Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Rekreasyonel Amaçlı Kayağa Yönelik Tutumlarının Serbest Zaman Tatminini Yordamadaki Rolü: Akış Deneyiminin Aracılık Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin kayağa yönelik tutum, serbest zaman tatmini ve akış deneyimi düzeylerindeki farklılıkları çeşitli değişkenlere ‘’ (Cinsiyet, Refah düzeyi, Kayak seviyesi vb.)’’ göre incelemek; ayrıca kayağa yönelik tutumun serbest zaman tatmini üzerindeki etkisinde akış deneyiminin aracılık rolünü belirlemektir.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunda, farklı üniversitelerin Spor Bilimleri Fakültelerinde kış sporları eğitimi almış, kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 331 kadın (Ortyaş= 21,48 ± 2,59) ve 400 erkek (Ortyaş= 22,08 ± 3,27), toplamda 731 gönüllü̈ öğrenci yer almıştır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, “Rekreasyonel Amaçlı Kayak Sporuna Yönelik Tutum Ölçeği”, “Serbest Zaman Tatmini Ölçeği” ve “Rekreasyonel Akış Deneyimi Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, bağımsız t testi, tek yönlü ANOVA ve MANOVA analizi, Pearson korelasyon çarpımı testi ve aracılık analizi (Model 4) kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Analiz sonucunda, öğrencilerin ölçeklerden aldıkları puan ortalamalarının Cinsiyet, Refah düzeyi, kayak kayma seviyesi, Ekipmana sahip olma, Kayak yapma süresi, Sezonluk katılım sıklığı açısından anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin kayağa yönelik tutum, serbest zaman tatmini ve akış deneyimi puanları arasında anlamlı ve pozitif yönde ilişkiler olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, kayağa yönelik tutum, serbest zaman tatmini ve akış deneyimi arasındaki ilişkide aracılık analizin temel bulgusuna göre doğrudan etkinin anlamsız dolaylı etkinin anlamlı olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Sonuç: Analiz sonuçları, kayağa yönelik tutumun serbest zaman tatmini üzerindeki etkisinin doğrudan değil, akış deneyimi aracılığıyla gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Kayağa yönelik tutumun akış deneyimini anlamlı biçimde artırdığı; akış deneyiminin ise serbest zaman tatmini üzerinde güçlü ve tam aracılık etkisi gösteren yordayıcı bir rol üstlendiği belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Akış Deneyimi
• Kayak
• Kayağa Yönelik Tutum
• Rekreasyon
• Serbest Zaman Tatmini
• Üniversite Öğrencisi

The Role Of Students' Attitudes Towards Recreational Skiing In Predicting Leisure Time Satisfaction: The Mediating Effect Of Flow Experience

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to examine differences in university students’ attitudes toward skiing, leisure satisfaction, and flow experience according to various demographic and skiing-related variables (e.g., gender, welfare level, and skiing proficiency). Furthermore, the study investigated the mediating role of flow experience in the relationship between attitudes toward skiing and leisure satisfaction. Methods: A correlational research design was employed. The study sample consisted of 731 volunteer students who had received winter sports training in the Faculties of Sports Sciences at various universities and were selected through convenience sampling. The participants included 331 females (M_age = 21.48 ± 2.59 years) and 400 males (M_age = 22.08 ± 3.27 years). Data were collected using the Attitude Scale Toward Recreational Skiing, Leisure Satisfaction Scale, and Recreational Flow Experience Scale. Independent-samples t-tests, one-way ANOVA, MANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and mediation analysis (PROCESS Model 4) were conducted. Results: The findings revealed significant differences in participants’ scores based on gender, welfare level, skiing proficiency, ownership of skiing equipment, skiing experience, and seasonal participation frequency. Significant positive correlations were identified among attitudes toward skiing, leisure satisfaction, and flow experience. Mediation analysis demonstrated that the direct effect of attitudes toward skiing on leisure satisfaction was not statistically significant, whereas the indirect effect through flow experience was significant. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the relationship between attitudes toward skiing and leisure satisfaction is fully mediated by flow experience. Specifically, positive attitudes toward skiing significantly enhance individuals’ flow experience, which, in turn, increases their level of leisure satisfaction. These results highlight the importance of flow experience as a psychological mechanism through which recreational skiing contributes to greater leisure satisfaction among university students.

