473.
17. Silva, A., Fields, D., Heymsfield, S., & Sardinha, L. (2010). Body composition and power changes in elite judo athletes. International journal of sports medicine, 31(10), 737-741.
18. van Melick, N., Meddeler, B. M., Hoogeboom, T. J., Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W., & van Cingel, R. E. (2017). How to determine leg dominance: The agreement between self-reported and observed performance in healthy adults. PLoS One, 12(12), e0189876.
19. Ziv, G., & Lidor, R. (2010). Vertical jump in female and male basketball players—A review of observational and experimental studies. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(3), 332-339.