Keywords

• Flow EXPERİENCE
• Skiing
• Attitude Towards Skiing
• Recreatıon
• Leisure Time Satıisfactıon
• University Student

References

1. Akçakese, A., Demirel, M., Yolcu, A. F., Gümüş, H., Ayhan, C., Sarol, H., Işık, Ö., Demirel, D. H., ve Stoica, L. (2024). Nature relatedness, flow experience, and environmental behaviors in nature-based leisure activities. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1397148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1397148
2. Alexandris, K., Funk, D. C., ve Pritchard, M. P. (2011). The impact of constraints on motivation, activity attachment, and skier intentions to continue. Journal of Leisure Research, 43 (1), 56-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950226
3. Arslan, Y., ve Albay, F. (2019). The effect of outdoor sports as undergraduate elective course on environmental sensitivity. Journal of Education and Learning, 8 (4), 52-57. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n4p52
4. Avan, S. K., ve Güçer, E. (2019). Determining the leisure satisfaction levels of individuals having hot air balloon ride as an adventurous recreational activity. Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Tourism, 4 (2), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.31822/jomat.618715
5. Ayhan, C., Eskiler, E., ve Soyer, F. (2020). Measuring flow experience in recreational participants: Scale development and validation. Journal of Human Sciences, 17 (4), 1297-1311. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v17i4.6105
6. Bayram, A., Yalçın, İ., Şahin, E., Ekinci, N. E., Talaghir, L.-G., ve Iconomescu, T. M. (2025). The role of recreational flow experience and well-being on re-participation intention: Recreational sport participants. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1574337. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1574337
7. Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring leisure satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 20–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1980.11969416
8. Boudreau, P., Mackenzie, S. H., ve Hodge, K. (2024). Beyond ‘the’ flow state: Pathways to distinct, optimally engaging psychological experiences in nature-based adventure. 7 Experiences Summit, 1 (1), 118-123. https://doi.org/10.24135/7es.30

9. Budak, D. (2023). Exploring the relationship between leisure involvement and life satisfaction: Perspectives of recreational skiers. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 6 (1), 225-235. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1342455
10. Budak, D., ve Küçük, Ö.H. (2025). Rekreasyonel amaçlı kayak sporuna yönelik tutum ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 6. Uluslararası Rekreasyon ve Spor Yönetimi Kongresi (10-13 Nisan 2025) Antalya, Türkiye.
11. Buyrukoğlu, E., Karademir, M. B., ve Yetkin, M. (2024). Examination of the attitudes of individuals playing folk dances towards folk dances. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7 (1), 170-181. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.1388421
12. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi: Ankara.
13. Chen, C., Huang, W., ve Petrick, J. F. (2016). Holiday recovery experiences, tourism satisfaction and life satisfaction – Is there a relationship? Tourism Management, 53(C), 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.016
14. Cılızoğlu, S., ve Yantaç, A. E. (2025). XR designers' perspectives from virtual product experience in the metaverse. AIS Transactions on Human-Computer Interaction, 17(3), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.17705/1thci.00229
15. Clark, K., Ferkins, L., Smythe, E., ve Jogulu, U. (2016). Valuing the lived experience: A phenomenological study of skiing. Sport in Society, 21 (2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1221933
16. Codina, N., Valenzuela, R., ve Pestana, J. V. (2024). All physical activities are not created equal: Differential effects of goal contents, psychological need satisfaction, and flow in physical activity on satisfaction with life. Current Psychology, 43 (19), 17544-17560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05678-2
17. Çağlayan, A., ve Ekici, R. (2024). Egzersiz yapan bireylerin fiziksel aktivite düzeylerine göre rekreasyonel akış deneyimi ve egzersiz bağımlılığının incelenmesi. ADÜ-Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2), 73-85. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/adujss/issue/89425/1600350
18. Çakır, V. O. (2019). The relationship between leisure time management and perceptions of boredom. World Journal of Education, 9 (3), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v9n3p38
19. Demiral, G., ve Karakaş, G. (2023). Üniversite öğrencilerinde rekreasyonel akış deneyiminin mutluluk üzerine etkisi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18 (1), 49-61. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/bsd/issue/84007/1410795
20. Demirel, M., Demirel, D. H., ve Serdar, E. (2017). Constraints and perceived freedom levels ın the leisure of university students. Journal of Human Sciences, 14 (1), 789. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i1.4340
21. Demirel, M., Varol, F., Bozoğlu, M. S., Kaya, A., ve Aksu, H. S. (2022). Rekreatif amaçlı tenis oynayan bireylerde akış deneyimi ve serbest zaman ilgilenimi. Çatalhöyük Uluslararası Turizm ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9, 54-66. https://doi.org/10.58455/cutsad.1135074
22. Dinç, S. C., ve Demircan, M. (2019). Investigation of the relationship between dispositional flow state, sensation seeking and ski resort preference of skiing and snowboarding participants. Journal of Education and Learning, 8 (5), 57-74. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n5p57
23. Dokuzoğlu, G., Sağıroğlu, İ., ve Çevik, A. (2023). Investigation of the relationship between the levels of leisure time satisfaction and passion in sports who exercise individuals fitness. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8 (3), 613-629. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1320520
24. Ekinci, E., Parlar, F. M., Ercan, Ö., Tekin, N., Sönmez, B. Y., ve Üstün, Ü. D. (2025). The mediating role of recreational flow experience in the relationship between connectedness to nature and leisure satisfaction among outdoor sports participants. Research Square, 5, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6917351/v1
25. Er, Y., Koç, M., Demirel, M., ve Çuhadar, A. (2019). The meaning of leisure and life satisfaction: The sample of university students. International Journal of Culture and History, 6 (2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijch.v6i2.14923
26. Eskiler, E., Yıldız, Y., ve Ayhan, C. (2019). The effect of leisure benefits on leisure satisfaction: Extreme sports. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 21 (1), 16-20. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.522984
27. George, D., ve Mallery, P. (2024). IBM SPSS Statistics 29 Step By Step: A Simple Guide And Reference. Routledge: UK. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032622156
28. Gidney, G., Bocarro, J. N., Bunds, K. S., ve Koenigstorfer, J. (2024). The relationship between the environment and physical activity-related motivational trajectories. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 75, 102719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102719
29. Gökçe, H., ve Orhan, K. (2011). Serbest zaman doyum ölçeğinin türkçe geçerlilik güvenirlik çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22 (4), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.171376
30. Göker, G. (2022). Flow experience study for outdoor recreation: Ilgaz ski area case study. Journal of Tourism and Services, 13 (25), 45-68. https://doi.org/10.29036/jots.v13i25.370
31. Granzin, K. L., ve Olsen, J. E. (1989). Identifying those ready to make a voluntary commitment to fitness. Journal of Sport Management, 3 (2), 116-128. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.3.2.116
32. Güler, H., ve Türkmen, M. (2018). Investigation of the effects of leisure time constraints of the university students in physical education and sport scholls on their leisure time motivation: Bartın university sample. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 2 (1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.490963
33. Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
34. Hayes, A. F. (2018). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. The Guilford Press.
35. Hetland, A., Kjelstrup, E., Mittner, M., ve Vittersø, J. (2019). The thrill of speedy descents: A pilot study on differences in facially expressed online emotions and retrospective measures of emotions during a downhill mountain-bike descent. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 566–566. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00566
36. Ito, E., Walker, G. J., Liu, H., ve Mitas, O. (2017). A cross-cultural/national study of Canadian, Chinese, and Japanese university students' leisure satisfaction and subjective well-being. Leisure Sciences, 39 (2), 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1165637
37. Jdaitawi, M., Rasheed, A., Gohari, M., Raddy, Y., Aydın, M., Abas, A., Hasan, A., ve Khatıry, A. (2020). The determinants of leisure attitudes: Mediating effect of self- efficacy among students from science, engineering and medicine colleges. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 17 (2), 242-252. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2020.24
38. Kara, F. M., ve Sarol, H. (2021). Level up the life! Leisure involvement, basic psychological need satisfaction and life satisfaction among university students. Higher Education Studies, 11 (4), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v11n4p91
39. Kara, F. M., Sarol, H., ve Güngörmüs, H. A. (2019). Attitudes are contagious: Leisure attitude and passion of university students. International Education Studies, 12 (7), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n7p42
40. Kaya, S. (2016). The relationship between leisure satisfaction and happiness among college students. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4 (3), 622. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040322
41. Kazancoglu, I., ve Dirsehan, T. (2021). A conceptual framework for the mediating role of the flow experience between destination brand experience and destination loyalty. University of South Florida (USF) M3 Publishing, 5 (2021), 30. https://www.doi.org/10.5038/9781955833035
42. Kiatkawsin, K., Bui, N. A., Hrankai, R., ve Jeong, K. (2021). The moderating roles of sensation seeking and worry among nature-based adventure tourists. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18 (4), 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042021
43. Köroğlu, M., Yentürk, B., Çelik, N. M., ve Soyer, F. (2025). The relationship between leisure satisfaction levels and school commitment of physical education and sports school students. International Journal of Recreation and Sports Science, 9 (1), 103-113. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1678273
44. Kundakcı, Y. E., Karaman, S., ve Ateş, M. S. (2024). Physical activity, leisure-time management, perceived barriers to physical activity and mental well-being among Turkish university students. Discover Mental Health, 4 (1), 54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-024-00109-x
45. Lehto, X., Park, O., Fu, X., ve Lee, G. (2014). Student life stress and leisure participation. Annals of Leisure Research, 17 (2), 200-217. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2014.902293
46. Li, Z. (2022). Analysis of influencing factors of consumers’ continuous consumption of skiing. BCP Business & Management, 35, 473–478. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v35i.3337
47. Lyu, S. O. (2012). Using the leisure constraints negotiation process to understand participants’ leisure involvement and benefit realization (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Michigan State University. https://doi.org/doi:10.25335/a4n8-kx50
48. Mirehie, M., ve Gibson, H. (2020). Empirical testing of destination attribute preferences of women snow-sport tourists along a trajectory of participation. Tourism Recreation Research, 45 (4), 526-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1756098
49. Muzindutsi, P. F., ve Masango-Muzindutsi, Z. (2024). Attitude of undergraduate students toward leisure activities. Management and Economics Review, 9 (2), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.24818/mer/2024.02-01
50. Özkan, A., Yaşartürk, F., ve Elçi, G. (2021). The relationship between leisure satisfaction, physical activity level and healthy life-style behaviors of sport science students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Physical Education of Students, 25 (5), 257-264. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2021.0501
51. Özkara, A. B., Mülazımoğlu, O., Somoğlu, M. B., Kırkbir, F., Tokul, E., Aydemir, B., Şentürk, H. E., Dalbudak, İ., ve Özçilingir, Ö. M. (2024). Can leisure education effect on screen time and perceived leisure benefits for college students? Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1477857. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1477857
52. Öztürk, Ö. T. (2019). Leisure satisfaction of sports science students. International Education Studies, 12 (4), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n4p42
53. Pomfret, G. (2018). Conceptualising family adventure tourist motives, experiences and benefits. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.10.004
54. Pomfret, G. (2021). Family adventure tourism: Towards hedonic and eudaimonic wellbeing. Tourism Management Perspectives, 39, 100852–100852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100852
55. So, Y.-H., ve Ha, S. (2018). Relationship among leisure attitude, flow, and ıntention to continuance of marine sports participants. Korean Journal of Sports Science, 27(6), 373–387. https://doi.org/10.35159/kjss.2018.12.27.6.373
56. Song, H., Wang, D., ve Ma, T. (2025). The impact of active sport tourism experiencescape perception on tourists’ psychological recovery: The mediating role of flow experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1604948. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1604948
57. Terzi, E., Işık, U., İnan, B. C., Akyıldız, C., ve Üstün, Ü. D. (2024). University students’ free time management and quality of life: The mediating role of leisure satisfaction. BMC Psychology, 12 (1), 239. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01745-2
58. Turan, M., Dönmez, E., ve Alaeddioğlu, V. (2022). Winter sports awareness levels of students taking ski lessons. Conhecimento & Diversidade, 14(35), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v14i35.10659
59. Ural, A., ve Kılıç, İ. (2011). Bilimsel Araştırma Süreci ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi (3. baskı). Detay Yayıncılık
60. Wojtasiński, M., Tużnik, P., Jankowski, T., ve Cudo, A. (2025). Analyzing skill-challenge interaction and flow state: Insights from response surface analysis among board gamers. Journal of Happiness Studies, 26(3), 35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00846-4
61. Won-Ick, S., ve Ahn, B.-W. (2023). Effect of outdoor leisure activity participation on leisure attitude, serious leisure, recreational specialization, and leisure satisfaction. Societies, 13 (7), 155. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13070155
62. Yang, C. C., Lin, C. T., Mao, T. Y., Anggara, A. A., ve Wu, C. P. (2023). Leisure motivation and happiness, mediation of leisure attitude and perceived value: An evidence from large and heavy motorbike riders in Taiwan. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 11 (2), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.61186/aassjournal.1140
63. Yang, L., ve Menon, R. (2023). Online dispositional flow enhancement training for Chinese recreational runners: A single-group mixed-method evaluation. Journal of Health Research, 37 (4), 243-252. https://doi.org/10.56808/2586-940x.1032